e i A O DUC Ntf«fC M e O A l
HE THONG GIAO DUC CONG HOA LIEN BANG Dll^C
vA nHUTiQ THAY DOI
TS. N G U Y I N V A N C U O N G '
1. Mdt so thong tin ehung
Cpng hoa lien bang (CHLB) Dire la quoc gia co che do lien bang, phan quyen, Moi bang co mot Bg giao due (GD), he thong GD va cac luat GD rieng. Bp GD va nghien cuu lien bang, Hpi nghj cac bp tmdng vSn hoa GD (KMK) va Uy ban lien bang - bang co nhiem vu dam bao s i ; thong nhat can thiet.
Theo quy djnh cua hien phap, toan bp nganh GD chju SLf quan li cua Nha nudc. Quyen thanh lap cac trudng ngoai cong lap dirpc dam bao thong qua nhung quy che rieng.
NghTa vy hpc pho thong (PT) keo dai 9 hoae 10 nam tuy theo bang. NghTa vu hpc nghe tiep theo la 3 nam, bat dau sau khi ket thiJc nghTa vu di hpc PT neu khong hpc tiep PT.
Chucmg trinh GDPT do cac bang quyet djnh. 6 binh d i ^ lien bang ban hanh chuan GD cac mon hpc dcae cap hoc. Cae bang ban hanh chuong trinh khung neng cho bang, lacosddecactrucmg xay dung chuong trinh d^y hpc rieng phu hpp vcri dae thu cua trudng.
Sach giao khoa do cac nha xuat ban to chiic bien soan dua tren cac chucmg tnnh dao tao (DT) vasau khi dircK:
Bp G D 6iam djnh thi cac tnj'dng va giao vien CO the tu chpn sach giao khoa cho m a mon hpc.
Da so cac ccr s d G D mam non la ngoai cong lap (phi Icri nhuan hoae doanh nghiep). 6 cac bae GD khac chu y a j la co sd GD cong. Oa so cac trudng ngoai cong lap la phi Ipi nhuan vi van nhan dupe suhd tn? mdt phan tai chinh eua nha nudc.
Nude DiJrc tusau thd'ng nhat doi dien vdi tinh trang giam dan so keo dai nen so hpc sinh (HS) giam keo theo sd'lupng cac trudng cong giam dang ke, dae biet la truang PT. Ti le HS hpc len dai hpc (OH) cd xu hudng tang trong nhung nam gan day. Trong 12 nam qua so luong cac CO sdG D ngoai cong lap cung tang dtat ca cac bae. Quy md cua cac cPsdGD ngoai cdng l$p nho, chiem 42% ve so lupng nhung chi chiem 18% long so ngudi hpc.
62 Tap chi Giao dye so 305
2. Cau true c o ban cua he thong giao due d C H L B Due tucud'i thekiXIX cho de'n nay ton tai mpt he thwig nha tnj'dng PT phan hda sdm d cap trung lipc co sd (THCS) thanh 3 luong co ban. Sau day la cau tnic co ban da gian lupc cua he thd'ng GD (cau tnjc he thd'ng GD rieng cua mdi bang co mpt s6' khac biet).
1) Giao diJc mam non
GD tre trong cac cp sd GD mam non dupe chia thanh 2 giai doan; giai dogn trudc 3 tud'i va gial doan tir 3 tud'i cho den tud'i den trudng. Vipc gui con di nha tre la tu nguyen. Hien nay, GD mam non dupc dae biet quan tam, dae biet trong viec phat trien tam li va ngdn ngir cho tre. Theo chinh sach mdi, ti) thang 8/
2013 tre em trdn mpt tud'i (tnidc do la 3 tud'i) dupc dam bao quyen dupc nhan vao mdt co sdcham sdc va GD tre em (nha tre hoae ea nhan). Tre dudi mpt tud'i cung dupc nhan eham sdc khi thoa man nhung dieu kien nhat djnh nhu cha me cd viec lam.
