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VE VAN DE TOI PHAM HOA, PHI TOI PHAM HOA
P
hap luat ndi chung va Luat Hinh sy ndi ridng bao gid cung cd tfnh dn djnh tuong dd'i vi ddi sdng xa hpi ludn ludn van dpng va bid'n ddi. Chinb xi le dd. de-Luat Hinh sy phu hpp va didu chinh cd hidu qua cac quan he xa hpi tbi vdn dd tpi pham boa va phi tpi pham boa luon dupc dat ra trong mdi thdi ky phat trien. Hidn nay, khi ehiing ta dang hpi nhap sau rpng trong tai ca cac linh vyc ciia ddi sd'ng xa hpi, khi Bp luat Hinh sy (BLHS) nam 1999 da bpc Ip nhung bit cap can phai sira ddi, bd sung tbi van de nay lai dupc dat ra ban liic nao hdi.L Khai niem tpi pham hoa, phi tpi pham hoa va hinh thiic the hien
Tpi pham hoa va phi lpi pham hoa la mpt trong nhung phuong tidn thd hidn va thyc hidn chfnh sach hinh sy ciia Nha nudc nbim ddu tranh phdng, chdng cd hidu qua tinh hinh tpi pham, bao vd nhirng quan he xa hpi quan trpng nhai, la co sd cbo sy ldn tai va phat trien ciia ddt nudc trong mpt giai doan nhai djnh. Hidn nay d nudc ta. khai nidm tpi pham hoa va phi tpi pham boa dupc hidu tuong dd'i thdng nhii giua cac hpc gia, cac nha nghidn ciru. Theo Tur dien Bach khoa toan thu Viet Nam thi "tpi pham boa" la khai niem bao gdm ca qua trinh lin kdi qua eiia viec quy djnh loai hanh vi nay bay loai hanh vi khae la tpi pham x'a bj trimg trj bing cac bien phap hinh sy; cdn "phi tpi pham boa" la vide bai bd trach nhidm hinh sy ddi vdi nhttng hanh vi nay hay hanh vi kbac nguy hiem cho xa hpi trudc day bj coi la tpi pham'. Ttr didn giai thfch thuat ngii luat hpc cung cd each giai thich tuong ty, dd la: "tpi pham hoa" dupc hieu la viec xdc djnh trong luat hanh vi nhdt djnh la tpi pham. Tuy nhien, Tir di^n giai tlifeh thuat ngii luat hpc da neu mdl each cu thd ndi ham khai nidm
VM Ngoc Duofng'
nay, dd la: tpi pham boa thupc thdm quyen ciia CO quan lap phap, qua Irlnh nay bao gdm: 1) Xic djnh loai banh vi cy thd la lpi pham do mdi phat sinh hoac do thyc tidn ddi hdi cdn phai xir ly banh vi nay bdng bidn pbap trach nhidm binh sy (TNHS); 2) Md rpng pham vi xir ly bdng bidn phap TNHS cua mpt loai hanh vi hoac nhdm hanh vi qua vide bdt da'u hidu ciia cau tbanh tpi pham hoac md rpng pham vi chii the ciia tpi pham.
Cdn "phi lpi pham boa" la vide xoa bd tpi pbam nhai djnh da dupc quy djnh trong luat.
Phi lpi pham boa thupc thdm quyen ciia co quan lap pbap, qui trinh nay bao gdm: 1) Xoa bd loai banh vi cu the da dupc quy djnh la lpi pham do khdng cdn xay ra hoac do thyc tidn kbdng cdn ddi hdi cdn phai xir ly banh vi nay bdng bidn pbap TNHS; 2) Tbu hep pham vi xir ly bang bidn pbip TNHS ciia mpt loai hanh vi hoac nhdm hanh vi qua vide thdm dau hidu ciia cau thanh ldi pham (CTTP) hoac thu bep pbam vi chii thd ciia tdi pbaml GS.TSKH. Dao Trf Uc va PGS.
TSKH. Ld Cam cung cd cting quan didm khi cho rdng, tpi pbam hoa "co nglna Id coi logi hdnh vi ndy hay logi hdnh vi khde Id tpi phgm hay khong phdi Id tpi phgm, tifc Id xdc dinh stf cdn thiei phdi trdng tri bdng cdc bien phdp hinh sif". NgUpc lai, "phi tpi pham boa" la "khi mpt logi tpi phgm ndo dd khdng cdn cd mifc nguy hiem eho xd hpi de cdn thiei phdi si'f dung cdc hien phdp hinh sif vd do dd quan he xd hpi do logi hdnh vi dy ddn dch chi cdn difcfc diiu eliinh bdng quy phgm eita edc ngdnh ludt khde hodc bdng cdc bien phdp gido due tifc Id khi nd klwng cdn difcfc coi la ti)i phgm nifa"'. Hay "Bdn chdt ciia qud trinh tc)i phgm hod Id ghi nhdn mpt hdnh
j Dai hoc LuSl Ha Ndi.
