Hfli Dja Iy va Tai ngnyen Moi truffng Thtra Thien H u i Hoi Dja ly Vict Nam
Nghien ciru c<y s& khoa hoc cho giai phap tong th§ giai quy§t cac mau thuIn lo^i ich trong viec khai thac su* dung tai nguyen nu'd'c
phuc VU phat trien kinh t§ - xa hoi lanh tho Tay Nguyen
Nguyin Lap Dan', Vu Thj Thu Lan', Phan Thai Lc', Le Minh Nguyel^
A b s t r a c t
The study of scientific basis for general solutions to resolve the conflict of interest in (he exploitation and use of water resource for socio-economic development in highland region
The total average annual rainfall in Highland region is 84 81-93 79 billion m^ conlnbulmg to surface f.ows with 46-49 billion m'. Water potential m the North and the South of Highland region is large, the Central Highlands is average, the pari of eastern m Ba river is great, while the figure for the middle area and for the eo. :i'n part ofBa river basin is small. The flow in Highland region is rich, but distributes irregularly Ihejiow m the /loud season is from August lo November (accounting for 70-77% of annual flow), the flow in dry season is from December lo July (accounting for 23-30% of annual flow)
In addition to ram water and surface water. Highland region also has great potential for underground water. The potential of ground water within four river basins (Sesan river. Ba river. Srepok river, Dong Nai river upstream) including dynamic capacity and sialic capacity is l7.S78.l30.7-t m^/day (6 25 billion m^/year)
Due lo the salislics on Ihe current stale of irrigation facilities until! 2008. 1360 works has been built in Highland region inluding 760 reservoirs. 538 dams. 42 pumping stations which meet only over 60% of practical irrigation 's efficiency.
The demand for water in Highland region iinlill 2010 is about 5.7 billion in corresponding to only 9% of the water I esource's potential However, droughts still occur in dry seasons while floods m rainy seasons every year m Highland region This study is refered lo status of water exploitation and iiseage as well as scientific basis for general solutions lo resolve Ihe conflict of interest in the exploitation and u.se of water resource for socio-economic development in Highland region
l.MOfDAU
Lanh thd Tay Nguyen cd ranh gidi gan triing vdi dia gidi hanh chinh ciia 5 tinh Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Ndng, Lam Ddng. Ve phia Bac giap vdi viing niii tinh Quang Nam; phia Nam va Tay Nam giap cac tinh Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, Binh Phudc; phia Ddng giap cae tinh Ddng bang ven bien Nam Trung Bd: Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh, Phu Yen. Khanh Hda, Ninh Thuan. Phia Tiiy giap Cgng hoa dan chii Nhan dan Lao va Vuong quoc Campuchia. Dien lich tu nhien loan lanh tho Tay Nguyen la 54.473,79knr. Tay Nguyen cd 4 he thong song Idn: He thdng thugng sdng Se San, he thong thugng song Ba. He thdng thugng sdng Srepdk va he thdng thugng song Ddng Nai. Theo thdng ke den nam 2009 dan so ciia 5 tinh Tay Nguyen la 5.107.437 ngudi. Tay Nguyen dugc ggi la ndc nha Ddng Duong, trong qua trinh phat trien dat nude Tay Nguyen la dja ban quan trgng ciia ca nude ca ve kinh te - \a hdi va an ninh - qudc ph6ng.
' len Dia t.y. t 'len Khoa boc vo Cdng ii^he ' ie' Nam ' Truang Dai line Quy Nhan
Tnrdng Dai hoc sir pham Thdi Nguyen
D|A LY TU NHIEN. TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI IRU'CiNG
HQI Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thien Hue Hgi Diajy^^jgjjjani
Nhung nam gin day, d Tay Nguyen nude lu xuit hien bit ngd va nguy hiem, mirc do tan phj khoe liet han. Trong vdng 15 nam trd lgi day da cd 18 Iran lu Ion den dgc bi?l ldn va lu quel gay ngSp lut tren dien rgng. Tay Nguyen ed lugng mua pong phu nhung vao miia khd, hgn ban van xay ra liai lilp. Hgn ban thudng gay anh hudng tren dien rdng, tdn that do hgn han gay tbi^t hai rat ldn ve kinh le - xa hoi va mdi trudng. Viec danh gia tiem nang, hien trgng va cac tdn tai trong viec khai thac sii dyiiji tai nguyen nude tren ca sd dd xay dung co sd khoa hge cho giai phap ting the giai quyet cac mau thuin lgi ich trong viec khai thac sii dung tai nguyen nude phuc__vy phat trien kmh le - xa hdi lanh ihii Tay Nguyen hoan toan mang tinh khoa hpc va ed y nghTa thuc tien lo ldn.
