CHUOI CUNG UTVG L M H VA SlT CAN THIET PHAI PHAT TRIEN
CHUdi CUNG UNG LANH TAI VIET NAM
Hodng Thi Doan Trang' Tom tat
Chudi cung ieng lanh Id chudi cung ung kiem sodt vd duy Iri nhiit dp phii hgp vdi cdc logi hdng hoa cd yeu cdu bdo qudn Ignh khde nhau nhdm ddm bdo chdt Ittgng vd keo ddi tudi thg ciia cde mat hdng nhu sdn phdm ndng nghiip, Ihicy hdi sdn, hcmg ddng Ignh ehi bien, hoa tuai cdt cdnh, hda ehdt, cac sdn phdm dugc phdm. Hiin ehudi eung ieng Ignh da phdt triin mgnh trin thi gidi. Bdi viet di cap din khdi niim vd dde diem eita chudi cung ieng lanh, phdn llch cdc nhdn Id quyet dinh xu hitdng phdt triin chudi eung img Ignh trin thi gidi. Trin casd do, bdi viet nghien ciiru chi tiel su cdn thiet phdi xdy dttng vdphdt triin chudi eung ung Ignh Igi Viit Nam nhdm ddp ting ddi hdi ve chdt lugng cua cde mat hdng xudt khdu chu luc nhu ndng sdn thuc phdm, Ihicy hdi sdn khi xudt khdu sang cdc nudc khde.
Tur khoa: chudi cung iing, chudi eung ieng lanh, hdng hda di hu hdng, logistics, ndng sdn Ihuc phdm, xudt khdu
Ma so: 176.050915. Ngay nhpi bdi: 05/09/2015 Ngdy hodn thdnh bien tgp: 27/10/2015. Ng^ duyft ddng:20/ll/2015 Summary
Cold chain is Ihe supply chain lo control and maintain Ihe temperature suitable for goods of different cold storage requirements to ensure Ihe quality and prolong the shelf life of such items as agricultural products, seafood, processed frozen foods, cut flowers, chemicals, pharmaceutical products. Cold chain has grown significantly over Ihe world. The article mentions the definition and
characteristics ofthe cold chain, analyzes Ihe determinants of cold chain development trend in the world. On Ihis basis, the article studies in detail Ihe necessity to build and develop cold chain in Vietnam lo meet the quality requirements of key export commodities such as agricultural products and seafood being exported lo other countries.
Key words: supply chain, cold chain, perishable goods, logistics, export, agricultural products andfoodstuff
Paper No.176.050915 Date of receipt: 05/09/2015 Date of revision: 27/10/2015 Dale of approval: 20/11/2015
1. K h a i n i e m c h u o i c u n g irng l a n h 1980. Chudi cvmg ting lanh d u g c h i l u la cac Thuat ngli "tru ddng t h y c p h i m " da x u i t chudi cung iing cd k h a n a n g k i e m soat va duy hien ta nhimg n a m 70 cila t h l ky 19 khi n u d c tri nhiet do thich h g p v d i eac loai hang hoa Phap bat dau n h i p k h i u thit lgn ddng lanh cd yeu c i u bao q u a n lanh khae nhau, nhim tvr N a m My va n u d c A n h n h i p k h a u thit bd bao d a m va k e o dai tudi thg cila cac mat hang ddng lanh ta Uc va thit lgn ddng lanh t u N e w nhay cam v d i nhiet do cao n h u san p h i m nong Zealand. Tuy viec trii ddng t h y c p h i m d u g c nghiep, thtiy hai san, h a n g d d n g lanh c h l biln, thuc hien kha sdm n h i m g khai niem "chuoi hoa taoi c i t canh, h d a c h i t , cac san pham cung ling lanh" mdi chi ra ddi vao nhirng n a m d u g c p h i m dac biet la vacxin. M d t chuoi
• ThS, Trucmg Dai hgc Ngoai thuang; Email: [email protected]
70 Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI S6' 78 (12/2015)
cung ling lanh khdng gian doan la mdt loat cac hoat ddng luu trii va phan phdi dugc duy tri lien tuc d mgt khoang nhiet do nhit dinh.