Xem: hlip://dictionary.bachkhoaloaniliu.gov.vn/.
- Xem: Tir dien giai Ihi'ch thuat ngu luai hpc. Phiin Luat Hinh sir.
"' Tdi pham hpc. Luat Hinh sy va Td lung Hinh sir Viel Nam. Vien Nha mrdc va Pliap luii. Nxb. Chinh irj qudc gia. Ha Ndi. 1994. Ir. 12.^ 124.
^Udc vA PHAPLUAT SO 1/200
vi ndo dd Id tpi phgm vd quy dinh TNHS ddi vdi viec thifc hien hdnh vi dd vd nguac Igi, bdn chd't ciia qud trinh phi tpi phgm hod Id logi trif khdi phdp ludt hinh sif (PLHS) hien hdnh mpt hdnh vi ndo do (md trififc day dd bi coi Id tpi phgm) vd huy bd TNHS ddi vifi viec thifc hien hdnh vi dc')"''.
Ttr nhtrng quan diem x'e lpi pham boa va phi lpi pham hod hidn nay d nudc la cd the rut ra npi dung vd cac khdi niem nay nhu sau:
Tpi pham hod va phi lpi pham hod la hai qua trinh trdi ngupc nhau. Qud tiinh d day cdn hidu la sy thd'ng nhat trdn ca hai phuong didn: mpt la, sy tang ldn dang ke tfnh nguy hidm cho xa hpi (hoac giam di dang ke, bid'n mai hodn loan tfnh nguy hiem dd'i vdi phi lpi pham hod) ciia loai banh vi nao dd hoac sy xudt hidn nhirng hanh vi mdi nhung cd tfnh nguy hidm dang kd cho cac quan he xa bpi;
hai la, nhan thirc ciia nha lam luat ve sy cdn thidi pbai sir dung hay huy bd bidn pbap hinh sy dd ddu tranh phdng, chdng nhung loai banh vi dd. Day la qua trinh nhan thirc chu quan ma TSKH. luat hpc ngudi Nga A.l Korobiov khdng djnh: "Tpi phgm hod Id qud trinh ldm rd cdc hinh thife .xd sU ed nhdn nguy hiem eho .xd hpi vd thifa nhdn sif difcfc phep, sif ed the vd sif hcfp ly eita viee dd'u tranh bang phdp lucit hinh sif vc'ri edc hinh thifc dy vd ghi nlicin chimg trong ludt vifi tinh chd't Id tpi phgm vd bi xd phgt vi hinh sif;
cim phi ten phgm hod Id qua trinh .xdc dinh sif mdt ch tinh nguy litem cho xd hpi eiia hdnh vi vd thifa nhgn sif bdt hcfp ly ctia viec dd'u tranh bdng phdp lucit hinh sif vdi nhifng hdnh vi dy vd huy bd sU trifng phgt vi hinh sif ddi vcri chimg "-\
Di hieu rd ban ve lpi pbam hod, phi lpi pham boa cdn phan bidt cdc khai nidm nay vdi hinh sy hod va phi hinh sy boa. Nd'u tpi pham hoa va phi tpi pham hoa la qua trinh PGS.TSKH. Le Cam. Nhung van de co ban trong khoa hpc Luat Hinh sy. Sach chuyen khao sau dai hpc.
' Dan theo PGS.TSKH. Le Cam. Tdi pham hoa va phi tdi pham hoii - Mdt sd van d6 ly luan va thuc tidn. Tap chi TAND sd 5/2000.
xae dinh hay buy bd hanh vi nao dd la tpi pham lrong BLHS thi hinh su hoa va phi hinh sy boa hidu theo nghTa hep la hinh phat hod va phi hinh phat hod**. Dd la viec quy djnh hinh phat hay xdc dinh loai hinh phat, khung hinh phat, dieu kidn quyei djnh hinh phat ddi vdi loai tpi pham nay hay tdi pham kia.