2. HIEN TRANG KHAI THAC SU" DUNG TAI NGUYEN NU'CJC THEO CAC LU*U VUC SONG TAY NGUYEN
2.1. Cap nude cho tudi
+ Lu-u vuv Ihu'ffng song Se San
Din nay, tren toan luu vuc da xay dung dugc 455 cdng trinh bao gdm 71 ho chua, 376 dap dang va 8 tram bam vdi tdng nang luc tudi thilt kl 24.029 ha, ludi thuc le dam bao 17.591 ha, trong il6 8.108 ha Ilia, 9.483 ha liia miia va cay cdng nghiep dgt 73% nang luc tudi thiet ke va mdi chi dai khoang 13% dien tich canh tac ciia luu vuc. Cac cdng trinh trong luu vuc hiu hel cd quy md nho \a cue nhd. Mgt so cdng trinh dang ehii y la:
- HdDak Uy(nam 1975) cd dung tich hien dung (Whd=23.106 m3) cd dien tich thiet kl Ftk = 2.300 ha va dien lich thuc tudi Ftt= 1.700 ha trong dd liia 500 ha va ca phe 1 200 ha
- Hd Biln Ho (nam 1978) co Whd=919, i 06 m3, Ftk= 2.300ha, Ftt= 1.599 ha ca phe.
+ Liru virc thuang song Ba
Den nay, da dau tu xay dung dugc 215 cdng trinh thiiy lgi kien cd, trong dd cd 113 ho chiia, 82 dap dang, 20 tram bom, Tong nang luc tudi thiet ke dgt 26,413 ha. Da tudi thuc tc dugc 18.116 ha gom Ilia 11.155 ha va 6.961 ha ea phe, lieu. Cdng trinh tgm thdi vu va khai thac nude ngam tudi dugc 15.542 ha. Dien tich thuc tudi toan luu vuc dam bao dugc 18,94% dien tich canh tae tren luu virc Trong do, dien tich liia nude dam bao 85% dien tich liia da canh tac va dam bao 28,8% dien tich ca phe da trdng tren luu vuc.
+ Liru virc thuang sdng Srepdk
Den nay, tren toan luu vuc da cd 525 cong trinh cip nuoc. Trong dd co 432 hd chira, 80 dap dang, 13 tram bam va hang tram cdng trinh tgm. Tdng nang lyc tudi thilt kl cho liia, mau la 34.638 ha va nang luc tuoi thiet ke cho ca phe la 45.369 ha. Trong khi dd, dien tich thuc tudi dgt 40.754 ha (12.757 ha liia miia va 27.997 ha ca phe) tren di?n tich canh tie ein nude tudi 344.822 ha (lua. mau, ca phe, hd tieu, cay hang nam khae) mdi chi dgt 11,8%, phan cdn lai phai tudi nhd nude trdi. Hien \va) tren luu vuc ed khoang 2.500 gieng khoan, gieng dao va ao hd cua cae ndng hd phuc vu cho tudi.
Nhu vay, dien tich ca phe tudi bang nguon nude ngim khoang 146.594 ha, vdi mirc tudi trunt!
binh 1.500 m3/ha/vu; viec khai thac nude ngim rat da dgng, Liy nude tir cac mgch lg tir nhien, tir cac gieng dao sau 20-25 m, tham chi cd gieng dao sau tren 50m, dao gilng kit hgp khoan ngang nhilu li' khoan. khai thac nude lir cac gilng khoan sau tren dudi 100m, cac gilng dao phin tren, kit hgp khoan
H6i nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn quoc Idn thir 6. Thdnh phd Hui, 9/20!''
ufli Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thtra Thien Hue Hoi Oja ly Vicl Nam
a phin dudi. Nhin chung, vi?c khai thac nude ngam phuc vu tudi cho ca phe diln ra kha phiie tgp vl ky thugt, cdng nghe khai thae cdn nhieu hgn che. Bdi vgy da gay anh hudng den dgng thai va chat lugng nude dudi dit.
-t- Luu vuc thicgng song Dimg Nai, ihuffng song Be vd luu vuc song Srepok thutjc dia phgn tinh D&k Nong.
Den nay. loan viing da xay dung dugc 165 cdng trinh thuy lgi, trong dd cd 144 hd chira, 20 dap dang va I tram bom vdi dien lich tudi thuc ll la 19.264,2 ha gdm: 3.801 ha dien tich liiava 15.463,2 ha dien tich cay khac.
Tdng hgp loan viing Tay Nguyen da xay dung duge 1,360 cdng trinh gdm:
- 760 hd chiia, 558 dap dang, 42 trgm bam.
-Nang lire tudi thiet ke: 162.555 ha
- Thuc ludi: 95.725 ha, trong dd (liia 35.921 ha, ca phe 59.904 ha) dgt 59%
Ngoai ra tren cac luu vuc so'ig lanh tho Tay Nguyen c6n xay dung cac cdng trinh tam thdi vu va khai thac nude ngam dam bao tudi 162.136 ha trong do (lua 3.381 ha va ca phe 158.775 ha) (bang 1),
Bdng I; Tdng hgp phal trien thuy lai viing Tdy Nguyen clen ndm 2008
STT 1 1, II.
