KINH DOANH XUAT NHAP KHAU
DAY MANH XUAT KHAU
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VA TANG GIA TRI XUAT KHAU
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CUA
HANG NONG SAN VIET NAM
Ihung hodng tai chinh the gidi va suy giam
^ ^ i ^ i n h te toan cau dang tae ddng manh den d n h te nUdc ta. Linh vifc bi tae ddng nhieu n h a t la xuat khau. Kim ngach xuat khau quy 1/2009 Udc tinh dat khoang 13,5 ty USD, ehi tang xap xi 2,5% so vdi eiing ky 2008. Tinh hinh nay cho thay rat khd dat tdc dp tang trudng xuat khau trong n a m 2009 la 13% theo Nghi quyet Qudc hoi da thong qua..
Trong khd k h a n chung do, xuat khau ndng san V'N van cd the manh lieng do nang life canh tranh cua nudc ta tren mot so mat hang ndng san chu yeu tuong ddi tot va dieu quan trong ho'n la ndng san la luong thifc thiet yeu cua con ngudi. Y\ vay, cdn khai thac tdt ban thi trudng xuat khau loai h a n g hod ndy. Day khdng chi la yeu cau ngdn ban nhdm bii ddp sif sut giam xuat khau d cdc mat hang khac md la van de cd tinh chien luge lau ddi, lien quan den mat t r a n ndng nghiep, ndng dan va ndng thdn theo Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang VII khoa X. Duong nhien, trong dieu kien xuat khau cdc m a t h a n g cdng nghiep sut giam, viec tang xuat khdu hang ndng san cang ed y nghia.
1. Tinh hinh xua) khau hang ndng san
Xuat khdu ndng san (bao gom thuy san) chiem khoang 20% td'ng kim ngach xuat khdu cua nUdc ta. Ty trong nay hau nhU khdng thay ddi trong
TRaONG DINH TUYEN Nguyen Bp tri/dng Bp ThUdng mai
nhieu nam. Nam 2008, kim ngach xuat khdu ndng san dat xap xi 13 ty USD, ba t h a n g dau nam 2009 udc dat 2, 635 ty; trong so 11 m a t hdng cd kim ngach xuat khdu tU 1 ty USD trd len thi ndng san cd 4. Mot sd ndng san cua nUdc ta cd vi the cao tren thi trudng the gidi: Gao diifng thii 2 sau Thdi Lan, ca phe dufng thur 2 sau Brazil (Ca phe Ro- busta dufng thif nhat), h a t tieu thuf nhat. Han nifa, ham lugng ndi trong hdng ndng san cao ban rat nhi§u so vdi hang cdng nghiep. NhUng dac diem neu ra tren day khdng dinh vi tri cua ndng san trong boat ddng xuat khau d nUdc ta. De tang kim ngach xuat khdu, mot mat, phai day m a n h dich chuyen ca cau kinh te vd ca cdu hdng xuat khdu, ddng thdi vdi viec coi trong xuat khdu ndng san, tang hdm lugng che bien.
Mac dau ndng sdn cd vi the cao, cd ty trong Idn trong kim ngach xuat khau nhifng xuat khau ndng sdn ciia VN cd nhUng han che khdch quan vd nhCfng yeu kem chii quan can khdc phuc.
NhUng b a n che dd la;
Ve han che khdch quan
- Mot dac diem ciia ndng san Id cdu tuang ddi on dinh trong khi dd cung thudng bien ddng (phu thudc vdo thdi tiet, miia vu khdng chi a nUdc ta md cdn d cdc nude sdn xuat ndng sdn) trong khi dd ta chua cd ca che dieu tiet va ca sd vat chat ky
Phat trien l(inh te - Thang Nam nam 2009
KINH DOANH XUAT NHAP KHAU
thuat phuc vu cho sif dieu tiet ndy. Vi vay duac
"mua rdt gid. dugc gid mat miia" la chuyen thudng xdy ra. Rot cuoc ndng ddn la ngudi thua thiet.
