THlfC TliN - KINH NGHIEM
vBao Duoc Itie v6i phong trao chan himg Phat giao d mien Bac Viet Nam flau the Icy XX
• ThS Le T H D Y DUaNG Cue Bao chi, Bo Thong tin va Truyin thong
Gdp phan vao cdng cugc chan hung Phat gido ddu ihd ky XX, cac hpi Phat hgc d mien Bac quan tdm rdt nhidu den viec xudt bdn cac td bao phgt gido: bdo Dude Tud, Tidng chudng sdm. Tap chi Quan dm nham ddy manh phong trdo ehdn hung phat giao d Bac Ky. Tuy nhien, bai vidt chi tap trung chu ylu vdo bdo Duoc tue de lam ndi bat vai trd cua td bdo ra ddi ddu tien cua phdt gjao mien Bac trong phong trao chdn hung phat gido Bac Ky dau the ky XX. Bdo ehi phdt gido cd nudc ndi chung vd midn Bac ndi rieng la mgt phong trdo sdi ndi, khdng chi chiia dyng be sdu tu tudng vl giao ly nhd phdt md cdn gdp phdn quan trgng vdo phong trdo chdn hung phdt giao, mang lai nhiing Igi ich cho cugc sdng ttong phong trao ddu tranh vi hda binh, dgc lap dan tgc.
1. Phong trao chan hung Phdt giao d mien Bac nu^c ta dau thi ky XX
"Hai chii chdn hung ngMa la thiie day, lam cho chdn dong cai suy nhugc, hung khdi cdi ddi dudng.
Cd suy ddi mdi phdi chan hung, thinh phai cd liic suy. Id le ty nhien cua tao hda; suy ma chuyen ra thinh Id siic van hdi cua nhdn cdng. Kinh Phdt ndi rang: "Hiiu qua khii, hiia hien tai, him vi lai, tam the cdi" nghia Id cd ddi da qua, ed ddi Men tgi, co dm ehua tai, ba ddi bidn ddi ma thinh suy Men ra Kinh lai ndi rdng: "Lidu Oi tam the sy, phuong bdt bi tara till chuyen, nM nang chuyen tam thd M", ngMa la minh sudt vigc ba ddi chuyen minh, md cd the xoay chuyen dugc ba ddi. Y ngMa sdu xa, that la phuong cham cho Hgi chiing ta ddy"*''
Tir ddu till ki XX, Phdt giao Viet Nam da tiln hanh cugc van ddng chdn hung tren quy md cd nudc.
Bai vilt ndu mdt sd nguyen nhan ttong nude vd ngoai nudc dan den sy ra ddi eua phong trdo ehdn hung Phat gido frong giai doan ndy nhu sau:
HAT G AO HO
Xet ttdn binh didn qudc td, sy phat trien cua khoa hgc - id thuat cimg qud trinh gjao luu van boa Ddng - Tay dien ra ddu the ki XX da thu hep khodng each vd vi tri dia ly, van hda giiia cdc qudc gia, cdc vimg midn. Ddy ciiag chinh la thdi didm ma nhilu gia tri vdn hda, van minh ciia nhan loai dugc cac nhd khoa
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hgc ndi tieng fren the gidi tiep can va ngMen ciiu dudi cac gdc dg Ididc nhau. Ridng ddi vdi Phat gido, nhung ngMa ly cao sieu ciia tdn gido nay da lam cho nMeu hpc gid giditii nhieu thdi gian va cdng siic ngMen ciiu. Sy khdm phuc ciia cdc hgc gia phuong Tay da lam cho mdm tin eiia edc dan tdc cd dao Phat sdng day: "Ngudi Phdt tir bdt ddu nghien cuu tro lai gido ly cua ton gido hg vdi tdt cd nhiet tinh. Dd la mpt trong nhimg dpng eo Idn thde ^ phong trdo chdn hung Phgt ^do a edc nudc A chdu "^.
Phong trao chdn hung Phdt gido Vipt Nam chiu tac dpng mgnh me tii phong trdo chan hung Phdt gido d nMlu nudc ttong vd ngodi khu vyc nhu An Do, Tich Lan, Nhat Ban, Mien Didn vd ddc biet Id tir Trung Quoc vdi vai trd ciia Dgi su Thai Hu. "Thai Hu Dgi su la nhdn vat lich sii cua Phdt giao the gidi.