II
Hang muc Cong loan vung Cong trinh kien co Cong Irinii lam thoi khai thac nucrc ngam Dien tich yen cau tuoi
% dat yeu cau
Loai cong trinh T6ng
1360 1360
H6 760 760
Dap 558 558
Tram bom 42 42
F l l M i l l .
(ha) 324691 162555 162136
F,.,.,aha) T6ng 257861
95725 162136 521869 70
Lua 39202 35921 3381 56000 46,94
Mau, CCN 21S659
59904 158755 465869 49,41
Dat
(%)
F„/F,i 59
u31.500ha. Iac20.300ha, b6ng8.727ha. ngo Ghichii Tdngs652l 869 ha gdm lua dong xudn 56.000 ha. i
71.367 ha vd cd phe. lieu 389 795 ha
Tir bang 1 cho thay. hien nay Tay Nguyen da gieo trdng khoang 172 400 ha liia, trong dd cd 56.000 ha lua Ddng Xuan, 116,400 ha lua mau, 31.500 ha mia, 389.975 ha ca phe trong dd cd 129.671 ha ca phe, tieu kinh doanh
Thiiy lgi da giai quyet tudi dugc 39.202 ha lua nude vu Ddng Xuan dam bao 70% thue tudi so vdi nang luc tudi thiet kc, Va dam bao 100% dien tich tudi 116.400 ha lua miia (cd nude mua ho tro), Dien tich ca phe dugc tudi khoang 95.700ha, dam bao khoang 24,54% dien tich ca phe da trdng. Nude ngam va cong trinh tgm dam bao tudi dugc 158.755ha.
2.2. Cap nuoc cho sinh hoat va cong nghiep + Ltvu virc (huang song Se San:
a. Cap nirac eld thi
Hien tai nha may nude Kon Tum cd cdng xuat 3000mVngay dem cap cho thj xa Kon Tum tir song Dak Bia dam bao cap cho 60% dan sd thi xa.
DjA LY TU NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRUQNG 227
Hoi Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi iruong Thira Thicn Hue H^i Dm y_iftjS.
Nha may nude Biln I lo co cong xuit 20.000 mVngay.dem cip cho ibanh phd Pleiku dam b dugc cho 60% dan sd ihanh phd.
b Cdp nuac ndng thon
Cac thj trin huyen da cd cac he thdng cap nude:
- Huyen Dik To cd nang luc 1300 mVngay.dem - Huyen Kon Riy cd nang luc 228 inVngay.dcm
Ngoai ra cac co quan qudc ph6ng, cac trudng hgc ngi tru, benh vien, nong trudng xi nglij, ciing duge dau tu eac cdng trinh khai thac nirdc ngam.
v l cap nude ndng thdn, ket qua dilu tra cho thiy hien tgi tren dja ban tinh Kon Turn, Gia L thugc luu vuc sdng Sc San. Nha dan trong vimg chu ylu sir dung ngudn nude; Gieng dao, gii-i khoan, cong trinh nude tu chay va gigt nude bao gdm:
- He thong tu chay-315 cdng Irinh, gilng dao 42 481 gilng. gilng khoan 782 gilng, giot iiiri 241 cai, bl lurdc 15 eai. Ty le dan chua dugc cap nude sach toan luu vgc la 35,40%.
+ Lira vtic ihirgng sdng Srepok a. Cap nirdc (Id thi
Nha may nude Buon Ma Thuot cd cdng \uat 49 000 mVngay.dem, liy tir ngudn nude ngai dam bao cip nude cho 60% dan sd thanh phd. Cae thj tran da cd he thong ciip nirdc vdi nang luc I .lO inVngay.dem. cac huyen ly cd nang luc cap nude 228 m /ngay.dem
b. Cdp nirdc ndng ihdn bao gdm.
-Gilng khoan- 265 cdng trinh cip cho 1.787 ngudi (0.1!% sd dan) -Gilng dao: 228.619 cong trinh cap cho 1.182.036 ngudi
- B I nude mua: 2.878'cai cd dung tich lir 2-10 nrVcai cap cho khoang 1,1% so dan - c i p nude tg ehay:'liy nude id cac mach lg hoac song sudi, cd 9 cdng trinh do UNICHP i;ii m phan bl d eac huyen' Krdng Bong, Dik Ndng, Krdng No, Mdrak va huyen Lak.