- Khi gid len, ndng dan thudng tang dien tich eho vu sau vugt mifc nhu cau ciia thi trudng, nguge lai, khi gid xudng ndng dan bd 1dm hoac khdng dau tu cham sdc.
Ve han che chii quan
- Chat lugng thd'p, khdng on dinh; cdng tae quan ly tieu chudn chat lugng vd ve sinh an todn thuc pham kem.
- Xudt thd chiem ty trong Idn, vi vay gid tri gia tang (GTGT) thap.
- To chufc thu mua xuat khau va ca che di§u tiet xuat khau chua td't nen ddn den tinh trang "ta hai ta".
- Cdng tdc du bdo vd thong tin thi trudng cua cac ca quan nhd nude cung nhu cdc doanh nghiep cdn ban che ddn den nhieu doanh nghiep thua thiet, t h a m ehi 16 nang. Khdng it trudng hgp doanh nghiep vi pham hgp ddng, lam giam uy tin ciia doanh nghiep xuat khau VN vdi khdch hang qudc te (tinh t r a n g nay da xdy ra nhieu vdi cdc mat hang gao, ea phe, hat tieu, dieu)
- Do to ehUc san xuat vd qudn ly chat lugng tif nudi trong, thu mua, che bien cdn nhieu yeu kem, lai chUa ky dugc cdc hiep dinh cdng n h a n tieu chudn va kieni dinh ky thuat vdi cdc nudc nen hang hda cua VN bi hdng rao ky thuat cdc nude cdn trd, nhieu hdng hda ed tiem ndng xuat khau (rau qua nhiet ddi) khdng xudt khau dugc, hau bet phai xuat qua con dudng budn ban bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc (cdn duge ggi la xuat tieu ngach ) vdi gid cd thap va thudng bi ep gid. Trung Qudc lai thudng dieu tiet boat ddng budn bdn qua bien gidi de bdo ddm Igi ich ciia ho. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, doanh nghiep nude ta phdi "bdn dd bdn thdo"
de trdnh hdng hod bi hu hdng, n h a t la hang rau qua.
- Hoat ddng xiic tien thuang mai cdn yeu, hieu qua thap.
2. D^y m^nh xuH khiu hang n6ng san
De nang cao kim ngach va GTGT trong xuat khau ndng sdn can khdc phuc cdc han che neu tren, trong dd cd nhufng viec phdi lam trong mot sd nam nhUng phai bat ddu cdng sdm eang td't vd cd nhUng viec cd the vd can lam ngay. Cu the:
- Quy hoach cdc vung san xuat ndng thiiy sdn xuat khau tren ca sd du bdo quan h? cung cdu ve cdc
loai hang nong san tren thi trUdng qudc te. Cd ca che kinh te de ban che ngudi san xudt ma rong dien tich vugt qua quy hoach Vi du danh thue su dung dat d niijfc cao ddi vdi dien tich vugt qua nay (difng nghi rdng lam nhu the la danh vao ngudi ndng ddn ma chinh Id ta dang bao ve ho). Tren ca sd dien tich da quy hoach ma thue hien ddn dien ddi thua tao ra vung san xuat hang hda Idn d nhUng nai cd dieu kien, tao t i l n de ve td ehufc san xuat de dua gid'ng mdi cd nang suat cao va chat lugng tot vao nudi trong, dp dung ky thuat canh tdc tien tien va qudn ly chat lugng ngay tif khau nudi, trong.
- Dau tu vdo cdng nghe che bien sau nhdm tang GTGT cho ndng san xuat khau va da dang hda ndng sdn.
- Tao ra ddng sd hUu giUa ngudi ndng dan san xudt nguyen lieu va ngudi che bien, bao dam eho ndng dan ed Igi ngay cd trong khau che bien, dieu dd giup dn dinh viec cung cap nguyen lieu ed vl so lugng va chat lugng.