Vd hinh Ihirc thd hidn hay ke't qua cua qua trinh tpi pham hod va phi ldi pham hod:
Tpi pham boa va phi ldi pham hod vd mat hinh thirc chfnh la sy ghi nhan hay huy bd trong phdp luat hinh su vd hanh vi dupc coi la tpi pham. O Viet Nam hien nay, su ghi nhan hay buy bd tpi pham phai dupc the hidn lrong BLHS. Van dd nay da dupc quy djnh tai Dieu 2 va Didu 8 BI^HS nam 1999, dd la
"tpi phgm Id hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hpi duae quy dinh trong BLHS.. ."^ va "chi ngifdi ndo pham nwt tpi dd ducfc BLHS quy dinh mifi phdi chiu TNHS"'^. Vide ghi nhan hay buy bd mpt tpi pham lrong BLHS dupc thd' hidn dudi cdc hinh thirc sau:
- Dd'i vdi tdi pham hod:
+ Mpt trong nhung hinh Ihiic lpi pham hod la sy ghi nhan tpi danh mdi. Tpi danh mdi la tdi danh ma hanh vi cdu Ihdnh lpi pbam dd chua dupc quy djnh lrong bdt cir dieu luat nao ciia BLHS trudc day. Vi dy: so vdi BLHS nam 1985 ihl lrong BLHS nam
1999 xudt hidn mpt sd tpi danh mdi nhu: Tpi vi pham quy djnh vd cbo vay trong hoat dpng ciia cdc td chirc tin dyng (Dieu 179); Tpi vi pham quy djnh vd sir dyng lao dpng tie em (Didu 228); Tpi xam pham quydn sd hiiu cdng nghiep (Dieu 171); Tpi vi pham quy djnh ve cap van bdng bao hd quyen sd hiiu cdng nghidp (Didu 170); Tpi nhap khau cdng nghd, may mdc, thiei bi, phd' thai hoac cdc chai khdng bao dam lieu chuan bao ve mdi irudng (Dieu 185)...
+ Cung dupc coi la mpt hinh thirc lpi pbam boa nd'u hanh vi dd chua dupc quy djnh lrong dieu luat nao,cua BLHS trudc
" PGS.TSKH. Le Cam. Sach chuyen khao sau dai hpc:
NhCrng van de co ban trong khoa hoc Luat Hinh sy.
'Didu 8 BLHS nam 1999.
' Dieu 2 BLHS nam 1999.
VE VANDE Tdi PHAM HdA ...
day, nay dupc BLHS mdi bd sung vao mdt dieu cu the. Vf du: hanh vi xam pham quyen umg cir ciia cdng dan chua dupc quy djnh tai Didu 122 BLHS nam 1985 vd Tpi xam pham quyen bdu cir ciia cdng dan, da dupc quy djnh bd sung vao Didu 126 BLHS nam 1999 (tpi xam pham quydn bdu cir, quyen u'ng cir cua cdng dan). Ngodi ra, irudng hpp md rpng pham vi dd'i tupng lac dpng ciia lpi pbam cung la mpt bieu hidn cua tpi pbam boa. Vi du, ddi tupng ciia tpi pham quy djnh tai Dieu 147 BLHS nam 1985 chi bao gdm cha me, vp chdng, con cai nhung BLHS nam 1999 bd sung thdm chdu va nhirng ngudi cd cdng nudi dudng.
+ Mpt hinh thirc bidu hidn nua eiia tpi pham hoa dupc the hidn trong BLHS dd la vide md rpng pham vi xir ly bdng bidn pbap TNHS cua mpt loai banh vi boac nhdm hanh vi qua vide bdt ddu bidu ciia cdu thanh tpi pham hoac md rpng pham vi cbii thd ciia tpi pham.
Tnfifng hcfp bdt ddu hieu ciia edit thdnh toi phgm trong BLHS dudi giac dp tpi pham hoa phai thoa man 2 didu kidn: mpt Id, hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi dd da dupc quy djnh trong BLHS tai dieu luat cu the; hai Id, phai bdt ddu hidu trong cdu tbanh tpi pham CO ban ciia cimg mpt lpi pbam chir khdng phai la cdu thanh tpi pbam tang nang bay giam nhe. Nd'u thdm hoac bdt cdu thanh tpi pham tang nang hay giam nhe se thupc trudng hpp hinh sy boa va phi hinh sy boa se ban d phan sau. Trong ldn pbap dien boa vao nam 1999, BLHS cung da tpi pham boa mpt so hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi bdng vide bdt dau hidu trong cdu tbanh co ban. I / du:
so vdi BLHS nam 1985, ddi vdi mpt sd tpi nhu: Tpi tham d tdi san va tpi lpi dung churc vu, quyen han chie'm doat lai san ciia cdng dan... thi BLHS nam 1999 da bd bdt linh tidi
"vi pham nhieu Idn", bd trudng hpp "hoac da bj xir ly ki luat ma cdn vi pham" trong cau thanh tpi pham co ban khi gia trj tai san bj chie'm doat dudi 500 nghin ddng.