Mgt chudi cung iing lanh diln hinh thudng cd ba giai doan chinh: san xuit va chl bien ddng lanh, lim trii lanh va van chuyin lanh. Cac san pham trong chuoi ctmg iing lanh khi dugc van chuyen va Ivm trii tam thdi dugc ggi la hang hda ddng lanh. Khdng gilng nhu cac hang hoa khac, hang boa trong chudi cung ting lanh rit dl hu hdng va ludn ludn tren dudng van chuyen tdi noi svr dung cudi cvmg hoac diem den cudi cung, ngay ca khi dugc Ivm trii tam thdi trong kho lanh.
Chuoi cung iing lanh ra ddi nham muc dich giii \ a bao quan hang hda d mdt nhiet do nhat dinh tvr khau san xuit den khiu tieu thu; tdi thieu hda chi phi san xuit va dam bao sy an toan cung nhu chit lugng ciia cac hang hda de hu hdng; tang cudng sy lien ket giua cac giai doan trong cvmg chudi cung iing.
Ve ciu tnic, cac chudi cung iing lanh bao gdm hai he thdng logistics co ban: (1) Mang ludi nha kho lanh dugc kiem soat tdt ve nhiet do de bao quan cac mat hang nhay cam va de hdng. (2) He thdng van tai lanh bao gdm cac loai phuong tien chuyen chd nhu xe tai, container lanh, cac kho hang lanh tren cac tau bien va cac thiet bi chuyen dyng cho boat dgng van chuyen va giao nhan de kiem tra, duy tri nhiet do lanh can thiet.
Chudi cung ting lanh cung cap cac khoang nhiet do thich hgp cho tvmg loai san pham trong toan bd qua trinh cvmg iing vdi cac tieu chuin nhiet do phd bien la: ddng lanh sau (Deep Frozen) tu -28 din -30°C, diy la mtic nhiet dd lanh nhit chu ylu danh cho van chuyin hai san; ddng lanh (Frozen) ta -16 din -20°C, chii ylu danh cho van chuyin thit; lanh
(Chiller) tvr 2 din 4''C, la miic chuin nhiet do trong tii lanh va thudng dugc su dung de van chuyin trai cay va rau qua de cd dugc thdi han sii dung toi vm; mtic tu 2 din 8°C thich hgp de bao quan dugc pham va thude thdng thudng;
miic nhiet tvr 12 din 14°C thich hgp cho chuoi cvmg ling chudi, la mdt trong nhiing loai trai ciy dugc san xuit va van chuyen nhieu nhit thl gidi. Hang hda bao quan d nhiet do lanh chilm thi phan ldn nhat tren toan ciu do hau hit trai ciy va rau qua dugc Ivm trii va van chuyin nhd chuoi cung ting lanh. Neu phin chia theo loai hang hda thi thit va hai san chiem ty trgng ldn nhit trong chudi eung iing lanh tren pham vi toan ciu, tiep theo la cac san pham tir stia va cac mdn trang mieng ddng lanh, trai ciy va rau qua. Lugng tieu thu cac thyc pham dS hu hdng tren toan ciu dang tang manh, do dd lam tang khdi lugng hang hda dl hu hdng dugc trao ddi giao dich giiia cac qudc gia.
Viec phat trien cac chuoi cvmg ung lanh se gdp phan ho trg chinh phii cac nudc trong viec quan ly ve sinh an toan thyc phim ctia hang hda trong nudc va xuat khau; ddng thdi giai quyet tdt muc tieu ning cao chit lugng cudc sdng cho ngudi din, bao ve sinh thai va tang tradng kinh te ben vung.
2. Mgt vai net khai quat ve su* pbat trien chuoi cung irng lanh it mot so nudc tren the gidi
Chudi cung iing lanh xuat hien dau tien d cac nudc phat trien do tac ddng cua cac nhan td chinh. Nhan td thii nhit la xu hudng toan cau hda tang nhanh cho phep van chuyen cac san pham ndng nghiep giiia cae qudc gia tren pham vi toan cau. Thur hai la xu hudng tang tradng nhu ciu tieu dvmg hang hda chit lugng cao, an toan ddi vdi siic khde ngudi tieu dvmg dan tdi
I S5'78 (12/2015) Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 70
nhu ciu ban hanh cac quy dinh ciia phap luat vl ve sinh an toan thyc phim va cac vin de lien quan din siic khde tai eac nudc phat trien.