Chinh Dgi su Id ngudi khdi xudng vd cM dao cupc tdn vgn dgng cua Phgt giao cgn dgi vd Men dgi. Tu tudng va hanh ddng, tri tue va diic hda ciia Dai su dnh hudng den todn bp tin dd Phdt gido the gidi, nhdt la Au My. Rieng \^et Nam, dnh hudng dy rdt Idn".
Xudt phdt tii yen can cua sy ngMep cihi nudc gidi phdng ddn tgc. Thdt bai eua nhd Nguyen trudc cugc xam lang ciia th\rc dan Phdp ciing la tidng chuong bao hi?u ehdm diit vai trd ciia Nho giao vdi tu each Id ndn tang tu tirdng eua ddn tdc. Chinh quydn Phap vi mudn loai trii anh hudng ciia Phdt gido va Nho giao, nen da bd hdt chii Nho va thay the bdng chii Phdp, nhung cM dgy cho ngydi ddn W t Nam d miic i h ^ . Vi vdy, ngdy cang nMeu ngudi bd hgc chii Hdn de theo hgc tiing Phdp. Tuy nMdn, kinh sach Phat Igi bang chu Han do vgy dan chiing hgc tidng Phap khdng dgc duge kmh dien. Tir dd tin dd khdng Mdu gjao ly eua Phgt Id ^ . Do dd, cdc tti tiiuc Nho hge ydu nudc kdu ggi chdn hung nham xdy dyng nggn CO tu tudng, tgp hgp qudn chiing nhan ddn diing len ddu tranh chdng Phdp.
De tgo ra ndn tiidng tii bdn vihig, thyc ddn Phdp da tM hanh ehinh sdch nang da va tao dilu kidn cho sy phat ttiln ciia dgo Thien Chiia. Hon niia, Phat gido Met Nam liic ndy cdn ddi didn vdi mdt thyc trgng Id sy xudt M?n eua nhidu tdn gjdo mdi hoac bdt ngudn hi Phdt gido, hoac hinh thanh tu tin nguong dan gian, hoge di ra tii Tam giao (Phgt, Lao, Nho). Sy huih
tiianh vd phat tridn cua cac tdng phai ndi ttdn da t^
ra siic canh ttanh giiia Phat gjao vdi cdc tdn giao duong thdi. Tu do, tgo ra dgng lyc thiic day sy hWi thdnh phong h^o chdn hung Phat giao.
Nguydn nhdn quan trgng nhat dd chinh la sy suy ylu ngay cdng ro net cua Phat giao Viet Nam vao nhung nam ddu till ki XX. Thyc ti:ang nay da duoc nMeu ngudi men mg dao Phdt ciing nhu cdc tang ni, Phdt tu cd nMet huyet vdi sy tdn vong eua Dao ph^
phdn dnh qua nMeu bdi viet ttdn cac sdch bdo, tJip chi. Cii nhan Han hgc Duang Ba Trac ed viet tren bao Duoc Tue: 'Tuy Phdt giao vdn la mdt tdn gife tMch hgp vdi dan t^c minh md la mdt tdn giao tdi co d nuoc minh, chiia cMen van edn khdp ttong nuoc, tang ni van cdn kd hdng mudn, tiiien nam tin nii trong ddn Cling vdn edn ngdy ngdy di chua, ngdy ngay mem Phdt, md gido ly Phat it cd ngudi thdng hieu, kinh dien Phat it cd ngudi dien giai, ngudi ta it biit dugc cd dudng sang ma di, thdy dugc dudng tdi mi trdnh. Den ndi dao diic ngay cdng suy ddi, phong tyC ngay cdng didu bgc,.. .Hpi Phat giao chinh vi muon xien duong dao Phdt de ciiu vdt cai nguy co ay ma sang lap nen.. .lien Igc vdi cac Hdi Phgt giao Trung, Nam Ky, ciing gidc mgt long, frdng mgt dgo vao cai sy ngMep Chdn hung Phdt giao, ay cdi myc dich hgi Phgt giao Bdc Ky Id thd"^
Trudc tinh hinh va nhiing nguyen nhdn kl b^n, vdi mdi vung midn, bao cM ddng vai trd quan trgng trong cugc Chdn hung Phdt giao ddu thd ky XX. Sw ra ddi cua Phong trao Chdn hung Phdt gido da g6p phdn sire manh cimg dan tgc diing len gianh dgc l£^.
2.Vai trd cua bao Du6c liid trong phong trao ndy
Bao Duoc Tue ra ddi Id sy tMdt ydu ddi vdi phonl trdo Chdn hung Phat gjdo, Cu nhdn Han hgc Duoi^
Bd Trac dSi viet: "... Vd nhiing kinh dien dy von Id cha Phgn md dich ra chir Nho ngdy cdng it ngudi hgc, it ngudi thong thi ldm sao md nghiin ciru nhOng kinh diin ve Phdt gido bdng chir Nho dugc. Bdo Dude Tue ehinh la img phd vdi sir nhu cdu do.