Tnfifng hcrp mcf rpng phgm vi clui thi dia tpi phgm: chii the ciia lpi pham ngoai 2 da'u hieu bat bupc la cd nang lyc TNHS va
dat dp ludi luat djnh thi lrong mpt sd tpi pham cy thd ddi bdi phai cd thdm mpt sd dau hidu dac bidl kbac (vf dy: chu the cua Tpi tham P tai san la ngudi cd chirc vy, quyen ban). Md rpng pham vi chii the cua tpi pham la thay ddi cac ddu hidu cd tfnh chai bdt bupc (vf dy: giam dp tudi ehju trach nhidm hinh sy. quy djnh bd sung chu the ciia tpi pham cd the la td chii'c, bd cum ttr "mpt bdnh khae"
tai Dieu 13 BLHS nam 1999...) hoac (va) cac ddu hidu die bidt khae thupc yd'u td cbii thd lai cac tpi pham cy the nhdm lam tang gidi ban nhung banh vi bj coi la lpi pham va bj xir ly X'd hinh sy. Cac dau hidu co ban thupc vd chil the cua lpi pham trong BLHS nudc ta hdu nhu khPng thay ddi, luy nhidn cac yd'u to dac bidt kbac d mpt sd lpi pham cy the cung cd nhung thay ddi dang kd va la hinh thirc bidu hidn ciia tpi pham boa. Vi du:
chil thd ciia tpi pham dupc quy djnh tai Didu 147 BLHS nam 1985 cbi la ngudi cd quan he buydi thdng hoac hdn nhan x'di nan nhan nhung khi dupc sira ddi, bd sung vao Dieu
151 BLHS nam 1999, pbam vi ehii the eua tpi pbam dupc md rpng, bao gdm ea nhtrng ngudi cd quan he nudi dudng.
- Ddi vdi phi tdi pham boa:
Hinh thiic the hidn ciia phi tpi pham boa trong BLHS hoan loan trai ngupc vdi tpi pham boa. Nd'u tpi pbam boa ghi nhan tpi pbam mdi thi phi lpi pham hoa la buy bd lpi pbam ma trudc diy da lirng ghi nhin dupc the hidn trong BLHS dudi cac hinh thirc:
+ Xoa bd tpi danh: day la hinh thirc dd nhan thay nhai ciia phi tpi pham hoa. Nd'u mpt hanh vi ma trudc day quy djnh thanh tpi danh cu the trong mpt didu luat eu the nhung nay do thay ddi nhung dieu kidn khdch quan va chil quan ma khdng quy djnh tpi danh nay nua goi la xoa bd tpi danh. Vi du, so vdi BLHS nam 1985 tbi BLHS nam 1999 bd di 10 lpi danh, dd la: Tpi ehd'ng Nha nude xa hpi chu nghTa anh em; Tpi phd huy lidn td;
Tpi can trd vide thyc hidn cac quy djnh eua Nha nude ve eai lao xa hpi ehii nghTa; Tpi chid'm doat tem, pbid'u; Tpi lam boac luu hanh tem phie'u, gidy td gia dting vao vide
phan phdi; Tpi luu hanh san phdm kem phdm chdt; Tpi san xudt hoac budn ban rupu, thud'e la trai phep; Tpi lam sal gia sue; Tpi trdn trdnh nghTa vu lao dpng cdng fch; Tdi lam trai hoac can trd vide thyc hidn nglna vu lao dpng cdng ich; Tpi vdng mat trai phep.
+ Xoa bd hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi la tpi pham khdng thupc trudng hpp xod bd lpi danh: day la trudng hpp do sira ddi mpt sd quy djnh tai Phdn chung hoac Phin ridng BLHS ma mpt sd hanh vi nguy hiem cbo xa hpi kbdng bj coi la lpi pham nua luy khdng lam bid'n mii tpi danh nao khdi BLHS. Vi du:
BLHS nim 1999 da phan chia lpi pham tbanh 4 loai: it nghiem trpng, nghidm trpng, rdt nghidm trpng va dac bidt nghidm trpng so vdi BLHS nim 1985 chi cd 2 loai la ft nghidm trpng va nghidm trpng. Tpi pham fl nghidm trpng trong BLHS nam 1999 la tpi pham giy nguy hai khong ldn cbo xa hpi ma mu'c cao nhdl ciia khung hinb phat ddi vdi lpi dy la dd'n 3 nam tii, cdn nghidm trpng la dd'n 7 nam til, rii nghidm trpng dd'n 15 nam, dac bidt nghidm trpng trdn 15 nam. tu chung than hoac tir hinh so vdi dd'n 5 nam vdi (lpi it nghidm trpng) va trdn 5 nam, tu chung than va tir hinb (tpi nghidm trpng) tbeo quy djnh lai BLHS nim 1985. Vi s'y phan boa tpi pham kbac nhau nhu x'ay nen mpt sd trudng hpp da lam phi tpi pham hoa, nhu ngudi chudn bj pham mpt tpi ma mirc cao nhdt ciia khung hinb phat ddi vdi tpi iy tir trdn 5 nam dd'n dudi 15 nam tii khdng phai cbju trach nhidm hinh sy bay ngudi ttr dii 14 tudi dd'n dudi 16 tudi pbam tpi do cd y ma mirc cao nhdt ciia khung binb pbai ddi vdi tpi ay tir trdn 5 nam dd'n dudi 7 nim cung khdng phai cbju trach nhidm hinb sy.