Culi cung la trinh do chuyen mdn hda va tinh hieu qua cua nganh logistics tai cac nudc phat triln cho phep iing dung cac chudi cung iing lanh cd nhiet do phu hgp vdi hang hda va day nhanh tie do cQng nhu hieu qua van chuyen hang hda tdi thi tradng tieu thy.
Chuoi cung iing lanh can thiet trong bdi canh thuang mai toan cau hien nay do giiip giam tin that, ning cao sy an toan cila hang hda, gdp phan tao ra sy can bang cung cau thuc pham va gian tiep day manh sy tang trudng trong nganh cdng nghiep thyc phim.
Sy tang tradng ciia thi tradng chudi cvmg ting lanh se ddng gdp vao qua trinh toan ciu hda, tao thuan lgi cho boat ddng xuit khau va nhap khau cac loai hang de hu hdng theo thdi gian, ddng thdi tao tien de cho viec ap dung tien bd khoa hgc ky thuat vao viec bao quan va van chuyen hang ddng lanh trong chudi, diy manh thi hieu ngudi tieu dung doi vdi thuc phim dong lanh va giam thieu tdn thit thyc pham d nhung thi tradng mdi nli nhu An Do, Trang Qudc va cac nudc My La tinh.
0 Bac My
• ChauAu
« Chau A-Thai Binh Du'ong
Hinh L Thj phan chuoi cung ung lanh toan cau theo khu vuc dia ly nam 2011
Ngudn: Online Journals and Markelsand Markets Analysis, 2012 Bic My la khu vyc thi tradng nhip khiu va xuit khiu nhilu nhit cac loai thyc phim de
hu hdng, vi vay chilm thi phin cao nhat tren thi tradng chuoi eung iing lanh, theo sau 1^
chiu Au va khu vyc chiu A-Thai Binh Duong (Hinh 1). Thi tradng chudi cvmg ting lanh d An Do cflng dang tren da tSng tradng nhd cic bien phap xiic tien ed to ehiic thi tradng ban le ciia chinh phli, va sy thay ddi sd thich ngudi tieu dung dan tdi sy phat trien manh cua thyc phim ddng lanh va cac nha hang thiic an nhanh.
Thi trudng chudi ctmg iing lanh d Trung Qudc Cling dang phat trien do nudc nay la mpt diem den hiia hen mang lai lgi nhuan cao ciia cac nha cvmg cip dich vu Hoa Ky khi diu tu vao CO sd vat chit phuc vu chudi cvmg iing laivh, ngoai ra thuong mai dien tti va cac quy dinh ve an toan thye pham do chinh phu Trung Qudc ban hanh ciing la nhung yeu td thiic diy chudi cvmg iing lanh.
Thi tradng cac trang thiet bi van chuyen giu: lanh toan cau ciing dang phat trien vdi-toc do taomg ddi cao. O Bae My va chiu Au, cau ve cac loai dau keo ro-modc, xe tai ddng lanh tang nhanh do cac phuang tien nay cd the van chuyen hang hda mdt each linh boat tdi nhiSu dia diem khac nhau vdi nhieu mdc thdi gian giao hang. Khach hang mua thyc pham tuoi sdng qua mang ciing tang nhanh, lam tang nhu ciu van chuyin hang ddng lanh bing dudng bd. Container ddng lanh van chuyin bang dudng bien cflng gdp phin diy manh su gia tang van tai hang ddng lanh nhd ap dung tien bd cdng nghe giiip keo dai tadi thg ciia mat hang thyc pham dl hu hdng.
Cac doanh nghiep logistics 3PL ndi tilng ve chudi cung iing lanh la AmeriCold Logistics (Hoa Ky), Lineage Logistics (Hoa Ky), Swire Cold Storage Pty (Australia), Prefened Freezer Services (Hoa Ky), and Nichirei Logistics Group, Inc.( Nhit Ban). Cac doanh nghiep nay dang diu ta md rdng trang thilt bi luu tru: va van chuyen lanh d nhumg thi tradng
Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI Stf 78 (12/2015)
mdi ndi do nhu ciu ve chudi cung iing lanh tang nhanh d cac thi tradng nay.