2) Giao diJc pho thorig
a) Bic tieu hgc:\uo\ bat dau den trudng tieu hpc khae nhau dcae bang, glQa 5 va 7 tuol, phd bien la 6 tud'i. Trudng tieu hpc gom 4 Idp dau tien, d bang Beriin va Brandenburg trudng tieu hpc cd 6 Idp. HS tieu hpc hpc theo chuong trinh ehung. Ket thiic bae tieu hpc thi HS se nhan duoc van ban khuyen nghj eua tmdng vehudng hpc len theo cac toa hinh tmdng PT d bae tiep theo dua tren thanh tich hpc tap d ta/dng tieu hpc.
Giaidoan dinh hudng (Oiientiemngsstufe):hao gom Idp 5 va6, dupc xep vao cae tmdng deap THCS hoae la dde lap vdi toai tmdng dd. Bae dinh hudng nham hdtrpva djnh hudng HS cho qua trinh hpe ti^
dbac THCS (tmng hpe I).
ii^Sacfrun^ftpc.baogom tmng hpc l(THCS,het Idp 9 hoae 10) va trung hpc II (trung hoc pho thdng
* Travis B3i hQC Potsdan, CHLB fiiTc
-(kil-3/2013)
(THPT), het ldp 12 hoae 13). Bat dau ti>THCS. HS dupe phan ludng theo ba loai tmdng sau day:
- Loai tn/dng thunhat (Hauptschule):iat(Ucir\g din h hudng hpc nghl, bat budc cho ta't ca cac HS ket thijc t)eu hpc cd thanh tich hpc tap Ihap, khdng du vao cac toai tmdng khae. Tmdng nay ket thuc dbac THCS vdi lop 9, d mpt so bang vdi Idp 10, t m y ^ dat kien thuc GDPT nhula nen tang cho GD nghe nghiep thuc tiln.
- Loai tn/dng thUhai (Realschule): djnh hudng hpc nghe ddi hdi trinh dp cao hon, danh cho HS cd trinhddtmngbinh, vdicacldp tUS (hoae 7) de'n 10.
Vdi bang tot nghiep Realschule, HSed the hpc nghe d tatca cac nghe va cung cd quyen di hpc tmdng tamg hoc chuyen nganh (Faehoberschule), tamg hpe nghe (Fachgymnasium). Mdn hpc Lao dgng - Kinh te- KF thuatla mdt mon hpc quan trpng d hai loai tmcmg Hauptschule va Realschule.
'Loaitrudngthu3(Gymnasium}:6\n\\\\uang\\qc len OH, danh eho cac HS kha, gidi. Trude day ta/dng nay keo dai den Idp 13, hien nay xu hudng ket thuc o Idp 12, trong dd bae THCS tir Idp 5 (hoae 7) den Idp 10, THPT Idp 11-12. Mdi trudng Gymnasium cd the cocac trpng tam dae thu khae nhau nhu khoa hpctu nhien, khoa hpc xa hdi, ngdn ngu hay am nhac, the thao. Bang td't nghiep tmcmg Gymnasium (Abitur) la bang tu tai cd quyen dang ki hpc tai tait ca cae tmdng DH(AIIgemeineHpchschulreiJe).
Ngoai ba loai tmdng PT tren, cdn cd tmdng tich hpp {Gesamtschule): Trong tmdng nay tieh hpp ea ba luong HS nhu da neu tren. Cd su phan biet cac trudng Gesamtschuletrongdd gidhpc Chung cho ta't ca HS va cac tmdng Gesamtschule trong dd ed cae top hpc khac nhau cho cac luong HS khac nhau trong Cling tmdng. Hien nay dang cd xu hudng tich hcrp Hauptschule va Realschule.
Ti le HS dat bang tii tai cd xu hudng tang. Nam 2010 cd 49% HS cd bang td't nghiep PT tmng hpc (bang tli tai) ke ca sd'HS nhan bang PT tucac tmdng nghe (trong dd 34% bang td't nghiep cd quyen vao tat ca cac tmdng OH, 15% bang tdt nghiep cdquyen vao cac tmdng OH khoa hpe iing dyng), tang so vdi nam 2006 (vcri 43%).
c) GD dSe biet: cac tmdng dae biet danh cho HS khuyet tat. 0 cae tmdng dae biet cd cac ehuong trinh supham va bi^n phap ho trp dae biet cd tinh den dae thu cuaHSkhuy^tat. Cac tmdng nay dupc dinh hucffig theo tling loai khuyet tat khac nhau va cd nhung Idp hpc tijr cap tieu hpc den TH PT (cd tmdng cd ki tue xa).