+ Thdm da'u hidu trong cau thanh tpi pham CO ban: day la trudng bpp thu hep pham vi xir ly ve hinb sy dd'i vdi tpi pham cy the bdng vide thdm mpt sd tinh tidi la ddu hidu djnh tpi. Vi du: so vdi BLHS nim 1985 thi BLHS nam 1999 quy djnh them dau hidu
"da bj xir phat hdnh chinh ve banh vi nay ma cdn vi pham" trong cdu thanh co ban ciia tpi cudng ep kdi hdn hoac can trd hdn nhan ty nguydn, lien bp (Dieu 146 BLHS 1999).
Dieu dd cd nghTa la trudc ngay BLHS nam 1999 cd hidu luc, chi can ngudi cd nang lyc trach nhidm hinh su, dat dp tuoi luat dinh cd hanh vi "cifdng ep ngifdi khde ke't hdn trdi vifi sif tif nguyen ciia hp, cdn tier ngudi khde kit him lioiie duy tri hdn nhdn tif nguyen, tien bp bdng cdch hdnh hg, ngUcfc ddi, uy hiep tinh thdn, yeu sach ciia cdi hodc bang tlui dogn khde""' da bj xir ly bdng hinh sy.
Tuy nhidn, sau khi BLHS nam 1999 cd hidu lyc thi hdnh vi nay ddi hdi phai cd them ddu bidu "da bj xir phat hanh chfnh ma cdn vi pbam" mdi bj coi la tdi pham. Ngoai ra, trong mdt so lpi pham nhu: Tpi bupc ngudi lao dpng, cdng chii'c thdi vide trdi phap luat (Dieu 128); Tpi gay rdi trat ty cdng cpng (Didu 245), BLHS nam 1999 quy dinh thdm diu bidu "giy bau qua nghiem trpng" vao ciu tbanh co ban; Tpi trpm cdp lai san (Didu 138) thdm ddu hidu gid trj ldi san vao cau thanh ca ban (ttr 500 nghin ddng trd ldn hoac dudi 500 nghin ddng, nhung gay hau qua nghidm trpng...)'".
+ Thu hep pham vi chii thd ciia tpi pham:
tbu bep pham vi cbii ibd ciia tpi pham la thay ddi cac ddu hieu co ban hoac cac dau hidu dac biet kbac thupc yd'u td ehii the cua itmg tdi pham cy thd nhdm thu hep gidi ban nhirng banh vi bj coi la tpi pbam va bj xir ly ve hinh sy. Vl du, Dieu 22 BLHS nam 1999 da loai trir vide truy ciru trach nhidm hinh sy ddi vdi mdt sd cbii the cd hanh vi khdng td gidc lpi pbam so vdi Dieu 19 BLHS nam 1985, dd la dng, ba, cha, me. con, chau, anh, cbj em rupt, vp boac chdng ciia ngudi pham tpi. Day la irudng hpp loai trir nhirng ngudi cd quan he buydi thdng gin gQi va quan he hdn nhan dya trdn CO sd phu hpp vdi dac diem van hod truyen thdng cua dan tpc Viet Nam.
2. Cac yeu td la co so de xem xet tdi pham hoa, phi tpi pham hoa
rrong timg giai doan, tirng thdi ky ljeh sir nhat djnh, nhdm dap irng nhidm vu va ydu
" Dieu 14.^ BLHS nam \n5. cd hieu luc tir ngay 1/1/1986. ^ ' '" Dinh Van Que. Phap luat hinh su - thuc tidn va an le. Nxb. Lao ddng-xa hdi. 200.5.
VE VAN DE Tdi PHAM HdA ...
ciu phat trien mpi mat x'e kinh te-xa hpi va song song vdi nd la dau tranh phdng, chdng de loai bd nhirng trd lyc phat tridn, trong dd CO hidn tupng tpi pbam tbi van de tpi pham hoa xa phi tpi pham boa luon dupc dat ra.
Day la vin de mang tinh tdt ydu ciia qui trinh phat tridn, vi pbap luat ndi chung va Luat Hinh sy ndi ridng ludn mang tinh dn djnh tuong ddi va pbai thay ddi kjp thai dd didu chinh cd hidu qua nhung van de mdi phat sinh ciia thyc tidn cupc sdng. Tuy nhien, tpi pbam boa va phi tpi pham hoa hanh vi nao do cung phai dya tren nhung nguydn tic. co sd nhdt djnh, kbPng the tiiy tien. Dd la dya trdn sy phu bpp vdi ydu ciu, nhiem vu phat trien kinh te, xa bpi trong tirng giai doan ljeh sir nhai djnh, phii hop vdi trinh dp phat tridn kinh te. trinb dp nhan thirc. cac yd'u to xan boa, xa bpi, phong tuc.