- c i p nude bing bam din cd 14 cong trinh do UNICEP tai trg tap trung d Easoup, Eal Hco, Ci Mua cap cho 20 110 ngudi (1,3% sd dan)
- Khai thac true tilp tii' cac sdng suoi. ao hd ... so dan sir dung ngudn nude nay 385.200 nguo (24.2% s6 dan). Ty le dan chua dugc cap nude sach loan luu vuc la 35-40%
-I- Liru virc thirffng song Ba
Trong liru vuc sdng cdn 15 khu dd Ihi ciia huyen ly sir dung ngudn nude ngam tang niiim caf cho nhu cau sinh hogt: Thudng cac huyen ty. xay dung cac nha may nude xir 1> nude sach vdi Q-.Hti^- 500-1000 mVngay. Cdn Igi dimg gicng nude dao, gieng khoan trong tung hg gia dinh la chinh. ViP:
cap nude eho cdng nghiep chii yeu dua vao ngudn nude tg nhien tren ddng chinh song Ba (doi \di kn"
cong nghiep Bac An Khc) va ngudn nude kenh chinh hiru Ayun Ha (ddi vdi nha may dirdng Ayunpa)' + Luu vifc Ihirgng sdng Ddng Nai
Tren dia ban linh Dak Ndng sd dan dugc cap nude sach vdi cac hinh thirc cap nude sau:
- Gieng dao: day la logi hinh cap nude chii yeu tren dia ban tinh cd do sau trung binh tir lO-'lO''^'
228 Hoi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thir 6. Thdnh phd Hue. '> -"'-
(jftj pja ly va Tai nguyen Moi t r u t n g Thira Thien Hue __^ H5i Dja ly Viet Nam
- Gilng khoan: So lugng gieng khoan it hon gieng dao, cac gieng khoan khai thac thudng ed dd sSu tir 20-300m dudng kinh 042 va O40.
- B I lu chira nude; Doi vdi cac tinh Tay Nguyen noi chung va ddi vdi tinh Dak Nong ndi rieng thi cac hg dan nong thdn thudng diing cac loai be, lu, chum, vgi dung tich tir 0,5-5mV
- c i p nude tap trung: Logi hinh cap nude nay dang timg budc dugc trien khai rgng rai, - c i p nude lap trung la 126.036 ngudi, chiem 29.93%, dan so cua tinh.
- Cap nude bang be chiia la 11.528 ngudi, chiem 2,74% dan sd cua tinh -Cip nude bang gieng dao la 62.699 ngudi, chiem 14,89% dan sd cua tinh, - Cap nude bang gieng khoan la 7.078 ngudi chiem 1,68% dan sd ciia tinh.
Hi?n tgi tinh Lam Ddng co 49 he thdng cap nuac tap trung cap nude sinh hogt cho 226.692 ngudi chiem 20,8% dan sd ca tinh trong do:
- He thdng bom dan nude mat cd 3 h? thing nha may nude Dan Kia - suoi Vang, Ho Xuan Huong va nha may nude Dinh Van vdi sd ngudi sir dung 130.858 nf;u"'' chiem 12,1% dan sd tinh.
- He Ihdng bom dan nude ngim: ed 3 h? thdng la cac nha may iiudc Diic Trgng, Di Linh, Bao Lpc cap cho 29.624 ngudi chiem ty le 2,8%i dan sd ca tinh
- He thdng bom dan nude tu chay: loan tinh cd 43 he thong cap nude eho 66.230 ngudi chiem ty le 6,2%p dan so ea tinh.
- Sd gieng dao hgp ve sinh cua ca tinh la 75.860 gieng, vdi sd ngudi sir dung 425,260 ngudi chiem ty le 39,8% dan sd ca tinh.
- Ngoai cac gieng khoan ldn cua nha may Bao Ldc, Di Linh, Dire Trgng co '292 gieng khoan vdi so ngudi sir dung 14.072 ngudi chiem ty le 1,32% dan sd,
* Cac cong trinh cap nude hinh thirc khac:
- Be nude mua 1945 chiec vdi so ngudi sudung 9695 ngudi chiem 0,91% dan so tinh, - Sd lugng ngudi sir dung true tiep tir cac mgch 16, sdng sudi, ao hd la 82.488 ngudi chiem 1,12%
dan so.
2.3. Cac cong trinh ho chira khai thac tong hgp Cdng trinh thiiy dien tren d6ng chinh:
+ Luu vuc thuang song Se San
Hien tgi tren luu vuc song Se San cdng trinh thiiy dien Yaly da dugc xay dgng vdi cong suat I5p may 720 MW da di vao hoat ddng tir nam 2002 vdi Dien lugng E nam: 3650 trieu Kwh
Cac cdng trinh thuy dien dang dugc xay dung: Se San 3 (260MW), Se San 3A (lOOMW), Se San 4 (360MW), Pleikrdng (100 MW), cac cdng trinh tren cd tac dung phat dien la chinh, giam thieu lu lut vao miia lu va tang cudn^ lugng nude mua kiet vimg ha du (thugc nude ban Campuchia va Lao) nham dam bao tudi cho san xuat ndng nghifp va dan sinh kinh te.
+Liru vuc ihirang song Ba
Hi?n nay ddng chinh sdng Ba tren dia ban Tay Nguyen dang xay dung 3 tram thiiy dien vira va ldn lgi dung tdng hgp vdi tdng cdng suat lap may 181 M W
Thiiy dien Ka Nik: 13 MW, thiiy dien An Khe 150 MW, thuy dien Dak Srdng- 18 MW va hd Ayun hg da thuc tudi 8.500ha/l3.500 ha thilt kl, kit hgp phat dien 3 MW
DIA LY TU NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRU'6NG 229^
Hpi Pja ly va Tai nguy£n Moi IruoTig Thira Thien Hui Hgi Dja ly Vijt Na
Thiiy dien An Khe - Ka Nak la cong trinh Igi dung tdng hgp, cd nhiem vy chu ylu la phat dii va chuyen nude sang song Kon, Binh Djnh tir thang (I - VII) vol !ini lugng nude binh quan 16 mVs v tdng lugng nuoc la 294 trieu m^ nude, ngoai ra cdn xa xudng hg luu 3,0 mVs vao cac thang miia kii de dam bao phat trien kinh te va mdi trudng.