3. Sy can thilt phai pbat trien cbuoi cung ling lanh tai Viet Nam
Viet Nam cin thilt phai phat triln chudi cung ling lanh vi nhirng ly do sau:
Thii nhdt, cdc ngdnh ndng nghiep, thiiy sdn, eong nghiep dugc phim, chl bien thiic an, va hoa taoi cat canh xuat khau cua Viet Nam cd nhu ciu du trii, bao quan lanh ngay cang phat trien manh la tien de cho xu hudng hinh thanh thi tradng logistics kiem soat khi
hiu va cac chuoi cung iing lanh tai Viet Nam.
Rieng nam 2014 nudc ta da tang dugc ban 3 ty USD kim ngach xuit khiu hang ndng, lam, thuy san. Dang Ivm y, h i u het cac mat hang thiiy san, rau qua xuit khiu deu tang gia tri so vdi nam 2013 nhu: Thiiy san dat 7,836 ty USD (tang 17,1%); rau qua dat 1,491 ty USD (tang 38,9%) (Xem bang 1). Thanh tich xuit khiu ndng, lim, thtiy san nam 2014 vugt trdi nen nhu ciu cua cac nganh hang nay ve dy trir va bao quan bang kho va thiet bi lanh hien chiem tdi tren 40%.
Bang 1. Tinh hinb xuat khau cac mat hang nong san cbu yeu ciia Viet Nam can chuoi cung irng lanh
STT I 2
Loai nong san chu yeu Hang thuy san dong Ianh Hang rau, hoa, qua
Kim ngach xuat khiu (lOOOUSD) 2012
6 088 507 827 043
2013 6 692 609 1 073 226
2014 7 836 037
1 491 109
Toe do phat trien KNXK (%) 2013 so voi
2012 109.9 129.8
2014 so voi 2013
117.1 138.9 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke, truy cap ngdy 3 Ihdng 11 ndm 2015 tgi https://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=629<emID=l 4219 + Nhdm nganh rau, hoa qua
Trong cac san phim ndng nghiep, nhdm nganh rau qua cd tdc do tang trudng cao tvr 10- 35% trong giai doan 2000-2010. Nam 2014, kim ngach xuat khau mat hang rau qua dat gin 1,5 ty USD, tang 38,9% so vdi nam 2013 (Xem Bang 2). Rau qua Viet Nam da cd mat tai hem 60 qudc gia va vvmg lanh thd. Ngoai nhirng thi trudng trayen thdng nhu Trvmg Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc..., rau qua Viet Nam cdn cd mat d nhieu thi trudng mdi nhu Hong Kdng, UAE, Ha Lan...Muc tieu nam 2015 nganh rau qua phin dau xuat khiu dat 2 ty USD. Hien Viet Nam la 1 trong 5 quIc gia xuit khiu rau qua ldn nhit thl gidi nhd tang tradng manh d cac thi tradng nhu Trung QuIc, Nhat Ban, My, Nga, Indonesia, Dai
Loan, Han Qudc. Rau qua xuat khau ctia Viet Nam hien cd tdi 90%i la rau qua taoi. Ca nudc mdi cd tren 100 co sd che bien rau qua quy md cdng nghiep vdi tdng cdng suit 300.000 tin san pham/nam (Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn, 2015). De nang cao gia tri gia tang cua nganh rau qua, doanh nghiep can tap trvmg diu ta cdng nghe che bien rau qua; gan ket manh horn giu'a vting nguyen lieu va khau che biln d l bao dam chit lugng cac san pham rau qua xuit khiu. Dac biet, iing dung chudi cung ling lanh cho nganh khdng chi giiip san lugng xuit khiu tang cao ma cdn gdp phin giai quyet tot vin de tang cudng chit lugng ve sinh an toan thyc pham va tain thii tdt cac quy trinh kiem dinh qudc te tai cac thi tradng nhip khau khd ti'nh.
