Qt
VAI VAN DE VE AIM HAN VIET CUA CHtT
"NHI DANG K H A I KHAU T O THANH MAU KIEN"
LE HUY HOANG'
D
an ngon: "am Han Viet" Id he thdng am dgc chft Han chinh thuc tgi Vipt Nara, nd bdo luu khd tdt nhiing dgc diem cua tiing Hdn trung cd. Tuy vgy, trong he thdng dm Han Viet cung cd nhieu hien tugng bien ddi dm chua dugc gidi thich kT luang, trong do cd hipn tugng tien hda am gdc ludi cua cac chft nhi ddng trong td thanh mau Kien.Bdi nay khao sat am dgc cdc chft trong td thanh mau Kien (Kien, Khe, Qudn, Nghi) thudc nhiep Giai, nhiep Hieu, nhilp Giang trong am Bac Kinh, am Phiic Chdu, am Quang Chdu (Trung Qudc) vd am Han Viet (Viet Nam) de Idm rd vdi van de ve bien am.
Gidi h a n t h u a t ngir
Trong bdi ndy, thuat ngft "am Hdn Vipt" dugc gidi han Id dm dgc chu Han dugc du nhdp mdt each cd he thdng vao nudc ta tu khodng thdi Dudng vd dugc cdng nhgn la dm dgc chft Han chinh thftc hipn nay.
Am Hdn Vipt cd: dm dgc chft Hdn le te dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam tu trudc khi dm Han dugc du nhdp mdt cdch cd hp thdng.
Td (td thanh mau): chi thanh mau cd vi tri phdt am gidng nhau dugc xep vao mdt nhdm theo truyen thdng am van hpc. CJ bdi nay khao sat td thanh mau Kien ^ , cu the Id 3 thanh mdu: Kien JL, Khe ',%, Qudn 0 . Cd 3 deu dugc ghi nhan la nhdm am gdc ludi trong tiing Han trung cd (la thdi gian Nguy Tdn Nam Bac Trieu den thdi Dudng, am Han Viet dugc xdc nhdn la du nhap vao nudc ta trong khoang thdi ki nha Dudng).
Trong dm Hdn Viet, td nay dugc dpc vdi am gdc luoi, ldn lugt la [k] (Kiln, Quin) vd [x] (Khe), tru nhfing chft nhi ddng khai khdu se dugc khao sat.
Ddng: pham trii "dang" trong dm van hpc truyen thdng cdn nhieu tranh cdi, tam thdi dugc dinh nghTa Id: 4 ddng ldn lugt la nhat, nhj, tam, tft, nguyen am di tu nhdt ddng tdi tu dang cd xu hudng hpp dan va dich len phia trudc, rieng tam dang thi ludn cd am dem [i].
Nhiep: pham tni "nhilp" trong am van hgc la chi tdng hgp vdi van bg cd cdch dgc g i n nhau. Chft trong rapt
Ths. Khoa Trung van Trudng Dili hpc Ngogi Ngft-DHQGHN.
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 3 (124) - 2014 LiHUYHOANG
"nhiep" cd phdn via gin nhau. Trong bdi khao sdt cac nhilp: Hieu ^ , Giang i i , Giai ^ .
1. Ket qua khao sat
Khdo sat tien hanh tren cac tai lieu sau: dra Han Viet liy tft Hdn Viet tu diin cua Thieu Chiiu, am dgc phuang ngu tieng Hdn can cii theo ghi am ciia Hdn ngit phuang dm tir vi ; 1 | i # ^ ^ ^ ^ , dieu kien dm van cdn cii theo Phuang ngon dieu tra tu biiu -^^M^^S^
(sach nay chii yeu dua tren Qudng vdn 1.1. Cac chft nhat dang d nhiep Hieu nhu Cao |^, Cdo ^^, Khao ^ diu khai khau, khdng cd dm dem [i], cd 3 phuang ngft Trung Qudc va am Han Viet diu bao luu thanh mau la phu am gdc ludi.
Cdc chfi tam, tu dang d nhiep Hieu nhu Kiiu i^, Kieu ^ , Khilu ^ . . . diu cd am dem [i], chi cd am Bdc Kinh la thanh mdu bj bien thdnh dm mat luoi trudc [tp]
va [tp'], cdn lgi cac phucmg ngft Phiic Chau, Quang Chau vd am Han Viet deu la am gdc ludi ([h], [x], [k], [k']).