+ Liru vfTC thirtmg sdng Srepdk
Tren ddng chinh song Srepok da va dang xay dgng cdng trinh vdi tdng cdng suat lip ma 643MW, dien nang san xuat hang nam: 3045 ty Kwh. Trong kl hoach den 2020, ngoai cong trinh thj dien da cd la Dray Hiinh, cdng suat lap may 28 MW, se dua cac cong trinh thuy dien sau vao kh;
thac: thiiy dien Ban tou Srah (85MW), Budn Kdp (280 MW), Srepdk 3 (180 MW) va Srepok (70MW)
+ Luu vuc Thuang song Bong Nai
Da dua vao khai thac cac trgm thiiy dien Dak Nong (2MW), Dak Drdng (0,2MW), thiiy di^
Sudi Vang (Lgc Duong, Lam D6ng)(3MW), thiiy dien Da Nhim (Dan Duang, Lam Ddng)(I60M\V) Den 2015 se hoan thanh cac nha may thiiy dien Dgi Ninh (Dire Trgng) (300MW), Bao Lg (24MW), Ddng Nai 3 (Di Linh) (240 MW), Ddng Nai 4 (Di Linh) (270 MW).
Din nam 2020 se hoan thanh cac nha may thuy dien Dong Nai 5 (Bao Ldc) (173MW), Dltii Nai 6 (Cat Tien) (180MW), Ddng Nai 2 (Di Linh) (78 MW).
Nha may thuy dien Dgi Ninh dgt tai thugng luu song Luy, ngoai nhiem vu chinh phat dien, cun|
trinh con bd sung ngudn nude cho sdng LDy de ket hi?p vdi hd sdng Luy va Ca Giay tudi cho di?n licl 38.120 ha thugc ddng bing Phan Ri - Phan Thilt, Binh Thugn.
2.4. Cac ton tai trong cong tac phat trien thuy lffi d" T3y Nguyen + Ve cap nirac
Hien nay, hinh thiic dau tu xay dung cac thanh phin kinh t l ddi vdi thiiy Igi d Tay Nguyen t6i tgi dudi hai hinh thiic: Nha nude va Nha nude va nhan dan cung lam. Cong trinh nao do Nha nude dSi tu thi dugc cac cdng ty khai thac thiiy ndng cip tinh quan ly, con nhirng cong trinh do nha nude vi nhan dan ciing lam thi cac huyen, xa quan ly. Trir cac cdng trinh d cac ndng trudng thi do cac nonj trudng quan ly. Nhd cd su phdi hgp hai hda giira 2 hinh thiic tren nen cdng tac thiiy Igi d Tay Nguyer phat trien mgnh me.
Tuy vay, qua trinh phat triin thuy Igi d Tay Nguyen ton tgi mot sd hgn ehl sau:
Do nguon kinh phi hgn h?p, nSn qua trinh diu tu phat triin thiiy Igi chua tuong xirng vdi qua trinh phat trien nong nghi?p
Phan Idn cac cong trinh la nhd, tudi tir vai ha din vai tram ha va sir dyng chii ylu ngudn niroi:
CO ban, do do hieu qua tudi bap benh, thilu chu dgng ngudn nuoc. Viec kien co hda kenh muang tren loan viing mdi dgt tren dudi 20%, day la tdn tgi rit cin khic phuc sdm.
Ddi vdi cac cdng trinh do nha nuac quan ly, do ngudn vdn cip it, khdng dii dl duy tu bao dirang thudng xuyen.
Cac^cong trinh do Nha nude va nhan dan cimg lam, trinh dg ouan ly thip kem nen nhilu cong trinh bj xuong cap nghiem trgng, khdng cd kha nang can ddi nguon von dl nang cip sua chira.
Hdi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui, 9/2012
H6iP|a '^ va Tai nguyen Moi tru6TigThua ThiEn Hue HQiDja ly Vigt Nam
Nhilu cong trinh xay dung tii nam 1980 trd ve trudc do dja phuang xay dung chua diing chi tieu thiet ke ciia quy hogch de ra.
He thdng cdng trinh thiiy Igi xay dgng da lau, khdng ddng bg, kenh muang bj boi lap, nhieu tram bam da het hgn sir dung thieu thiet hi thay thi.
Van dh sii dung nude chua tiet kiem do he thdng kenh muang chua ddng bg, he thdng cong trinh ngi ddng cdn thilu, dan den tudi Iran lan, nude chay tir kenh tudi xudng sdng sudi
Khi thiet ke thudng tinh he sd Igi dung kenh muong 7/=0,65-0,70 nhung thuc te chi dgt 0,5-0,55.