Stf 78 (12/2015) Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 01
Bang 2. Kim ngach xuat khau rau qua ciia Viet Nam nam 2014 pban theo thi truong xuat khau cbu yeu
Dan vi linh: USD Thi trudng
Tong kim nggch Trung Qudc Nhat Ban HoaKy Han Qudc Ha Lan Nga Dai Loan
Nam 2014
1.491.109.267 435.741.470
75.029.152 60.742.423 57.035.756 39.422.726 37.106.673 35.139.564
Nam 2013
1.094.885.656 302.610.881
61.222.992 51.453.887 28.207.485 25.586.669 32.855.993 25.853.820
Nam 2014 so vdi nam 2013 (%)
+36,19 +43,99 +22,55 +18,05 +102,20 +54,08 +12,94 +35,92 Ngudn: Tdng cue Hdi quan, truy egp ngdy 4 thdng 9 ndm 2015 tai http://www. customs, gov. vn/Lists/TinHoalDong/ViewDetails. aspx?ID =22019
&Calegory=Th%El%BB%91ng%20k%C3%AA%20H%El%BA%A3i%20quan Xuit khiu hoa taoi la ngarih cdng nghiep
mdi noi, chu yeu ta cao nguyen miln Trung (Da Lat) tdi thi tradng cac qudc gia Nhat Ban, Han QuIc, Bi, Thai Lan, Australia, Philippines, Singapore, Dai Loan (Trung Quoc), Campuehia, Phap va Ha Lan. Diy ciing la nganh hang cd nhu ciu rit cao vl chudi lanh de duy tri lien tuc do tuoi mdi va gia tri cua san phim. Theo Bd Cdng Thuong, nam 2010, dien tich hoa taoi cua Viet Nam vao khoang 8.000ha vdi 4,5 ty canh, trong do xuit khiu 1 ty canh, dat kim ngach 60 trieu USD. Ha Ndi va cac vvmg lin can tring khoang l.OOOha hoa, chil ylu la hdng, ciic, dao, lay on va cim ehudng. Cac loai hoa miln nhiet ddi tring tip trang d TP Hd Chi Minh va cac tinh ding bing Nam Bd, diy cung la 2 khu vyc san xuat hoa tuong ddi ldn d nude ta.
Rieng tinh Lam Ding, dien tich trdng hoa len den 3.500ha, trong dd xuit khiu tren 110 trieu canh/nam, phin diu din nam 2015, tang len
3.800ha. Diy dugc coi la trung tam san xuat hoa cat canh ldn nhit ca nudc vdi kim ng?ch xuat khau hoa tryc tiep cua Lam Ddng nam 2010 dat khoang 16 trieu USD (PGS.TS. An Thi Thanh Nhan, 2015).
+ Nhdm hang thtiy hai san
Mdt mat hang khac cd yeu ciu nghiSm ngat ve che do bao quan lanh va lanh siu trong chudi cung iing tdi khach hang la thiiy hai san. Nganh thuy hai san xuit khau cua Viet Nam trong 10 nam gin day cd tic do tang tradng cao tir 8-10%o/nam, kim ngach thily hai san xuit khiu nam 2014 ca nudc dat gin 8 ty USD, diy la miic xuit khiu ky luc cua nganh thuy san.
Theo sd lieu ciia Tdng cue Hai quan, gia tri xuit khiu thuy san thang 12/2014 giam 4,9%
so vdi eung ky nam ngoai. Tinh ea nam 2014, xuit khiu cac mat hang dlu tang trudng, trong dd xuit khiu tdm dat tang tradng cao nhit 26,9%, xuit khiu ca tra da hdi phuc vcd
02 Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGO/^I Stf 78 (12/2015)
miic tang nhe 0,4%. Xuit khiu ca ngti chua cd dau hieu phuc hdi, giam 9,4%,. My, EU va Nhit Ban van la ba thi tradng tieu thy ldn nhit cua thuy san Viet Nam. Nam 2014, tdng gia tri xuit khiu sang ba thi tradng nay dat hon 4,38 ty USD, chilm 55,95% tdng gia tri xuit khiu thuy san cua ca nudc.
Nam 2014, tdng gia tri xuat khau tdm cd miic tang tradng manh (26,9%) so vdi cung ky nam ngoai, dat 3,95 ty USD, chilm 50,38%
tdng kim ngach xuat khau thuy san. Diing dau ve nhap khau tdm Viet Nam la thi trudng My chiem 26,92% ty trgng xuit khau tdm va gia Ui xuit khiu dat 1,06 ty USD (tang 28%).