- Phdt trien cdng nghe sau thu hoach de giam ton that va duy tri chat lugng san pham; ddu tU xdy dung cdc kho bao quan ndng san de c6 the dieu tiet lugng hang ra thi trudng, tranh viec do khdng cd kho phdi bdn luc gid thap, khi gia len lai khdng eon hang. Lap td ehufc tin dung tai diem xdy kho, khi vao miia thu hoach, gid dang thap ngUdi ndng dan cd the gijfi hang hda vdo kho. Khi gifi ho cd the vay tien tai td ehUc tin dung de chi tieu, hang gui kho dugc coi la tdi sdn the chap, khi gid len ngUdi ndng dan cd the lay hdng da gijfi de bdn vd trd ng ngdn hang. Can nghien cufu vd lam thu md hinh nay.
- Lap quy dn dinh gid khdng phdi tif ngdn sdeh nha nude ma bang khodn thu tif doanh nghiep xudt khdu d nhiJng thdi diem gid xuat khau tang cao.
- Td chufc lai khdu luu thdng vd xuat khau theo hudng quy dinh cac tieu chudn duge tham gia xudt khau (vi du doanh nghiep nao dat tieu chudn san pham xuat khau, doanh nghiep cd dung tich kho theo quy dinh, rut quyen xuat khau ciia cdc doanh nhiep vi pham cac tieu chuan ky thuat vd ve sinh an todn thUc pham, lam mat uy tin ciia ndng san VN vd doanh nghiep xuat khau VN tren thi trudng qudc te).
- Tang dau tu va nang cao chat lugng boat ddng xiic tien thuang mai hang ndng sdn.
Phat trien kinh te - Thang Nam nam 2009
KINH DOANH XUAT NHAP KHAU
%
- To chiic lai cdng tdc du bdo va thdng tin thi trudng, nang cao chat lugng ciia cdng tdc nay.
3. Xuat khau ndng san trong dieu kien khung hoang va nhi7ng kien nghj
Khung hodng tdi chinh the gidi dang tdc ddng xau den xudt khau do dau tU, viec lam va thu nhap bi cat giam vd do dd, ngUdi tieu diing phdi gidm bdt hoac dilu chinh nhu cau. Tuy nhien, trif mot so san pham la nguyen lieu cho sdn xuat cdng nghiep (nhu cao su...) hdu het cdc ndng sdn khdc la nhu cdu thiet yeu cua con ngUdi (thijfc dn, do ud'ng) vi vay sU sut giam nhu cau Id khdng ddng ke. Van d l Id ngudi tieu diing cd the lUa chgn nhUng mat hdng cd gia re ban vd canh t r a n h v l gid se gay gdt ban. Vi vay, gid xuat khau vd do dd gid tri thu duge tinh theo mot t a n sdn pham d n h i l u m a t hdng cd the bi giam. Trong khi tdng kim ngach xuat khau t a t cd cdc mat hang trong Quy 1/ 2009 chi tang 2,4% (neu loai trii tdi xuat vdng thi cdn bi gidm) xudt khdu ndng sdn van tdng xap xi 7%. Dilu dd chufng td vai trd ciia xuat khau ndng sdn trong tinh hinh hien nay.
• G90
Theo du bdo, giao dich gao the gidi trong thdi gian 2001-2010 tang 2,2% nam va dat 31,4 trieu tan vdo nam 2010. Dd khiing hodng song nhu cdu gao ndm 2009 van dn dinh. Indonesia cd the dugc mda nhUng Trung Qudc cd kha ndng bi ban, mot so tinh da phdi cdng bd tinh t r a n g khan cap. Gid luang thifc ndm 2009 tuy khdng cao bdng gid binh qudn ndm 2008 nhung cao ban cdc ndm trUdc ddy.
Ba thdng dau ndm 2009 dd xudt khdu 941.000 tan, dat kim ngach 785 t r i e n USD, t a n g 71,3%- vl lugng va 76,4% vl gid tri so vdi quy I ndm 2008.
Den nay, VN da ky hgp ddng 3.800.000 tan, vugt mufc du kien xudt khdu 6 thdng ddu nam. Do miia vu tdt, ndm nay cd the xudt khdu khoang 5 trieu tan. Vdn de la dieu hdnh thu mua vd xuat khdu hieu qud ban de mot mat, bao dam Igi ich ciia ngUdi trdng liia, tdng kim ngach xudt khau. Mat khdc, khdng day gia gao trong nUdc len qud cao, dnh hudng xau den ddi sdng cua ngUdi 1dm cdng an luang trong bdi canh viec 1dm dang bi thu hep.