Trong am Bac Kinh, cac chft nhj ddng, tam ddng, tu dang ciia nhiep Hieu deu cd thanh mau la am mat ludi trudc [tp], [tc'], [e] va cd am dem [i]. Trong tieng Qudng Chau, cac chfi nhj dang cd thanh mau la phu am gdc ludi va khdng cd am dem. Trong tieng Phiic Chau xuat hien tinh trgng chia lara "van dgc" (dgc van ban chinh thiic) va "bgch ddc" (khau ngft) khac nhau, trong dd "van dgc" cd am [i] cdn "bgch dgc" thi khdng cd, vi du chfi Gido $£ (nhiep Hieu, khai khdu, nhi dang, thudng thanh, van Xao, mdu Kiln), van ddc la [kieu], bgch ddc la [kau]. Cdn trong am Han Vipt, tit ca
thanh mdu Kiln diu biln thanh [z] (ki hieu qudc ngfi la "gi"), tat ca thanh mdu Khe deu bien thanh [s] (ki hieu qudc ngfi la "x"). Nhung thanh mdu Khe chi cd 2 chft la Xao ^ va Xao ^ .
Ngoai lp: rieng chfi Cao ^, tit cd phucmg ngu dugc khao sat va am Han Viet diu khdng cd am dem [i].
1.2. Nhiep Giang chi cd chu nhj ddng, trong dm Bdc Kinh, nhdm nay cd thanh mau Id phu am mat ludi trudc, cd am dem [i]; trong tieng Quang Chau cd thanh mdu Id phu dm gdc ludi khdng cd am dera [i]; trong tieng Phuc Chdu thi rat it chfi cd am dem [i]. Chi cd duy nhdt mgt ngoai le do la chfi •^, nhung chfi nay vdn Id thanh nhap, hien tai tat ca cac phuang ngft vd dm Han Viet diu khdng dgc thanh nhap cho chfi nay nua, am Han Viet quy ve nhiep Hieu, tinh hinh bien am ciia chft nay kha phiic tap, tam thdi chua ban. Ngoai chft do ra, tieng Phiic Chau khdng cdn chfi nao cd am dem [i]. Trong am Han Viet, nhdm nay diu cd thanh mau la phu am raat ludi [s] va [z].
Ngogi Ie: chi cd chft Cang j#- la khdng cd am dem, tiing Bdc Kinh la [kag], tieng Phiic Chau la [koyg], tiing Quang Chau la [kog], am Han Viet la [kag].
1.3. Chfi nhj dang thudc nhilp Giai cd tinh trgng gidng nhu nhilp Giang, thgm chi khdng cd mdt ngoai le ndo.
Tdm Iai, ara dgc cac chu nhj ddng tl thanh mdu Kien trong ca 3 nhilp Gidi, Hieu va Giang nhu sau: trong am Bdc Kinh gidng cac chu tam ddng, tii ding, cd am dem [i]; trong tiing Qudng Chdu khdng cd [i]; trong tiing Phuc Chdu bgch ddc khdng cd [i]; trong tieng Hdn Viet khdng cd [i], nhung thanh mau 58
VAI VAN fife VE AM HAN V1$T CUA CH0 «NHI DANG KHAI KHAU ...
khdng cdn gidng vdi cac chft tam, tft ding nfta.
2. Dien bien ngir am
2.1. Xet tu gdc do phuong ngu tieng Han, trong am Bdc Kinh cd su hgp nhat gifia 2 td thanh mdu la Kiln ^ vd Tinh
^ , hgp nhat thdnh thanh mdu mat ludi trudc [XG], [te'J, [c]; tiing Quang Chau vd tieng Phuc Chau khdng cd hien tugng hgp nhdt dd, thanh mdu td Kien van gift dm gdc ludi [k], [k'], [x], [h]. Cd thi thdy, cac phuang ngft phia Nam Trung Hoa vdn gift thanh mdu gdc ludi d nhdm chft mdu Kien nhdt, tam, tu ding, cdn tieng Bac Kinh thi da bien mat.
Ve van de am dem [i], theo ket qua khao sat, trong tieng Bdc Kinh, cac chft nhi, tam, tu ddng td thanh mau Kien deu cd dm dem [i], thanh mau la am mat ludi trudc. Cd the gia thiet rdng, phu am gdc ludi chju anh hudng cua am dem [i] nen chuyen ddi thanh phu dm mat luai.
2.2. Nhung cdc chft nhj dang thi cd chiit khdc biet. Tuy rang trong tieng Bdc Kinh, cdc chft nhj ddng cung cd am dem [i], nhung trong tieng Quang Chdu, cdc chft nhj ddng khdng cd dm dem [i]
(gilng nhu nhat dang), cdn trong tieng Phiic Chdu bgch ddc khdng cd dm [i], chi cd vdn ddc mdi cd [i]. Thdng thudng,
"vdn ddc" trong mgt phuong ngu dugc hinh thanh do dnh hudng cua phuang ngft vimg khac, chu khdng phdi bit nguon tu ngi tgi phucmg ngft do.