Vi vay cac cdng trinh trong thuc te hi?u ich cap nude chi dgt 65-70%i so vdi nhiem vu thiet ke, Cdng tac quan ly, van hanh khai thac cac he thdng tudi cho den nay ndi chung cdn nhieu hgn che
+ Ve cong tdc tieu
Vi?c khoanh viing lieu chua tot, nhieu kenh hi bdi lang, nhieu cdng tieu bj hdng, nhieu trgm bom hogt ddng da lau nen hieu xnat thap anh hudng den qua trinh tieu thoat.
Viec tinh loan he so tieu mat rugng cdn thap, thudng khdng dap iing dugc nhu cau can tieii.
-1- Ve chong lu
C5 cac viing de chi ehdng lii tieu man, cdn lu chinh vu cho lu tran qua, cac de khong co dudng tran chu dgng, nen khi nude Iran qua de de bi pha hdng
Cdng tac quan ly Nha nude va cac tuyen de dja phuang cdn bat cap, chua cd su phdi hgp chat che giira Uy ban nhan dan cac huyen vdi Chi cue phong chdng lut bao va Quan Iy de dieu trong viec cap nhat thong tin, quan ly quy hogch, kl hogch.
3. NGHIEN CUtJ CO S d KHOA HOC CHO GIAI PHAP TONG THE GIAI QUYET CAC MAU THUAN LOfl ICH TRONG VIEC KHAI THAC SU" DUNG TAI NGUYEN NU'6c 6 TAY NGUYEN
Che do mua d Tay Nguyen tang dan tir viing thap len vimg cao. Do anh hudng ciia dia hinh su phan bd mua theo khdng gian kha phiic tap cae sudn niii cd hudng ddn gid, lugng mua tang len ro ret tir 1600 - 2800mm. Ngugc Igi, thung lung khuat gid, lugng mua nam giam dang ke chi cdn 1100 - 1200mm. Miia mua d Tay Nguyen triing vdi thdi ky gid miia Tay Nam tir thang V-X. Lugng nude miia mua chiem 85-90% tdng lucmg mua nam, 6 thang miia khd chi chiem 10-15% long lugng mua nam.
Tay Nguyen nai bat ngudn ciia nhieu he thdng sdng la noi dau nguon thu nude do vao cac viing xung quanh. He thong Se San, Srepdk va Ddng Nai thu nude tii Tay Nguyen dd vao sdng Me Kdng.
H? thdng sdng Ba, sdng Thu Bdn, sdng Tra Khuc liy nude tir Tay Nguyen dd ra bien Ddng. Vimg Tay Nguyen cd 4 he thong sdng Idn chay qua va phan bd kha ddng deu.
+ He thdng thugng sdng Se San: nam phia lay bic ciia Tay Nguyen, trong toan bg phgm vi tinh Kon Tum, sdng cd chilu dai tir ngudn den bien gidi Campuchia la 230km vdi dien tich luu vuc ll.620km^
+ He thong thugng song Ba: nim phan Ddng Bic ciia Tay Nguyen, thugc dgi bp phan dien tich dat dai cua tinh Gia Lai, sdng co chieu dai tir ngudn den bien gidi tinh Phii Yen la 304km vdi dien tich Imivuc 10.970kml
DIA LY Tt/NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRUONG
Hgi Bja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thtra Thien H n l Hoi Pja ly Vigt N.
+ He thong thugng sdng Srepok: chii ylu nim d phia Tay giiia vimg Tay Nguyen thugc toan linh Dak Lie cd dien tich luu vuc 18.480km .
+ H? thing thugng sdng Ddng Nai: chilm gin hit dien tich phan Nam Tay Nguyen thupc i ban tinh Dak Ndng va Lam Ddng cd dien tich luu vuc 10.983km^
Tay Nguyen cd tdng lugng mua trung binh hang nam la 84,81 - 93,79 ty m^ tgo nen lugng do : chay mat khoang 46-49 ty m\ Tilm nang nude d phin Bic va Nam Tay Nguyen thugc logi ldn, pli Trung Tay Nguyen thudc loai trung binh, phin phia Dong tren luu vire song Ba thudc loai nho. Lm;^
dong chay nam iren lanh thd Tay Nguyen phong phii nhung phan phdi rat khdng deu trong nam. doi chay miia lii tir thang VIII-XI (chiem 70-77% lugng ddng chay nam), ddng chay miia kiet ttr ihii XII-VII (chilm 23-30%. lugng ddng chay nam). Vao miia khd, trong nhilu nam c6 tdi 60-90 nga\ Ik tuc khong cd mua, nhilu sdng suoi nhd hoan loan kho hgn, md dun ddng chay trung binh thang ki nhit tren cac sdng Idn chi dat 3-5 l/s.km'. Mat khac da phin thd nhuang d Tay Nguyen la dat bazan r day, CO kha nang thim hut nude mgnh, vi vay miia lu d Tay Nguyen ed sg lech pha thudng bat ^i mudn han miia mua tir 2-3thang.