Tiep theo la thi trudng Nhat Ban va EU chiem ty trgng lin lugt la 18,8% va 17,27% vdi gia tri xuat khau tang taomg iing 4,9% (dat 743,4 trieu USD) va 66,7% (dat 682,7 trieu USD) (Tdng cue Hai quan, 2015).
So vdi Cling ky nam 2013, xviit khau ca tra nam 2014 dat gin 1,77 ty USD, tang nhe 0,4%
so vdi cung ky nam trudc. Mac dii giam manh, nhung EU van la thi tradng chu lye nhip khiu ca tra ctia Viet Nam. Nam 2014, xuit khiu ca tra sang EU dat 344,3 trieu USD, giam 10,7%
so vdi Cling ky nam trade, chiem 19,47% ty trpng. Xuat khau ca tra vao thi tradng My Cling giam 11,5%, dat 336,8 trieu USD, nhung My van la thi trudng quan trgng diing thii hai cua ca tra Viet Nam. Tiep den la xuit khiu vao ASEAN va Bra-xin vdi gia tri taong iing dat 136,6 trieu USD (tang 9,4%) va 113,2 trieu USD (tang 0,9%) (Tdng cue Hai quan, 2015).
Mac du xuit khau ca ngir nhumg thing cudi nam 2014 cd xu hudng tang so vdi cung ky nam 2013, nhung tinh ca nam 2014, xuit khiu ca ngvr vin giam 8,1%, dat 484,2 trieu USD.
Hien My tilp tuc giii vi Ui din diu vl nhap khiu ca ngir Viet Nam, chilm 3 6,18%> ty frgng
gia tri xuat khiu ea ngii, dat 175,2 trieu USD, giam 6,5% so vdi cung ky nam trade. Diing thti hai lathi tradng EU chiem 27,92%) ty trgng vdi gia tri xuit khiu dat 135,2 trieu USD,giam 3,9% so vdi cung ky nam 2013. Tiep theo la ASEAN va Nhit Ban chilm 7,22%. va 4,66%) ty frgng, gia tri xuit khiu sang hai thi tradng nay lan lugt la 35 trieu USD (giam 1,5%) va 22,6 trieu USD (giam manh 46,3%) (Tdng cue Hai quan, 2015).
Nam 2014, xuit khiu nhuyen the chin diu (myc va bach tagc) tang 8% so vdi cvmg ky nam 2013, dat 483,3 frieu USD. Han Quoc, Nhit Ban va EU la cac thi trudng nhip khiu myc, bach tagc quan frgng nhat cua Viet Nam, chiem ty ttgng lan lugt la 36,2%; 23,2% va 16,7% vdi gia tri taong iing la 174,7 trieu USD, 112 ttieu USD va 80,6 trieu USD (Tdng cue Hai quan, 2015).
Nhu vay, vdi nhiing ket qua dat dugc ttong nam 2014, cac doanh nghiep thuy san Viet Nam bat diu hudng tdi con sd 10 ty USD den nam 2020 theo muc tieu chien lugc phat trien xuit khiu thuy san giai doan 2010 - 2020 cua Chinh phu, dua Viet Nam ttd thanh 1 ttong 4 cudng qudc diing diu ve xuit khau thuy san tten the gidi. De xuat khiu dugc thuy hai san dam bao chit lugng sang cac thi tradng chinh nhu EU, My, Nhit Ban vdn each xa ve mat dia ly, ddi hdi phai ed chudi cvmg iing lanh dap ling dli tieu chuin.
Thie hai, ttong nhiing nam gin day, sd lugng cac thi tradng xuit khiu cua Viet Nam Cling tang tradng manh me va dugc da dang hda d tat ca cac mui gid, cac vung nhiet do khac nhau tai cac chau luc khac nhau, ddi hdi cac chudi cung iing phai dap iing cac yeu cau ve nhiet do va do am khac biet hom, phiic tap hon. Cac mat hang xuit khiu chu lye nhay
Stf 78 (12/2015) Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 03
cam vdi nhiet do nhu ndng lam san, thiiy hai san dat ra yeu ciu cip bach phai ed sy hinh thanh va phat triln manh ciia cac chudi cung ling lanh.