Cac CO sd tuong iing cung cd trong mdt so tmdng Realschule, Gymnasium hay tmdng day nghe.
(ki 1-3/2013)-
^ 3} Trudng buoi toi va trudng bo tuc: la cac co sdGD ngudi ldn, bang "con dudng OTlhuharcdthe' nhan dupcbangtdtnghiep Hauptschule, Realschule hay bang tu tai. Trong cae tmdng buoi toi, gid hpc d i ^ ravao budi tdi, eac hpc vien trong nhung nam dau van dl lam. 6 cae tmdng bd'tuc (Kollegs), ngudita hpc delay b i n g tot nghiep tii tai, do la cac tmdng hpc to^n bp thdi gian, hpc vien khdng di lam.
4} Oao tao nghe: dupc thuc hien trong ba he thd'ng khac nhau:
a) He thong chuyen doi (Obergangsystem): la nam DT nghe co sd hay nam chuan bi nghe, danh cho mpt sd'HS da ket thuc hoc PT ^keca HS khdng dat dupc bang tdt nghiep) de chuan bj nhung dieu kien cho viec theo hpc p he thd'ng kep OT nghe.
Nam hpc chuan bj nghe nay thudng thuc hien trong cac trudng nghe.
b) He thong kep DT nghe (Duales System): he thd'ng nay dupc goi la he thd'ng kep (song hanh) vi viec OT duqc tien hanh tai 2 dja diem: hpc li thuyet tai tmdng nghe va hpc thuc hanh tai xi nghiep. oay la he thd'ng ed't Idi cua GD nghe nghiep dOiic, hon 60% HS td't nghiep mpt khda DT nghe trong he thdng nay.
Hien cd gan 350 nghe DT dupc cdng nhan. Khac vdi GDPT,eacquycheOTnghedupc ban hanh vaquan li thdnp nhat d binh di^n lien bang. Trinh dp dau vao td'i thieu la ket thiic Hauptschule.
c)Hethongcactn/i^gnghe:BJr\ghec6\he\(.hep kin trong mdt so loai tmdng nghe.
- Trudng tmng hoc nghe (Bemfsgymnasium/
Fachgymnasium): la toai tmdng Gymnasium trong dd cd DT mpt nghe, dieu kien dau vao la bang tdt nghiep Realschule hay mdt bang td't nghiep tuong duong. Sau 3 nam (Idp 11 den 13) HS cdduac bang tli tai. Cud'i Idp 12, HS cung cdthe nhan dupe ehung nhan dupc quyen vao hpc cae tmdng DH khoa hpe ling dung (Fachhochschulreife). HS td't nghiep eung ed the hpc tiep theo cac hudng hpe nghe. oay la loai tmdng giao thoa giua GDPT va nghe nghiep.
- Tn/dng tmng hoc ehuyen nghiep (Faehober- schule): ciing la mdt hinh thilre tmdng OT nghe dong thdi cd bang td't nghiep PT, dieu kien dau vao ia bang tdt nghiep tmdng Realschule hay mdt bang tuong ducmg dupc cdng nhan. Bang tot nghiep khi ket thiie ldp 12 dupc coi la hpp le devao hpc eae tmdng OH khoa hpc ling dung. Neu keo dai de'n Idp 13, cdthe nhan bang tli tai va cdquyen hpc tat cacac tmdng OH.
- Tmtjmg ehuyen nghiep nghe(Benjfsfaehschute):
la cac tmdng OT nghe, hoc toan thdi gian. Oieu kien dau vao la da dap ung dupc nghia vy hoe PT ma
Tap chi Giao dye so 305 63
khdng ducte OT nghe tmdc do. Cd nhieu loai khda hpe, trong dded cac khda ehuan bj nghe keo dai mot nam hay cac khda OT nghe tii 2-3 nam. Cd chuang trinh OT de cdthe nhan duoc bang td't nghiep PT du dieu kien vao cac tmdng OH khoa hpe ung dung ben canh bang tot nghiep nghe theo md hinh nd'i tiep (2+1) hoae tich hap (3 nam).