tap quan. Khi xa hpi phat tridn ddii giai doan nao dd xuai hidn nhung banh vi gay ra hoac de doa gay ra sy nguy biem dang ke cho cac quan he xa hpi lam can trd, anh hudng ddn nhirng gia trj la co sd, nen tang cbo sy phat trien ciia xa hpi dd dd'n miic nhung bien phap phi hinh sy khdng the dii sire ngan chan mpt each hidu qua va thfch dang thi phai tpi pham hoa cbiing. Cd nhung hanh vi do sy chuyen bid'n ciia cac yd'u td khach quan x'i chil quan khi xa bpi phat triein dd'n giai doan nhat djnh ma giy ra nguy bai dang kd cho cac quan be xa bpi, mac dii trudc day dupc xem la nhung banh vi nguy biem khong dang ke tham cbi khong be nguy hidm va dupc dieu chinh bdng cac bidn phap phi binh sir thi ciing phai tpi pham boa cbiing mdi cd duoc nhung bidn pbap nghidm khic, dii manh dd ngan chin. Ngupc lai, ein phi tpi pham hoa ddi vdi nhung banh vi ma do sy chuyen bid'n ciia cac yd'u to khach quan va chil quan khi xa bdi phat trien dd'n giai doan nhai djnh trd ndn khdng cdn nguy biem boac nguy hiem khdng ding ke, cbi cin ap dung cac bidn phap phi hinh sy la dii sire ngan chan. Trdn thyc te, x idc xic djnh khi nao tpi pham hoa \a phi tpi pbam boa mpt banh vi la dieu quan trpng xa rdt khd. Vide tpi pham hoa. phi tdi pbam hoa mpt banh xi khdng
diing thdi diem deu gay ra nhiing phan ung xa hdi lidu cyc. kim ham sy phat trien. Dieu nay Cbii tjch Ho Chi Minh da tung ndi: "Loi Idm ed vice to viee nhd. Neu nhdt ludt xif phgt lii .se mdi ed ky ludt, .\e mer dtfifng eho bgn ed y phd hogi. Vi vdy, hodn todn khdng dimg .xif phgt Id khdng dimg. Md chin gt cimg dimg din .xif phgt etliig khong ditng "".
Nhu phin trdn da trinb bay. khi xa bpi phat trien ddn giai doiui nao dd ma xuii bidn banh vi gay nguy biem ding ke cho cac quan he xa bpi lam can trd, anh hudng dd'n nhung gia trj la co sd, ndn tang cbo sy phit tridn cua xa bpi dd ddn mirc nhung bidn pbip phi hinb sy kbdng the du sire ngan chan mpt each hidu qua va thich dang tbi phai tpi pham boa cbiing va ngupc lai tbi cdn phi tdi pham boa. Chung tdi cho rang, yd'u td diu tidn, quan trpng nhai cua co sd tpi pham boi bay phi tpi pbam boa mpt banh vi chinb la cd tinh nguy hiem dang ke cho cac quan be xa hpi hay khong.
Tinh nguy hiem dang kd ciia tpi pham la thupc tfnh khach quan cin tbidi pbai dupc cac nha lam luat nhin thuc diing din. nd thd hidn qua cac ydu td: tinh cbii ciia quan be xa bpi bj xim bai; tinh chii cua hanh vi khich quan;
mirc dp thidt bai giy ra boac de doa gay ra cbo cac quan he xa hpi; iPi. dpng cO, muc dich cua ngucri cd hanh xi: hoan canh chinh trj xa bpi luc. noi xay ra banh vi; nhan thin ciia ngudi cd hanh vi...'". Tinh chii nguy biem cbo xa hpi chinb la can cu diu tidn de phin bidt tpi pbam x'i cac xi pham phap luit kbac. Ngoai ra. de xic djnh cin thidi hay khdng vide tdi pham boa mpt banh vi cdn can cu X'io mirc dp phd bidn ciia banh vi; trinb dp nbin thirc cua ngudi dan; van boa, phong tuc tap quan xa sy ngan cban bidu qua, tuong xirng bay kbdng cua cac bidn pbip phi binh sy. nghia la bidn pbap xir ly ve binb sy cbi la giai phap lya chpn cudi cting.
" Xem: Vien nghien ciru Nha nudc va Phap luai. Tdi pham hpc. Luat Hinli sir va Td tung Hinh sir Viet Nam. Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. 1994. tr. 1.^.^.
'- Trirdng Dai hpc Luai Ha Ndi. Giao trinh Luat Hinh sir Viet Nam (tap 1). N,\b. Cdng an nhan dan. 2007.
HA NUdc vA PHAP LUAT SO 1/260* -JS^^a^^^aBBBgsamieEesaaata
Ve mife dp phd bien eiia hdnh vi: nhung hanh vi bj tpi pbam hoa la nhung banh vi tuong ddi phd bien. didn hinh ban xa hay lap di lap lai nhieu ban. cdn ngupc lai nd'u phi tpi pbam boa cbiing thi nhirng banh vi dd pbai la nhung banh x i it phd bidn hon. khdng didn binh xa it lap di lap lai". Didu dd cd nghTa la mpt banh vi tieu cue nao dd cbi xuai bien mpt bai ldn trong sudt thdi gian dai thi khdng nhdt tbidi pbai tpi pbam hod. tuy nhidn ngupc lai cung khdng thd tdi pham boa mpt hanh vi tidu cyc qua phd bidn. Vide quy djnh nhung banh vi lieu cyc qua phd bidn lrong xa hpi la tpi pham dd ddn den bidn tupng dao luit chdi. lam giam di hidu qua, hidu lyc ciia Luat Hinh sy vdi tfnh chat la cdng cu sdc ben lrong dau tranb phdng.