Bdo Dude Tue se dem nhiing kinh dien vi Phai gido md ddn ddn gidng diin, dich thuat hit ra quoc nga mpt cdch rdt Id minh bgch, td tuang.
Chung ta se duac nho nggn Duoc Tup cua due
58 Ly luan chinh tri & Xmy^n thong Sd thdng 5-20^1
THl/C T l i N - KINH NGHIEM
Nhu Lai, ddn ldi mo duang cho chung ta bd td qui chinh, bd de ldm lanh, bo khd tdi vui, bo tpi tdi phuc.
...Co mpt ngdy kia ngon duoc tue quang minh rue ra, chieu khdp gdn xa, soi tdm ma tri cho cd muoi mdy trieu quoc ddn tin do nhd Phgt chung ta hoa ngu ra minh, hda thanh ra thanh, hda du ra Idnh, hda yiu ra mgnh ...la cdi hgnh phuc hdng hd ra sd cho ddn minh nudc minh vgy. "*
Bdo da phat huy phong tirao Chdn hung Phdt giao qua nhiing bai vidt xudt Men vdi nhiing ngi dung nhdn mgnh tinh thdn "Dao Phdt vi cugc ddi, vi nhdn sinh" ma khdng phdi dao chgy trdn cugc ddi. Didu nay tiid Men qua bdi vilt "Dao Phdt cd quan - thiet vai su song cua dai ngudi " ciia Phan Dinh Hde nhu sau." "Dgo Phdt la dgo ciru dai, din cd loai sue sinh, con khong muon giit hgi, de eho gidng ndi sinh vgt diu duac sinh soi ndy nd mdi mdi, huong chi id long hiiu sinh cua Phgt doi vai loai nguoi, muon ciru ke trdm ludn trudng sinh nen Igc qudc, thi qudng dgi biit Id giudng ndo.' "^.
Ben cgnh do la nMeu bai cua L$ thdn Tran Trpng Kim la Trudng Ban bidn tap dau tien cua Duoc tue.
Tiudc kM den vdi dgo Phdt, dng da la mgt hgc gjd uydn bac ve su hgc va van hge. Tuy mdi tiep xuc vdi dgo Phdt, nhimg dng da ddng gdp nhieu bdi didn thuyet noi tiing dang ttdn bdo Dude Tue, gdp phdn quan trgng cho phong trao Chan hung Phdt giao d BdcKy.
Ldy tinh thdn nhap the tich eye cua dgo Phgt de dung nude vd edi td nhung bdt cdng xd hdi ndng thdn dugc the Men qua ngdi but cua ong Nguydn Trgng Thuat vdi tmyen Cd con gdi Phgt hdi ddu, truyen ke Igi cuOc ddi Y Lan, mdt ed gdi thdn que lam nghe hdi ddu d Idng Thd Ldi (sau ndy la Idng Sidu Logi) duge vua Ly Thdnh Tdng chgn lam Nguyen PM.
Day la cau chuyen dai cd tinh nghd thuat cao, dugc dang nMeu ky tren EHidc Tue. Ngodi ra, cae bdi Cdu chuyen dgo Phgt vol viec Idng, Tinh thdn Phdt gido doi vdi thanh niin ngay nay, Nhdn gian Phgt gido...
dng da tuyen truyen rdng rai vdi vide dem dao Phdt vao cugc sdng hdng ngdy.
Ngoai ra, bao E>u6e Tue edn dang Igi nMlu dng qudc van cd trong Phat hpc (S{r ly dong thong - Trich trong muc Hdnh tri Tap yiu sdch nhdt tung chua Yin
Ninh, Nam sdch Hdi Duong, bdo Dude Tu? sd 5 ngay 07.01.1936 tii fr.l5 din tt.2i;, dang nMdu bai tho eiia Nguydn TMen Chinh (Mimg bdo "Duoc Tue" dang tren bdo Dude Tue sd 04 ngay 31.12.1935, tt.25;, Nguydn Thien Can, Nhdn Van Dinh (Mimg chi hpi Phdt gido Hdi Hdu dang tren bao Dude Tue sd 31 ngdy 14.7.1936, fr.28) ... vd nhimg bdi gidi tMgu ve lich sii cae chua d Bac Ky.