• Thiiy san
Theo du bdo ciia FAO, tdng nhu cau thuy san toan cdu se tang 2,1% trong giai doan 2006-2010.
La thuc pham trong bUa dn hang ngay ciia da so dan cu tren the gidi, tuy nhien do thu n h a p gidm sut vi suy thodi toan cdu, cd the cd sU chuyen dich
Phat trien kinh te - Thang Nam nam 2009
nhu cau, chuyen sang loai thiiy sdn re ban nhu cd tra, cd ba sa. Loai thifc pham cao cap cd the khd bdn ban, canh t r a n h vl gid se gay gdt ban, nhat la tdm, la mat hdng gid t h a n h d nUde ta cdn cao vd nguon nguyen lieu cdn thieu. Ba thdng dau nam 2009 xuat khau thuy sdn dat 714 trieu USD chi bdng 89,2% so vdi ciing ky (cd ly do Id trong quy CHLB Nga difng n h a p khau thuy sdn cua VN nhung nay da dugc gidi tod). Vi vay, can dde biet quan tdm den viec bdo dam ve sinh an toan thUc pham de ddi phd vdi cac quy dinh nghiem ngdt vl tieu chuan san pham cua nude n h a p khdu di ddi vdi viec tich cue tim thi trudng mdi cho thiiy sdn, dac biet la cd tra, ba sa; chii trong khai thdc thi trudng Nga, cdc nude SNG vd khu vUc Ddng Au, My latinh (trong dd cd Brazil Id thi trUdng Idn, mdi ddy da chap n h a n n h a p khdu cd tra, ba sa ciia VN) nhung cung can ednh giac vdi chu nghia bdo ho thdng qua viec su dung cac hang rao ky thuat.
• Ca phe
Nhap khau ed phe toan cau dugc du bdo Id se tang binh quan 0,2% trong thdi ky 2001- 2010 va dat 5,5 trieu t a n vao ndm 2010. Tuy suy thodi, nhung nhu cau thUc khdng gidm n h i l u (cd the udng tai nhd n h i l u han Id di ciia hieu). Nhd nhap khau cd the gap khd khdn trong tiep can tin dung, n h a t la khi he thdng ngdn hang ciia nhilu nUdc nhap khau dang reu ra. Ba thdng ddu nam 2009 VN da xuat khau 419.000 t a n t a n g 21,3%- ve lugng, kim ngach dat 634 trieu USD bdng 93% so vdi cung ky. Cdn da dang hda thi trudng, tang kha nang xudt khau vao thi trudng Trung Qudc ed ddn sd Idn tuy mufc tieu thu dau ngudi cdn thap nhUng
KINH DOANH XUAT NHAP KHAU
dang cd xu the tdng dan. Dilu can chu y la dif bdo tdt de dieu tiet nhip do xudt khau; luu y gid thudng tang khi d nude ta da vao eudi vu trong khi Indonesia chua vao vu.
• Rau qua
Nhap khau qud nhiet ddi toan cau se dat toe do tang trudng binh qudn 8% thdi ky 2001-2010, len tdi 4,3 trieu tan vdo 2010 trong dd 87% bdng 3,8 trieu tan la nhap khau eiia cdc nude phdt trien.