chdng tpi pbam. Vi la hien lupng tidu cyc qua phd bid'n cbo ndn trong thyc tidn khong the xir ly hdi cic trudng bpp pham tpi, neu cd gdng xir ly lai tao ra qua nhieu tpi pham lrong xa hpi. khong nhung lam qua tai be thdng cac co quan bao x'd pbap luat, qua tai be thdng cac nha tii ma cdn lam lang phf lyc lupng lao dpng, lang phf ngin sach nha nudc v.v. Vide nhan thirc vi'n de hanh vi phd bidn dd'n mu'c ndo tbi tpi pham boa pbu thupc rai Idn vao nhung nha lam luit dya trdn sy giiip dd ciia cac phuong phap dieu tra. thdng kd va quan trpng ban la dit nd trong mdi quan he vdi nhung ye'u td kbac. Vf du. tuy banh vi chua phd bid'n nhung hau qua ma nd gay ra cho xa hdi ldn va nd'u khdng kjp tbc7i ngan chin bdng nhirng bidn pbap nghiem khde se cd xu hudng tang ldn thi cung cin xem xet dd tpi pbam hod.
Ngupe lai can phi tpi pham hod ddi vdi nhung hanh vi trudc day la phd bid'n. dien hinb nhung nay il phd bid'n va it lip di lap lai. Tuy nhidn, nhu trdn da phan tfch, tfnh phd bien ciia hanh vi de tpi pham hod hay phi tpi pbam hoa cdn dat nd lrong mdi quan be ldng the vdi cac yd'u td kbac, vf du nhu tfnh nguy hiem cho xa hpi. Khdng thd phi lpi pham hoa mpt hanh vi tuy da trd ndn fl phd '• Xem: PGS.TSKH. Le Cam. NhiTng van de co ban trong khoa hpc Luat Hinh sir.
bid'n nhung vdn cdn tfnh nguy hiem cho xii hpi cao. Mpt so tpi xam pbam an ninh qudc gia nhu Tpi chdng phd trai giam, hoat dpng phi, Tpi khiing bd... la vf du. Trong thdi gian chidn tranh day la nhung hanh vi phd bid'n, die bidt nguy hidm. nhung khoang chuc nim trd lai diy bdu nhu khdng cd trudng hpp nao bj xir ly vd tpi nay, luy nhien tfnh nguy hiem cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi x'dn cdn ndn khdng the phi tdi pham hod. Quy djnh cac hdnh vi nay la tpi pham trong BLHS cdn mang tfnh ran de, phdng ngira rat ldn.
Trinh dp nhdn thifc ciia cde thdnh vien trcmg xd hpi: vide tpi pham hod hay phi tpi pham hoa hanh vi nao dd can pbai phti hpp X'di mat bdng chung trinh dp nhan thirc ciia cdc thdnh vien trong xa hpi. Trinh dp nhan thirc d day la nhan thii'c dupe tfnh chdt nguy hidm cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi nao dd dd'n mirc phai ap dyng hoac buy bd bien phdp dau tranh nghiem khde dd la hinh phat. Nd'u tdi pham hoa banh vi nao dd di trudc qua xa trinh dp nhan thurc chung cua xa hpi thi ngudi din chi thiy hinb phat ma khdng thdy dupc linh chdt nguy biem cho xa hpi cua hdnh vi, tfnh can thidi, tai yd'u phai dp dung nd, cdn ngupc lai kbi trinh dp nhan thdc chung cua xa hpi cao, ngudi dan lai thdy trudc tpi pham va ddi hdi phai ap dyng hinh phat.
Vdn hod, phong tuc trip qudn ciia ddn tc)e: van hod, phong lyc tap quan la nhtrng gia trj loi dep dupc tich luy, ton lai qua nhieu the ky lrong qudn cbiing nhan dan. Tdi pham hod hay phi lpi pham boa hanh vi nao dd phai kdi hpp hdi boa va dya tren nhirng gia trj van boa tdt dep ciia dan tdc, gin giir, phat huy nhung gia trj tdt dep dy. Trong thdi ky hpi nhap ngay cang sau rpng trong tat ca cac ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hpi nhu hien nay, vide tpi pham hod, phi tdi pham hod cQng phai gdp phdn vao vide thuc hien dudng ldi, chu truang ciia Dang vd van hod, dd la phat trien "nin vdn Iwa Viet Nam tien tien, dctm dd bdn sdc ddn tpc, gdn kel chcit che vd dimg bp hcfn vc'ri phdt triem kinh texd Iwi, Idm cho vdn hda thdm sdu vdo moi ITnh vifc ciia cliri siing.xd Iwi"'\
t^-if, '-^sJ
Phdi phit hcrp vc'ri phdp ludt qude li:
Irong thdi dai ngay nay, cac tpi pham qudc te, cac tpi pham xuydn qudc gia cd xu budng ngay cang phdt tridn va ddu tranb chdng lai nhiing tpi pham nay la nhidm vu khdng ciia rieng mpt qudc gia nao. Hon the nua xu the hpi nhap hidn nay. dd ddu tranb hieu qua vdi hien tupng tpi pham ngay cang tinh x i ddi hdi phai cd sy hpp tic qudc te, giup dd lin nhau.