Ngoai ngudn nude mua va nude mat, Tay Nguyen con cd tiem nang Idn ve nude dudi dit. In lugng d6ng ngim ciia cac thanh tgo dja chat khac nhau hinh thanh nen ddng chay miia kiet trong gii han eac luu vuc sdng thugc Tay Nguyen tdi thilu la 15.231 355,78mVngay (5,56 ty mVnam), hi-i nang ciia nude dudi dit trong gidi ban 4 luu vuc sdng d Tay Nguyen bao gdm ngudn tra luong iim' va trir lugng tmh la 17.878.130,74mVngay (6,52 ty mVnam).
Hang nam, viing Tay Ngnyen thudng bj ling hit tir thang IX-XI, nhirng vimg bj ngap nang l.i ^e sdng Dak Bia tinh Kon Tum thugc luu vuc sdng Se San, ha luu song Ayun va trong luu vuc song B thupc huyen Krong Pa tinh Gia Lai, vimg Lak Budn Trip, Krdng Buk ha Ihugc luu vgc Srepok MII Dak Lak, viing Easuop, Eahleo thugc cae nhanh phu phia Tay luu vuc Srepok, muc dpngap tren diri lO.OOOha, dd sau nggp tir dudi Im den 3m, thdi gian vai ngay sau mdi dgt lu. Theo s6 lieu thoiij] ki irong v6ng 15 nam trd Igi daj', d khu vuc Tay Nguyen da cd 18 Iran lij ldn den dgc biet Idn va lii qm gay ngap liit tren dien rdng.
Tay Nguyen cd lugng nude phong phu nhung vao thdi ky miia khd ban ban van xay ra lien iief Han han thudng gay anh hudng tren dien rgng. Tuy it khi la nguyen nhan true tiep gay tdn Ihat v ngudi, nhung thiet hgi ve kinh te - xa hgi va mdi trudng do han han gay ra la rat Idn, Chi trong khoan;
thdi gian tir (nam 1990-2000) han ban da xay ra vao cac nam 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 va 1998 vdi dici tich Ilia bj han moi vu tir 2000ha din 130.000ha. Dgt han nam i 998 da gay hgn cho 10.700ha lua mil- vu Dong Xuan (mat trang 5.320 ha) I3.330ha liia vu miia (mat trang 2.280ha). Dien tich cay an qua v;
cay cong nghiep bi hgn la 110.530ha (bi chet la 13.760ha), rieng ca phe dien tich bi ban la 74.'100lii (bj chet 13.760 ha). So ngudi bi thilu nude sinh boat trong dgt ban nay len den hon 770.000 ngudi
Gan day nhat la nam 2003 tren luu vuc Srepok da cd khoang 40.400 ha ca phe bi hgn, Ihici ha udc tinh len tdi 277 ty ddng.
Tiem nang nude dudi dat d Tay Nguyen la rat Idn so vdi nhu cau dimg nude, Theo thong kc del cudi nam 2008, tdng lugng nude dudi dat khai thac phuc vu cap nude eho sinh hoat d cac dd thi. ^;a[
nude cho tudi ca phe, cao su, che tren toan Tay Nguyen chua vugt qua 1 trieu m^ nudc/ngay so vdi UQ^
nang 13 trieu m^ nudc/ngay. Tir nam 1993 trd lgi day, nhieu hien tuong siiy giam ngudn nude da ''iff ghi nhgn. Cac hien tugng suy thoai nguon nude dugc the hien bang su biln mil eua nhieu mach mro^, (den 50% so diem Id da dugc phat hien nhirng nam 1990 ciia thi ky trudc), tut muc nude trong cjc hf khoan, gieng dao den miic tdi hgn.
Hot nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thir 6. Thdnh phd Hue, 9 -
ugi Qja ly va Tai nguyen Moi trirong Thiia Thicn Hui Hoi Dja ly Viet Nam
Nhu ciu sii dung nude d Tay Nguyen nam 2010 vao khoang 5,7 ty m , So vdi tiem nang ngudn nude cd dugc chi chiem khoang 9%. Neu tinh binh quan dau ngudi dat gan 15.OOOm/nam,ngudi, Theo chi ticu ciia ngan hang the gidi (WB) thi Tay Nguyen nam ngoai vimg cang thang ve nude) the ma vao miia khd hang nam Tay Nguyen thudng xuyen bi han han thieu nude, vao miia lij lgi bj ngap ling. Ro rang d Tay Nguyen khong phai la thieu ngudn nude ma do thieu cac giai phap luu giir, dieu hoa ngudn nude giiia miia lu va miia khd, thieu giai phap quy hoach va phat trien ngudn nudd.