- Tn/ong ehuyen nghiep (Faehschule):\a hinh friuc tmcmg boi dudng (BD) nang eao trinh dp nghe, dieu kien dau vao la sau ket thiie mpt khda DT nghe va trai qua kinh nghiem thuc te. Chung cung cap su DT chuyen mdn rdng trong nghe (vi du nhu tmcmg tho ca, tmdng kT thuat vien). Thdi gian hoc td nua nam den 3 nam. neu hpc toan bd thdi gian.
- Vien nghe, DH kep (Bemfsakademie, duale Hochschule): cd the goi la cac OH nghe, day la su giao thoa giua DT nghe va DTDH. Ndi dung OT gan manh me vcrithuc hanh. Hinh thiic OT theo he thdng kep, OT li thuyet d tmdng va OT thue hanh d doanh nghiep. Bang tdt nghiep la bang cd nhan ddi vdi cac chuang trinh da kiem djnh, tUPng duong vdiOH khoa hpc ling dung.
5) Giao diJC dai hgc: duoc thue hien trong he thwig cac tmdngOH tong hpp hoacOH ehuyen nganh mangtinh ung dung, Tli" nam 2000 dien ra qua trinli cal each giao due (CCGD) OH tren ca sdthda thuan ehung cua Chau Au ve mdt khdng gian GDOH Chau Au, gpi la qua trinh Bonogna. Trong dd DTDH phan bae theo he Baehetor va Master. DTDH theo tin ehi va module, thue hien dam bao ehait lupng thdng qua kiem djnh ehuong trinh va hethd'ng OT.
DH long hgp (UniversitSt): BH td'ng hpp va cac hinh thiic tupng dUOng nhU DH ki thuat, OH nghe thuat, am nhac, su pham, than hpc ta cac toai hinh tmdng DH tmyen thdng dOiic. Tai cae tmdng nay, mpt danh muc rdng rai cac nganh hpc dupe eung cap. Oac trung cP ban eua 0 H tdng hc^ la g i n ket eac nhiem vy giang dayva nghien ciiu khoa hpe. Cae bae DT la eu nhan, thae sT va tien sT.
DH khoa hgc iing dung (FachhochschuleJ: QH khoa hpc dng dyng hay OH chuyen nganh gan ket manh li thuyet vdi iing dyng de chuan bj eho cac hoat ddng thuc tien nghe nghiep ddi hoi suvan dung cac kien thiie va phuong phap khoa hpe. Cac bae DT la Cli nhan va thac sT djnh hudng thue tien.
6) Giao diJC thudng xuyen (Weiterbildung): la su DT nang eao hoae BD chinh quy hay khdng chinh quy sau khida ket thue mptqua trinh OT. 6 day ngudi ta phan biet ra hai Ifnh vuc chu yeu: BD kien thiic PT va BD nghenghiep. Cd cac chuong trinh BD cua eac
tmdng DH vacae eo sdtu do, cd chuong trinh BD tap tmng cung nhu chuang trinh hpc h i xa.
3. Mot so van de cua he ttid'ng giao due Dure Ket quaPISA 2000 (Prog rammeforlnlemattonal Stijdent Assessment) da mang den subat ngd cho nudc Dlic, ngudiOiic gpi la"cu sdc PISA" vi thanh tieh cuaHS Dlicxepdhang tmng binh vadudimue tmng binh cua OECD. Ngoai ra, PISA cung chi ra rSng thanh tieh hoe tap cua HS Diic phu thupc rat nhieu vao tang Ic^ xa tidi eua cha me. S u phan luong sdm dd'i vcri tre em tumudituoidbac THCS dOiic theo cac lo_ai hinh tmdng khac nhau bj phe phan la gdp phan d i n den su thie'u binh dang ve cO hpi vcri eac tre em.
"Cli sdcPISA"datrdthanhmdl"cuhich"quan trpng cho eudcCCGD nham nang cao chat lupngGD trong toan lien bang Diic. Nhiing cdgang CCGD phan nao da dupc phan anh trong ket qua ciia PISA 2003,2006 va 2009 khi ket qua xep hang cua HS Dlic cd dupc cai thien tung budc. Nhung bao cao GD cung khang djnh sutien bd GD trong nhung nam qua.