Vdi ndi dung phong phu, chat lugng bai viet sau sac nen bdo da thu hiit dugc nMeu dgc gid tren todn qudc, gdp phdn tuyen tmyen mgnh me cho phong trdo Chan hung Phat giao ndi chung va Chdn hung Phdt giao d Bdc Ky ndi ridng. Cd the khang duih rang.
Dude Tue da gdp phan dang kd vdo vi?c hoang duong Phat phap va xdy dyng nIn van hda ddn tdc.
Gan bd sau sac vdi bao Duoc Tue Id TMdu chiru Nguydn Huu Kha, dng danh nMeu thdi gian, cdng site, tam huydt dd di sdu ngMen ciiu va quang ba ve Phdt gido nhu: Phdt gido nhdn gian, tu Tinh dp, Thiin dinh va cao hon la cac bdi vilt chuydn vd Duy tinh, Duy thuc. Ong da gidi tMpu tac pham Khda hu lue cua vua Trdn Thdi Tdng md dng gpi la Kinh cim kho, thd Men tinh thdn dan tgc cao. Ngodi ra, dng Cling chuydn thdnh cdng nMeu kinh nhu: Bdt nhd tdm kinh trire gidi, kinh Thdp An, kinh Li sdu phuang, Gidng kinh thdp thiin...
Nhimg bdi vidt ttdn bao Duoc Tue da bun diie y cM vd Idng yeu nudc cua qudn ehiing nhan dan qua nhung hogt dpng eiia phong trao Chdn hung Phdt giao. Nhd cd phong frdo nay dd kdu ggi qudn chiing Phdt tir giu ^ tmyen thdng ydu nudc, gan bd vdi dan tgc dxtac thd Men qua hdng tang si Phdt gido, nMeu ngudi giir nep song tu hdnh chan chinh, bdn canh dd vdn tich eye tham gia khang cMdn chdng xam luge.
Ndi dung nMeu bdi bao tren Duoc Tui khdng cM khoi ggi nhiing gid tri dgo diic cua Phdt giao vd ddn tdc nhu: Idng tir bi, tinh than Mdu dao, dire hy smb...
ma cdn khuyen ddn chiing giu gin ban sac van hda dan tgc, tich eye phat huy vdn hda chii qudc ngii bang cac hogt ddng pMen dich kinh didn, md rdng, tuyen tmyen ve phong trao Chdn hung Phdt giao d khdp mgi vitng mien.
Bdo Duoc Tue la td bao ra ddi ddu tien tgi miln
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THU'C TI^N - KINH NGHIEM
Bac Viet Nam, bao da thd Men ro cdc tiiugc tinh sau ddi vdi dgi chiing:
Tinh phd cap: Bdo Duoc Tue dd myen truyen nMeu bdi gido ly phd thdng, mang nMdu Igi ich tMet thyc cho cuOc sdng Men tai cua con ngudi nen dugc dgi da sd qudn chimg ddn nhan vd thyc hdnh ngay trong cugc sdng d mgi liiih vyc; Tmh tuydn truyen:
Ndi dung nMlu bai da cd dgng, kdu ggi vd tiiiic tinh Idng ddn, xda bd mgi me tin dj doan, hud^g tdm thuc ciia ngudi ddn tilieo con dudng ehdn ehinh; Tinh giao due: Bao cM Phgt giao ndi chung vd bao Dude Tup ndi rieng cd anh hudng ciing nhu tdc dgng manh me trong viec tmydn ba nhiing tu tirdng dgo diic diing ddn, nhdm gido due nhan cdch sdng cho nhan dan.
Bdo cM Phdt gido ttong phong trdo Chdn hung Phgt giao ndi chung va bao Ehidc Tue tgi rmen Bac ndi ridng la ca quan ngdn ludn cua td chm:, he Phgt gjdo d Viet Nam. Mac dii ra ddi mudn nhung phat trien nhanh vd phong phii. Su Idn manh ciia phong trdo Chdn hung Phdt gido thdng qua bdo cM Id diem ndi bat eua Phdt gido gjai doan nay. Phong trao khdng cM khai day mgt trao luu tu tirdng Phdt gido mdi nhdm gidi quyet nhiing van ngn trong ddi sdng dao va ddi sdng nhdn ddn vd edn md ra cho Phdt giao mdt hudng di mdi de hoan tMdn ddi sdng dao vd dap ling yeu cdu cua lich sii dan tgc Viet. Mac dii hinh thiic vd ngi dung cua bdo cM Phdt giao khac nhau nhung ddu thd Men mgt muc tidu ehung cimg ddu tranh vdi cdc thd lyc ngoai bang, chong hii tue, md tin di doan ciia Phdt giao thdi bay gid. Nhung tu tudng, tridt ly Phdt hgc ma bdo cM ndi chung va Duoc Tue ndi ridng till Men la tiilt ly nhdn qud, diic tin, dgo Mdu, Idng vi tha, tu tudng vi dan tdc, thuylt vd thudng, vd nga, nhan duyen...