2.3. Trd ve vdi van de dm Han Viet, cdc chfi nhdt ding khdng cd dm dem [i], cdc chft tam tft ding cd dm dem [i], dd Id dieu binh thudng so vdi tiing Hdn trung CO. Chu nhj ding khdng cd am dem [i], thogt nhin thi cd ve gilng tieng Qudng
Chdu, nhung van de Id d thanh mdu: tu dm gdc ludi, nhiing chft nay da chuyen thdnh dm mat luoi [s] vd [z]. Am nguyen thfty ciia nd la dm gdc luai, chi cd cdc chfi nhi ddng hi "tien hda" thdnh am mat ludi, vay nen chdc chdn phai cd "thu gi dd" khien cho vj tri phat am bj day len phia trudc (tien hda), "thu gi dd" la gi, cd le tgm thdi chi cd the dat gid thiet.
3. Mot so gia thiet
3.1. Ta cd the dgt mdt gia thiet rang, vdi sd lugng khdng nhieu chfi bj bien am nhu vay, hipn tugng nay cd the do nguyen nhan xa hgi, nhu kj hiiy hogc bien dm dp dat. Am Han Viet cd van giu thanh mdu gdc ludi, vi du: chft Xao ^ am cd la Kheo, tuong tu nhu the: Xao
^ - Kheu, Xoang fj^ - Khoang, vd dm cd cftng khdng cd dm dem [i] hay dm dem ndo khdc, vdy rdt cd the bj bien am do kj hiiy. Tuy vay, ta cd the tryc tiep bdc bd gid thiet tren.
Sy bien ddi nay la cd he thdng tren sd lugng ldn cac am nhj ddng, chft khdng phai su bien ddi le te tren mdt vai chu.
Neu do mdt nguyen nhan chinh tri - xa hdi ndo dd md bi bien am, thi khdng the ddng thdi bien ddi gdn nhu toan bg dm dgc cua cac chfi cd dieu kien ngfi am nhu nhau (td Kien, nhj ddng, khai khiu).
3.2. Mdt gia thiet ciia Nguyen Tai Can cho rang, nhiing chfi nhj ddng thanh mau Kien cd thanh mau bj biln ddi thanh am mat ludi [s] vd [z] Id do nguyen dm chinh bi hgp nhit. Chfi nhit ddng cd nguyen am chinh la dm a rdng [a], chft nhj ddng la am a hep [a], khi 2 dm ndy bj hop nhdt, de khu bipt vdi am a rgng d chft nhit ding, ngudi ta phdi them mgt dm dem [j] vao sau phu dm, vi
T^P CHI HAN NOM so 3 (124) - 2014 LiHUYHOANG anh hudng ciia dm dem [j] nen phu am
gdc luai bj tiin hda. Cdn nhung chfi tam ddng, tli ddng cd am dem [i] (yeu hon, ngdn hon am dem [j]) thi dugc luu lgi am dem den ngay nay. Md hinh bien ddi gia thiet ciia thanh mau Khe sang thanh mdu [s] nhu ngay nay la nhu sau:
*k' —• k j ' —> t c ' i —»tc'—» s Van de la, lieu cd the xay ra tnrdng hgp bien ddi tu "khdng cd am dem" sang thing "cd am dem manh [j]" ngay md khdng trai qua giai doan am dem yeu (nhu [i] hodc yeu hon nua) hay khdng? Dd la vdn dS cd the ddt ra cho gid thiet nay.
Theo ket qua md phdng am cd trong Hdn tu CO kim dm biiu ciia Tran Chan Hoa, Chu Trudng Tap, cac chfi nhj dang khai khdu ndy trong tieng Han thugng cd cd am dem ngan [e] va am chinh [a], d§n ti6ng Hdn trung cd thi khdng cdn am dpm, dm chinh hdu hda thanh [o]. NIU cdng nhgn am Han Viet dugc du nhdp cd hp thdng vdo Viet Nam, vd cdng nhdn kit qud phdng am cua Am bieu, thi khdng the cd chuyen biln ddi *[a] —*
[ja]. Tat nhien, ket qua phdng am ciia Am bieu van cdn tranh cai, hon nua ta khdng chic Am biiu phdng am theo tieng Han trung cd thudc vung nao, cung khdng thi chdc chin am Han trung cl dugc truyin vdo Viet Nam la he thing am thudc vung nao ciia Trung Qudc (nhiing hgc gia nhu Maspero cho ring la dm Trudng An, nhung gia thilt nay chua chic da xac dang).