EU van Id thi trudng nhap khau qud nhiet ddi Idn nhd't. Trong so 4 loai qua nhiet ddi chii yeu (dufa, xodi, ba va du dii) dufa la loai qud dugc giao dich nhieu n h a t nhifng xodi Id loai qud cd tdc do tdng trudng manh n h a t trong nhUng ndm tdi. Khiing hodng tdi chinh ed the Idm giam nhu cau nhap khau nhung khdng qud Idn. Han nUa ty trong xudt khau ciia VN trong thuang mai rau qud cdn qud hi nen cdng it bi dnh hudng. Khd khdn ddi vdi xuat khau rau qud VN Id van d l kiem dich. Quy 1/2009 xuat khau dat 91 trieu USD, tdng 3,4% so vdi cung ky 2008. Can 1dm td't viec xudt khau thanh long vdo thi trUdng My theo thod thuan dat dugc giufa hai nUdc, tao tien de cho xuat khdu cac loai rau qua khdc vdo thi trUdng nay. Hiep dinh ddi tdc kinh te todn dien Viet - Nhat dugc ky ket vdo cudi nam 2008 trong dd cd ndi dung Nhat giup VN nang cao ndng life kil'm dich ddng thifc vat.
VN can tich cifc yeu cau N h a t trien khai tbda thuan nay, qua dd ndng cao nang life kiem dich dpng thuc vat ciia VN, coi day la mpt trong cdc bipn phdp quan trong (cung vdi cdc bien phdp ky thuat vd to ehufc sdn xuat ) nhdm tang kha ndng xuat khau rau qua cua VN ra thi trUdng the gidi.
• Dieu
Nhu cau ed the sut giam d mifc nhat dinh nhung gid cd phu thudc rat nhieu vao sdn lugng the gidi. Hai thang dau nam 2009 xuat 22.000 tan, thu 100 trieu USD. Cai chinh Id ta van rat thieu dilu thd. Can theo sdt dien bien cua thi trudng de nhap nguyen lieu hgp ly.
• Cao su
Thi trudng xudt khdu chii yeu ciia VN la Trung Qudc. Tdc do tang trudng kinh te Trung Qudc dat ra Id 8%, tuy nhien nhilu hoc gia Trung Qudc eho Id khd dat, vd cac td chufc tdi chinh du bdo eon thap han nhilu. Dau thd giam gid lam gia cao su nhdn tao cung giam theo, gid xudt khau cung se thap ban nam 2008. Hai thdng dau nam 2009 xudt khau dat 79.000 tan, bdng 95,2^ ve lugng nhung chi bdng 52,6% vl gid so vdi ciing ky ndm ngodi.
Dilu quan trong la tinh todn chu ky cao mu hgp ly vd dilu tiet tien do xuat khau de khdng bi ddi tae ep gia, theo sat hieu qua gdi kieh cdu cua Trung Qudc vi dilu ndy dnh hudng den su phat trien cdc nganh san xudt sU dung sdn phdm cao su nhat la cdng nghiep dtd.
• Sin va cac san pham tuT san
Nhufng nam gan day, sdn vd san pham tif sdn trd thdnh mat hang cd kim ngach xuat khau Idn trong nhdm hang ndng sdn. Thi trUdng xuat khau chii yeu la Trung Qudc. Khiing hodng tdi chinh vd suy thodi kinh te cd the 1dm cho gia xudt khau khdng cao nhung nhu cau khdng giam. Ba thang dau nam 2009 xuat khau 1.156.000 tan, gap ban 3 lan quy I nam 2008, dat kim ngach 181 trieu USD, tang 23,7'7, so vdi ciing ky 2008. Tuy kim ngach xudt khau sdn tang nhanh trong nhufng nam gan day nhung khdng nen coi ddy la hudng phdt trien Idu ddi vi gid tri thap, de gay d nhiem mdi trudng vd 1dm thodi hod dat canh tdc. Chinh vi the cdc doanh nghiep Thai Lan da chuyen san xuat vd che bien sdn sang VN.
Tdm lai, mac dd phdi day nhanh viec dilu chinh ca cau kinh te gdn liln vdi chien lugc edi each ca cdu vd chuyen ddi md hinh tang trudng trong tien trinh cdng nghiep hod, hien dai boa dat nude nhung xudt khau ndng sdn va tang GTGT trong xuat khau ndng sdn gdn vdi phdt trien cdng nghiep che bien vdn Id van d l c6 tinh chien lugc lau ddi, la mot trong cdc npi dung quan trong trong chinh sdeh tain ndng theo Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uang Idn thuf \T1>
Phat trien kinh te - Thang Nam nam 2009