Bao cM la mgt trong nhung phuong tidn gdp phdn quan ttgng, ldm Ian tda tu tudng Chdn hung Phat gido nen sy phdt tridn cua bdo cM ludn gdn bd chat che vdi qud trinh didn bidn ciia phong trao nay. Hogt dpng ciia bdo cM ndi chung vd hogt dpng cua bao cM Phdt giao ndi rieng Id phong trdo sdi ndi, chira dyng bl sau tu tirdng, lam tiidng hoa tinh flidn Phdt giao, xay dyng ndn van hda tidn tidn, dam da, ban sdc dan tdc. So vdi Phdt gjdo va bao cM Phdt giao ngdy nay, bdo cM Phgt giao midn Bde nhimg nam ddu ciia
phong trao Chan hung vdn cdn ^ n tai nhiing mat h^
chi khong frBnh khdi. Tuy nMen, vdi sy ra ddi ciia phong trdo Chdn bung Phdt gjdo vd sy ra ddi cua Mo Duoc Tuetm miln Bdc la nen mong va la tien dl cho sy hmh thdnh vd phdt tiiln Phdt giao vd bdo cM Phiit giao hdm nay vd mai sau va bao cM Phat giao Vi^
Nam ngay nay da phdt huy dugc nhiing phuong hudng mdi tir sy kd thira ciia bao cW trong tiidi 1^
Chdn hung Phgt giao-O
III Duong Ba Trac, Wo £)wa? 7i/e, so 01 ngay 10.02.1935, lElS- tr.7
P> Nguyen Lang (1985), Vi?l Nam Phdt gtdo su ludn Ul, Nxb.
La Bli, Pans, tr23-tr25
<^' Bai dien giang ciia Nong Son Nguyen Can Mgng tai chtii Quan sii ngay 15/3 am lich 1936
<"' Duong Ba Trac, bao Ouoc 7ue, s6 01 ngay 10.12.1935, t7 -tr.8
<^' Phan ESnh Hoe, bao Ehtoc Tui s6 03 ngay 24.12.1935, tt,4 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Nguyin Dai D6ng (2008), iwpc khdo Bdo chi VieiNam (1929 - 2008), Nxb. Ton giao.
2. Nguyen Dai Ding (2008), Bien nien sii Ph$l gido miS Bac (1920 -1953), Nxb. Ton giao.
3. Ha Minh Dijfc (2000), CcrsdLyludn bdo chi-B$ctinh chung vd phong cdch. Nxb. DHQGHN.
4. Phong trao Chin hung Phat giao ~ Tu li^u bdo chi Viet Nam tir 1927-1938 (2008), Nguyin Dai D6ng - PhD. Nguy&i Thi Minh (sim tSm va bien soan), Nxb. Ton giao.
5. Phat gido Viet Nam (Ticldtdi nguyen den 198!) (2012).
Bo de Tdn thanh, Nguyen Dai E)6ng, Nxb. Van hoc.
6 Mayvande vePh|t giao trong lichsu Viet Nam(2010), Nguyen Diic Su, Le Tam Dac, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi.
7. TrSn Trgng Kim (1954), Viet Nam sii luge, Nxb. Tan Viet.
8. PGS.TS Doan Chinh (2013), Lieii sii tu tudng Triet hoc Viet Nam tit thai ky dung nudc din ddu the l<y XX, Nxb. Qiin^
tri Quoc gia.
9. Le Cung (2014), Phong trdo Phdt gido mien Nam HS Nam (1964 - 1968), Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue.
10. TrSn Van Giau (1993), Suphdt trien cda tu tuang^
Vi4t Nam ta the kiXIX den Cdch mgng Ihdng Tdm, ^W^yit Tp. H 6 Chi Minh.
11. Duong Van Mung, Tgp chi Nghien cuu Phgt hgc so 6.2014.
12. Tap chi So £)e, 1936, slOl
13. Tap cbiPhgtphdp chi Ni^ Bdn, 1941, s6 01 *
Ly l u ^ chinh tri & Ttruy^n Chong Sd'thang 5-2016