NIU nhu nam 1986 Viet Nam mdi chi cd quan he trao doi hang hda vdi 43 qudc gia tren thl gidi, nam 1995 la 100 quoc gia, nam 2000 la 192 qudc gia thi din hit nam 2013, con sl nay da len tdi gin 240 qudc gia va viing lanh thd. Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua Tdng cue Hai quan, tdng sd lugng thi tradng xuit khiu, nhap khiu dat kim ngach tten 1 ty USD nam 2014 la 46 thi tradng trong dd xuit khiu la 28 thi trudng, nhip khiu la 18 thi tradng (tang 1 thi tradng xuit khiu va 1 thi tradng nhip khiu so vdi nam 2013). Tdng kim ngach xuat khau, nhap khau ciia nhdm cac thi tradng nay chiem gin 90%) kim ngach xuit khiu va 90%) kim ngach nhap khau ciia ea nudc. Trong nhdm cac thi tradng dat kim ngach tren 1 ty USD neu tten, cd 3 thi tradng xuit khiu tren 10 ty USD (chiem ty ttgng 38,8% tdng kim ngach xuat khiu ca nudc) la Hoa Ky, Nhit Ban, Tnmg Quoc va 4 thi tradng nhap khiu tren 10 ty USD (chilm ty trgng 60,5% tdng kim ngach nhap khiu ca nudc) la Dai Loan, Tnmg Qudc, Han Qudc, Nhat Ban.
Thic ba, tieu chuin ve sinh an toan thyc pham ctia cac thi tradng xuat nhip khiu fren the gidi ciing nhu thi tradng frong nudc ngay cang khat khe cimg vdi thi hilu ngudi tieu dung the gidi chuyen hudng sang tieu thu lihilu ban thyc pham ddng lanh hoac ddng lanh sau dan tdi yeu ciu cip thilt phai xiy dyng chuoi cvmg ung lanh d Viet Nam. Thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi ngay cang dugc cai thien da thiic diy nganh thuc phim tieu dung d Viet Nam, vdn da la nguln tang tradng vumg chic bit chip sy chao dao ctia nin kinh tl thl gidi trong nhumg nam gin diy. AC Nielsen xlp hang Viet Nam
la nudc cd tde do tang trudng nhanh nhit chau A frong liiih vye hang tieu dvmg nam 2012 vdi tdc do 23%, so vdi An Do 1 %% va Trung QuIc 13%. Nhu cau tieu dvmg thyc phim chit lugng eao, cd thuomg hieu, an toan cho siic khoe ttong nude dugc ky vgng se tiep tuc dugc thiic diy nhd tac ddng ket hgp ctia cac yeu td nhan khiu hgc thuan lgi vdi gin 70% din sd thuoc do tali lao ddng (15-60 tudi), qua trinh do thi hda md rdng, miic gia tang thu nhap kha dung va ty le tieu dvmg. Tuy nhien, sd vu vi pham nghiem frgng quy dinh eua Nha nudc ve ve sinh an toan thye pham d tat ca cac dia phuong tren ca nudc khdng he giam do nhieu nguyen nhin trong dd cd ca viec thieu y thiic chap hanh quy dinh ciia ngudi sin xuat, ngudi phan phdi va thieu cdng nghe che bien va bao quan lanh trong san xuat va phin phdi. Ben canh dd, cac thi tradng xuit khau chil yeu cua nong san thuc phim Viet Nam let My, EU va Nhat Ban thudng xuyen dua ra cac quy dinh hoac rao can ky thuat mdi kiem soat an toan thuc pham va kiem dieh thyc vit ddi vdi hang nhap khau. Hoa Ky yeu ciu tit ca nhting ndng san nhap khiu phai dat pham eip theo tieu chuan cua Ban Thi Trudng thugc Bd Ndng Nghiep Hoa Ky (USDA). Cdng ddng Chau Au y6u cau rau qua tuoi nhap khiu phai dap iing tieu chuin thi tradng cua EU ve chit lugng va ghi nhan. Viec kiem soat dugc co quan thanh tra tien hanh tai dia diem nhip khiu hoac ttong mgt vai tradng hgp dugc kilm chiing tai nu6c thti ba, tai dia dilm xuit khau. Nhat Ban doi hdi san phim nhip khiu phai taan thti cac quy dinh frong Luat ve sinh Thyc pham, Luat tieu chuin Ndng nghiep ciia Nhit Ban va Luat do ludng (Pascal Liu, 2007, tr.lO). Do dd, vi?c hinh thanh va phat trien cac chudi cung iing lanh se giiip dap ting nhu ciu ve ve sinh an toan thyc phim ciia ngudi din trong nudc
04 Tap chi KINH TE D6'I NGOAI Stf 78 (12/2015)
cung nhu cac tieu chuin nhip khiu hang ndng san thyc pham ngat ngheo cua cac thi tradng nhip khau.