Trong mpt thd' gidi dang xich lai gdn nhau hon nhu hidn nay tbi x'an de tpi pbam boa, phi tpi pham boa hanh vi nao dd cdn pbai cin nhic dd'n cic didu \x6c qudc te song phuong va da phuong, cac tip quan qudc te, pbu bpp vdi xu hudng qudc td' trong di'u tranh phdng chong tpi pbam. Vi du nhu Luit Hinb sy Viet Nam khdng dupc trai vdi Cdng ude x-e thdng nhat cac chii ma tuy nam 1961. Cdng ude x'e cac chat hudng thdn nam 1971, Cdng mc Lien hpp qudc vd chd'ng budn ban bit bpp phap cac chai ma tuy va cac chai budng than nam 1988, cac hidp djnh song phuong x'e
'•'Xem: Van kien Dai hdi Dang loan qudc lan thi'r X.
phdng chdng ma tuy ki kdi vdi cac nudc nhu Campuchia, Lao. Trung Qudc...
Yd'u td cudi ciing la co sd dd tpi pbam boa hay phi tpi pham boa nao dd tbeo cbiing tdi la xem xet sy hidu qua bay khdng ciia cac bidn pbap hinb sy so xdi cac bidn pbap phi hinb sy nhai la trong cic ITnb vyc kinh te.
dan sy. Dieu nay cd nglna la bidn phap hinh sy bay hinb sy la sy lya chpn cudi cimg nd'u nhu cic bidn pbap phi binb sy kbdng ngan chan hidu qua.
Cac ydu td nhu trdn da trinb bay, theo chiing tdi la nhung co sd dd tid'n hanh xem xet binh sy boa bay phi hinh sy boa banh vi nao dd. Tuy nhidn. chiing ta pbai xem xet cac yd'u td trong md'i quan he bien ehirng, trong mpt chinh thd thdng nhai cd sy kdi hpp bai boa. tac dpng qua lai chiir kbPng pbai xem xet ridng le tung yd'u td - se tao ra sy phidn didn.
(Tiep theo trang 29 - Quan niem ciia C.Mdc vi ...)
"dan bidi, dan ban, dan lam, dan kiem tra".
Khdng nghi ngd gi nua, cbii truong dd la triing hpp vdi tfnh chdt dac trirng ciia xa hpi dan sy. Song, trdn thyc te, sy tid'n bp cua xa hpi dan sy d phuang didn nay chua dupc phat huy, trudc hdi la cbii truang ciia Dang ve phat huy dan chii co sd chua dat dupc hidu qua nhu mong mudn.
De xa hpi din sy d nudc ta dupc hinh thiinh va boat dpng cd hidu qua. Nha nudc can phai tao dieu kidn vi co cbe va cd nhung chinh sach pbii hpp dd cac td chirc nbin dan phat huy cd bieu qua vai trd ciia minh trong viec thyc hidn khd'i dai doan kdi loan din tpc, phat huy dan cbii xa bpi cbii nglna. tham gia CO hidu qua vao cac boat dpng kinh te - xa hpi xa bao xe quyen, lpi icb hpp pbap ciia cac thanh vidn. bdi vidn. Dac bidt. ITnh vuc
phan bidn xa hpi. giam sat boat dpng cua bp may nha nudc, ciia can bp cong chirc trong phdng chdng tham nhiing lai cang cin dd'n xa bpi din sy.
Tbeo dd, cd the ndi, quan nidm cua C.Mac X'e xa hpi cPng din (xa bpi din sy) cd y nghTa dac bidt quan trpng. ca ve mat ly luin ldn phuong phap luan. ddi vdi vide xay dyng va hoan thidn Nhi nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia. xiy dyng va phat trien xa hpi din sy d nudc ta. Trong dieu kidn hidn nay, nhu ciu xe xa hpi dan sy rd rang mang tinh tdt yd'u khach quan, xi x'iy pbai xic djnh rd vai trd, chirc nang ciia Nha nudc trong xa bpi din sy xa didu quan trpng la pbai giam thidu sy can thiep cua Nha nudc x'io linh vyc cac quan he din sy, quan be xa hpi kbdng thupc pham \ i trach nhidm dich thuc ciia Nha nudc.