Nhu vay can cd mdt cdng trinh nghien ciru, danh gia theo each tiep can long hgp da nganh nham giai quylt cac mau thuan trong viec khai thac sii dung nude d Tay Nguyen phuc vu cho viec phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi gan vdi bao ve mdi trudng
Giai quyet van dc cap bach d Tay Nguyen noi eo ngudn lai nguyen nude phong phii nhung phan bl trong nam rat bat dieu hda. can lam rd dugc hien trang, tiem nang cac ngudn nude va eac mau thuan Igi ich trong viec khai thac va sii dung lai nguyen nude bao g6m (nude mua. nude mat. nude dudi dal) lanh thd Tay Nguyen dudi tac dgng eiia cae dieu kien tu nhien (khi hau, dm chat, dia mao, tho nhudng, ldp phii ihue vat ..,) va tac ddnH ciia eac phuong an phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Can phai tien hanh danh gia, va de xuat eac giai phi.p gi?i Ljiijet cac mau thuan lgi ich trong viec khai thac sir dung tai nguyen nirdc Tay Nguyen bao gom:
- Mau thuan theo thdi gian trong nam do tinh chat phan miia khi hau
- Mau thuan Igi ich giua cac nganh dimg nude (phat dien, thiiy Igi, ndng nghiep, cong nghiep, thity san. sinh hoat, du Ijeh, dich vu).
- Mau thuan khai Ihac sir dung ngudn nude giira cae dia phuang tren lanh thd Tay Nguyen - Mail thuan khai thac su diing ngudn nude giua thugng du va ha du cae tinh ven bicn Mien Trung Ihupc lanh tho Vict Nam (do chuyen nude, do van hanh thiiy dien).
- Mau thuan khai Ihac sii dung ngudn nude giua thugng du vdi ha du thupc lanh tho Campuchia - Mau thuan giiia vice khai thac sir dung cac nguon nude (nude mat, nude ngam)
- Mau thuan trong quan ly tai nguyen nude d Tay Nguyen bao gdm: tdn tai van ban phap ly, nguon luc ve quan ly giam sat va quy hoach tai nguyen nirdc.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI
Lugng ddng chay hang nam tren lanh th6 Tay Nguyen rat phong phii, nhung phan bd rat khdng ddng deu theo khdng gian va thdi gian, Nhu cau sir dung nude Tay Nguyen den nam 2010 vao khoang 5,7 ty m"' nude, so vdi tiem nang ngudn nude cd dugc ehi chiem khoang 9%, nhung vao miia khd hang nam Tay Nguyen thudng xuyen bj ban ban thieu nude, vao miia lu lai bi iing ngap Ro rang qua trinh phat trien thiiy Igi d Tay Nguyen, van de khai thac su dung tai nguyen nude d Tay Nguyen vln cdn nhieu tdn lai va hgn che dgc biet la cdng tae quan ly va giai quyet cac mau thuan lgi ich trong vice khai thac sir dung ngudn nude. Nhu vay, can phai tien hanh nghien ciiu:
- Danh gia va du bao dugc cac tac dgng eiia cac cdng trinh chinh khai thac sir dung tai nguyen nude Iren eac luu vgc song Tay Nguyen cho cac nganh kinh te (phat dien, ndng nghiep, edng nghiep, thiiy san, du lich, dich vu) den nam 2020 co xet den bien ddi khi hgu,
- Danh gia long hgp duac cac mau thuan lgi ich trong viec khai thac sir dung ngudn nude cho cac dot tugng sii dung va danh gia du bao cac tae dpng tich cue, tieu cue den trir Urgng, chat lugng cae ngudn nude den mdi trudng (xa hdi) cua cac cdng trinh khai thac sii dung tai nguyen nirdc. Tir dd, de xuat eac giai phap tdng the va cac md hinh khai Ihac sii dung, quan ly cd hieu qua tai nguyen nude, kcl
BIA LY TU'NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRU'dNG 233
H9' Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi t r u o n g Thira Thicn Hug HgiDiajyJVi^US;
hgp khai thac giira nude mat va nude dudi dat mgt each hgp ly, hieu qua nham giam thieu cact dpng bat Igi (lii lut, hgn ban) va moi trudng phuc vu phat Uiln kinh tl - xa hgi lanh thd Tay Nguyen, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Doan Van Canh (2005), '''Nghien ciru xdy dung ca sd khoa hgc vd di xudt cdc gidi phap bdo vt i sudijnghop ly lai nguyen nuac vimg Tdy Nguyen. Bao cao long kit de tai cap nha nude.
2, Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn, ''Rd soal bd sung quy hoach ihuy lgi tinh Kon Tu (2008)".
3, Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn, ''Du dn quy hogch ihuy lgi vua vd nhd tmh Gia I., (2007)".
4. Bd Ndng nghiep va Phal trien Ndng thdn "Quy hogch phdt trien thuy lai tinh Dak Lak giai (he 2009-2015 vd dinh hirdng 2020 (2008)".
5 Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn. Rd soat quy hogch thuy Igri tinh Dak Nong (2008).
6, B6 Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thon, "Rd soal quy hoach thity lai linh Lain Ddng (2008)"
7. BgNdng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn, "Rdsodt quy hogch thiiy lgi vimg Tdy Nguyin (2009T,
Hoi nghi Khoa hpc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thir 6, Thdnh phd Hui, 9'2Q^-