Bao eao "Nhin i/eGD"cija OECD nam 2007 eung chl ra nhung khiem khuyet eija he thdng GD Due: - Trong 10 nam, he thdng GD Due tut hgng trong so sanh qudc te cac hethong GDtdbac 10 xudng bae 22.
Do thie'u luc lupng tdt nghiep D H , nudcOiic ngay nay khdng dii Iyc lupng thay thenhCmgkTsudang chuan bj ve huu; - f i le kT su thap so vdi cac nudc OECD. Cd 1.000 ngudiOuc chi ed32 kTsu cua mpt nien khoa tdt nghiep. 0 nhieu nudc OECD, con sd nay la 44. Oieu tuang tu cung diing vdi cac nganh khoa hpc tu nhien; • T i le tli tai thap va ti le nhiing ngucfi bo ngang OH eao.
Tuynhien.Oiicthupcvenhdm ddng dau qudc tedcHvdi OT tien sT, va la mdt dia diem du hpc yeu thich del vdi sinh vien nude ngoai; - Thieu binh dang vecp hpi: con dudng hpc van le thupc rat nhieu vao nguon gdc xa hdi.
Tile con eai ciia nhiing gia dinh macha meed trinh dp tiiDHtrdlen trong sdcacsinhvienOHgaip2,3 lan til$
nay trong ti le dan cu ndi ehung.
4. M o t s o x u huong caicach giaodue phothong Mac du khdng tuyen bd mpt chuong trinh qudc gia tdng quat ve CCGD, tdsau nam 2000, hang loat cae duan va chuang trinh eai each dupe thuc hi|n d binh dien lien bang va cac bang. Cd the ke ra mpt sd xu hudng CCGD PT nhusau: - Giam td'ng thdi gian hpc PT xudng 12 nam ddi vdi HS Gymnasium de' mt ngan thdi gian hpc nham khuye'n khich hpe len D H ; - Caicach cau taic hethd'ng tmdng hpc theo xu hudng giam bdlsuphan hda ngoaiqua sdm dbac THCS,ket hop hai nhanh Realschuto va Hauptschule vao mpt toai hinh tmcffig; - Tang cudng cae tmdng hpc ea ngay
64 Tap chi Gido due so 305
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d bae tieu hpc; - Tang cudng G D hda nhap tre khuyet tat vao eac tmdng PT binh thudng, trong dd HS v i n nhan dupc hdti-pcua GD dae biet, giam thieu eac tiudng dae biet dde lap; - Xay dung chuan nang lyc cac m dn hpc PTdbinh dien lien bang;-Xay dyng chuong trinh khung mdidcac bang dya tren ehuan mdn hpc; - Phat trien he thdng dam bao chat lupng tmdng hpc, danh gia va kiem djnh chat lupng tmdng hpc djnh ki; - Thuc hien ki thi tdt nghiep tap tmng (cap bang) ddi vdi bae THCS vaTHPT,-Tang cudng BD giao vien.
5. Hoc sinh gdc Viet trong hethong giao due Due HS gde Viet cd thanh tich hpc tap dang tuhao ti'ong hethong G D Oiic. Trong toan lien bang, nam hpc 2010- 2011 cd khoang 59% eon em gdc Viet dang theo hpe d cac tmdng Gym nasium, trong khi ti le ddi vdi tre em Oiic ban xdla43%. So sanh vdinhdm tre em cd ngudn gdc tuThoNhlKi hay Italy thitilehpcGym nasium ciia freem gdc Viet cao gap5 lan.Cac khaosathien nay ve nguyen nhan thanh cdng cua nhdm HS gdc Viettrong cac tmdng hoc dDiic deu nhan manh ye'u tdvan hda la tnjyen thd'ng hieu hpc, suquan tam va dau tucua gia dinh ngudi Viet ddi vdi suhpc tap cua con cai. Tuy nhien, ap luc ciia cha me dd'i vdi eon c a d nhdm ngucri Viet cung dupc danh gia la Idn nhat.