3.3. Theo Ngit dm tiing Viet cua Dodn Thien Thuat, dm dem [i] van cdn dau tich trong chinh ta Qudc ngfi ngay nay. Hipn nay trong tiing Viet (tiing Ha Ndi), "d" va "gi" dgc nhu nhau (diu da
thanh dm mat luai trudc), nhimg dugc ki hieu khac nhau trong chinh td la do trudc day, 2 am nay tach biet. Trong dm Han Viet, ngudn gdc 2 dm nay khac nhau: phu am "d" chu yeu bat ngudn tu thanh mau Duong, cdn "gi" chu yeu tft td Kiln, khai khdu, nhj dang nhu chiing tdi da khao sat ben tren. Ki hieu "gi" Id dl ghi lgi am dera [i] tnrdc day van cdn dung, vd mgt phu am trgc (hftu thanh) la
"g". Nguyin Tdi Can xep phu am "d"
vdo nhdm am dau luai, phy am "gi" vdo nhdm am mat ludi. Tuy vgy, thu nhat, day la chuyen tu sau the ki XVII, cdn trudc dd am dpm nay cd hay khdng, neu cd thi la am dem gi, khdng thd cdn cu vdo chinh td Qudc ngft de ket lugn; thft hai, cdc chft tam, tft ddng ciing cd am dem [i] diing sau am gdc ludi vd khdng bi bien ddi.
3.4. 6 day chiing tdi dgt ra them mdt gia thiet nua, dd la am Han Viet khi du nhap vdo Viet Nam dd cd mpt dm dpm ngan d am dgc cac chfi nhi dang khai khiu nay. Vi tri phat am ciia am dem ndy phai d phia trudc so vdi dm gdc luai, thi mdi cd the keo am gdc ludi bien ddi thdnh am mat ludi. Am dpm nay phai du ngan de de dang bien mat trong dm Han Viet cung nhu trong cdc phuong ngu Phiic Chau, Quang Chdu, nhung cung cd the keo dai thanh am dem [i]
nhu trong tieng Bdc Kinh. Chiing tdi gid thiet am dpm dd Id dm [i] ngdn. Thgm chi cd the den the ki XVII, chft Qudc ngft dung chft cai [i] de ghi am dpm dd, chu khdng phai thye sy ghi cho am dpm ddi hon la [i]. He thdng chft Qudc ngft vdn khdng phdi la hp thdng ghi am that chat che, nen viec nay Id de hieu.
60
VAI VAN Bt VE AM HAN VIET CUA CHU" "NHI DANG KHAI KHAU . Ket Iuan
Sy bidn ddi ve dm dgc ciia nhftng chft khai khiu nhj ding thanh mdu td Kiln trong dm Han Viet Id qua trinh bien dm ty nhien do dnh hudng ciia dieu kien ngu am ndi tgi. Cu t h i hem, viec bien ddi tft thanh mdu gdc ludi thdnh thanh mau mat ludi Id do anh hudng-ctia nguyen am dirng ding sau.
Gid thi6t Id cd mgt dm dem ngin [ i ] , dm dem nay de bj bien mat nhung cung keo theg su biln ddi cua thanh mdu dirng trudc nd, khiin thanh mdu bj tiin hda. Am dpm nay da cd tu tiing Han trung cd, bj bien mat d cac phucmg ngft mien Nam Trung Hoa, bi keo ddi d cdc phucmg ngu mien Bdc nhu am B i c Kinh trong qud trinh hgp nhat td thanh mau Tinh va Kiln, ddng thdi dugc bdo luu d am Hdn Viet tdi giai doan sau thi ki XVII sau dd mdi biln mit, keo theo sy biln ddi cua thanh mau.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Sd Nghien ciru Ngon ngu, Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Trung Quoc: Phirong ngdn diiu tra lu bieu, Thuong vu dn thu quan, Trung Quic, 2007.
2. Trin Chdn Hoa - Chu Trudng Tap:
Hdn tu CO kim dm bieu, Trung Hoa thu cue, Trung Quic, 1993.
3. Bp mon giang day ngon ngu, Khoa Ngon ngft Van hpc Trung Quic, Dai hpc Bac Kinh: Hdn ngit phuang dm tu vi, Nxb.
Cai each Van hpc, Trung Quoc, 1989.
4. Vucmg Lire, Hdn ngit ngit dm sir, Nxb. KHXH, Trung Quoc, 1985.
5. Dinh Thanh Thu: Co kim lir dm ddi chieu iha sdch, Trung Hoa thu cue, Trung Quic, 1981.
6. Doan Thien Thuat, Ngir dm liing Viet, Nxb. DHQG Ha Npi, H. 2004.
7. Nguyen Tai Cdn: Nguon goe vd qud trinh hinh thdnh cdch dgc Hdn Viet, Nxb.
DHQG Ha Npi, H. 2004.
8. Thieu Chiiu; Hdn Vifl tu- dien, Nxb.
Van hoa - Thong tin, H. 2009.
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