4. Ket luan
Viec van chuyin hang hda la san phim ndng nghiep, dugc phim fren pham vi toan cau, xu hudng tieu dvmg hang hda chat lugng cao, dam bao an toan thyc phim va trinh do chuyen mdn hda tang cao cila chudi logistics cho phep sy hinh thanh va phat trien ngay cang manh ciia chudi cung ting lanh fren toan thl gidi. Chudi cvmg iing lanh cd kha nang kiem soat va duy tri nhiet do thich hgp vdi cac loai hang hda cd yeu ciu bao quan lanh khac nhau ta khiu san xuit den khiu tieu thy nhim cat giam chi phi ddng thdi dam bao tdi
tm chit lugng hang hda. Diing trade nhu ciu cip thilt ve viec hinh thanh va xiy dyng chuoi cung ling lanh d Viet Nam, Chinh phil da dua ra nhilu chinh sach tao tien de ting dung cac cdng nghe bao quan tien tien, hien dai nhu bao quan lanh, mat, bao quan frong mdi tradng khi quyen cai bien, chieu xa hay su dung cac trang thilt bi bao quan lanh nhu kho lanh, xe lanh de dam bao chit lugng cua hang hda ndng san thyc phim hay dugc pham van chuyen den nhiing thi tradng xa xdi. Tuy nhien, viec dua ra nhiing giai phap kha thi de xay dyng va phat triln chuoi cung ting lanh tai Viet Nam hien dang rit eip bach, ddi hdi nhieu thdi gian va cdng siic ctia eac nha ban hanh phap luat Cling nhu cac nha nghien ciiu.Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1. An Thi Thanh Nhan, 2015, Chudi cung ieng lanh - tiem ndng phdt trien ngdnh logistics VietNam, tgp chi Vietnam Logistics Review, tray cap ngay 1 thang 9 nam 2015.
http://logisticsvn.com/vn/news/diendan/logistics-viet-nam/1409/chuoi-cung-ung-lanh- tiem-nang-phat-trien-nganh-logistics-viet-nam-ky-1 -.vlr
2. Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat triln ndng thdn- trang Xiic tien thuang mai, 2015, De an chdng tin thit sau thu hogch ndng nghiep tray cap ngay 3 thing 9 nam 2015. http://xttm.mard.
gov.vn/Site/vi-vn/64/109/23920A)efault.aspx
3. Chinh phu, 2010, Quyit dinh so 63/2010/QD-TTG cua Thu tuang Chinh phit vi chinh sdchhd trgr nhdm gidm ton thdt sau thu hogch dPi vdi ndng sdn, thuy sdn.
4. Pascal Liu, Phdng Thuang Mai va Thi tradng, FAO, 2007, Hudng ddn thuc hdnh cho ngucri sdn xudt vd xudt khdu a chdu A: Cdc quy dinh, tieu chudn vd chimg nhgn dpi vdi ndng sdn xudt khdu. Ha Ndi: FAO.
5. Tdng cue Hai quan, 20\5, Sabp tinh hinh xudt khdu, nhdp khdu hdng hda ciia Viet Nam thdng 12 vd 12 thdng ndm 2014 , tray cap ngay 3 thing 9 nam 2015.
http://www.customs.gov. vn/Lists/TmHoatDong/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=22019&Categor y=Th%El%BB%91ng%20k%C3%AA%20H%El%BA%A3i%20quan
6. Unicef, 2014, Cold chain and supplies, tray cap ngay 2 thing 9 nam 2015.
http://www.unicef.org/immunization/index_42071 .html
Stf 78 (12/2015) Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 05