Tuy thanh cdng d trudng hpc Due, nhung tre em gdc Viet lai cd van de trong chinh viee hpe tieng me de. Hien nay, chicd mdt sdit tmdng dua mdn Tieng VietMao nhu mdn hpc ngoai khda va d mdt sd thanh phd Idn cd eac Idp day tie'ng Viet ciia cdng ddng ngudi Viet, Sd ddng tre em Viet d cac tmdng PT Due ed the' giao tiep nhung khdng thanh thao tie'ng Viet, a Tdi li£u tham khao
1. Bundesminislerium fr Bildung und Fortschung;
Bildungsbericht 2012.
2. S e k r e t a r i a l d e r S i n d i g e n K o n f e r e n z der Kultusminister der Lnder in der Bundesrepublik Deui.schland: D a s B i l d u n g s w e s e n in der Biindesrepubiik Deulschland 2010/2011. Juli 2011.
3. http://www.bildungsserver.de 4. http://www.kmk.org/home.html
SUMMARY
The arUcle focuses on education system in Ger- many and changing trends. The current trend Is re- ducing early streaming at lower secondaiy level, ac- cording to which, three types of secondaiy schools will be combined Into/reduced to two types. Voca- tional training will be put into dua! system m Ger- many or only within vocational schools. Higher edu- caUon Includes general universities and applied sci- ences universities which provide bachelor and mas- ter training.
Hinh thanh vaphat trien...
(Tiep theo trang25)
tang cudng hoat ddng tu hpc, tu ren luyen cua SV;
giiip S V van dyng cd hieu qua, linh hoat va sang tao nhung hieu biet va KNSP trong mpi hoan eanh.
Ngoai ra, trong hoat ddng dao tao cung can tiep tyc thuc hien td'tviec doi mai phuang phap dao tao, phuang phap day hgc de' tao eo sd dong bd eho SV hinh thanh va ren luyen nang lue va KNSP.
Hinhthanhvaphattrien KNSP eho SVIamue tieu hudng tdi eiia Tmdng OH Oong Thap trong qua trinh dao tao GV ndi ehung, dao tao GVMN ndi rieng. Vi vay, can nang cao KN thuc hanh nghe nghiep cho SV thdng qua nhieu bien phap dong bd. Trong dd, can chiitrpng de'n viec tdchiic hoatdpng ren luyen nghiep vu su pham thudng xuyen va hoat dpng thue tap eua SV gan vdi cae co sd thuc hanh theo mpt chuong trinh ren luyen dupc xay dung hpp li; ddng thdi, phat huy tinh tich cue ehii dpng tu ren luyen eiia mdi SV phu hpp vdi dieu kien cua tung SV. Cd nhu vay, chat lupng dao tao KN nghe cho SV nganh GDMN ciia nha trudng mdi dap ung dupe muc tieu de ra. Q
(kil-3/2013)-
Tai ii^u tham khao
1. BO GD-E)T. Clw&i nghi ngMpp gido vien nidin nun, 2008 2. Ki y^u hOi thao "Ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tgo dai hm:
sau dai hpc chuyin ngdnh Gido due wuim non". Tnifmg D(ii hpc su'ph^m Ha N6i va Vu Giao duc m ^ non, 2005.
3. Ki yfi^u hOi thao '^Mgl so gidi phdp ndng cao chdt litgiig ddo lao gido viin mdm non". Trumig D^i hoc Quing Binh, 2008.
4. Ki yg^u hoi thao "Ndng cao chdt lirong ddo lao gido viin mdm non trtnh do dai hgc". Truang D^i hpc sir pham TP. H6 Chi Minli, 2009.
5. Chuong trinh ddo tgo gido vien mdm non hi dgi hpc vd cao ddng suphgm. Truang Dai hpc D6ng Thap, 2008.
SUMMARY
In recent years, although the quality of teacher training sector Early Childhood Education from the University of Dong Thap has marked improvement but still weak students of all groups of teachers' skills in accordance with professional standards professional preschool teachers. Formation Is therefore necessary pedago0cal skills to students with a number of key measures such as training programs to build job skills properly, increases the pedagogical relationship - pre- school environment for training students to intensUy the operation time for comments and apprenticeship training, and guide students to plan appropriate tram- Ing for mdividuals and promote active, positive in fos- tering students' professional skiUs.
