Danh gia thu'c trang phat trien djch vu ngan hang hien nay of Viet Nam
* T R A N V A N HONG"
D A O T H G Y EM"
Tdm tit
Dua trin nguon sdlieu thff cdp dugc thu thdp tff Ngdn hdng Nhd nUdc, Uy ban Gidm sdt Tdi chinh Qudc gia, bdi vie't ddnh gid thuc trgng phdt triin dich vu ngdn hdng trin 3 phuong diin chinh, gom: Djch vu liin gffi; Dich vu cho vay; vd Dich vu thanh todn. Kit qud nghiin cffu cho thd'y, Viet Nam dd cd sU phdt trien mgnh ve hogt dgng dich vu ngdn hdng. Tuy nhiin, so cdc qudc gia trong khu vUe, thi dich vu ngdn hdng d Viet Nam vdn cdn d mffc thdp vd cd nhiing hgn chi' nhdt dinh. Trin cO sd do. bdi viet neu mgt so'de xud't kiin nghi gdp phdn ndng cao khd ndng tie'p can dich vu ngdn bdng, gdp phdn phdt trien he thdng tdi chinh d nude ta.
Ttt khda: ddnh gid, dich vu, ngdn hdng, ihUe trgng Summary
Based on secondary data collected from the National Financial Supervisory Commission, the paper assesses the current situation of banking service development in three main aspects including deposit services, credit services and payment services. The research results show that Vietnam has experienced a strong development in banking services. In particular, people have access to increased deposits and lending services at banks. However, compared to other countries in the region, banking services in Vietnam are still low and have certain limitations. On that basis, the article presents a number of recommendations to improve the accessibility of banking services, and contribute to the development of the financial system in our country.
Keywords: evalute, services, bank, current situation
GIOITHIEU
Ciing vdi sff phat trien manh me cua nen kinh te', sff gia tang manh cua dan sd' nffdc ta da keo theo sff phdt trien manh me cua dich vu ngan hang nham dap tfng nhu cau ve dich vu ngan hiing ngay cang gia tang cua ngffdi dan. Nhim phat men he thd'ng ngan hang ndi chung va cac dich vu ngan han§ ndi ridng, nhieu van ban da dffdc ban hanh. Cd the ke dd'n, nhtf: Quye't dinh so 1726/QD-TTg, ngay 05/09/2016 phe duyet De an Nang cao kha nang tie'p cSn dich vu ngan hang cho nen kinh td'; Quye't dinh sd986/Qb-TTg, ngay 08/08/2018 phd duyet Chid'n Itfdc Phat trid'n nganh ngan hang Viet Nam de'n nam 2025, dinh htfdng de'n nam 2030;
Quye't dinh so 34/QD-NHNN, ngay 07/01/2019 ban hanh Chffdng trinh hanh dpng thffc hien Chie'n Itfdc Phdt trien nganh ngan hang Viet Nam de'n nam 2025, dinh htfdng dd'n nam 2030...
Vdi dinh htfdng dung dan trdn da tao dieu kien cho dich vu ngan hang phat trien manh vdi nhieu loai hinh san pham dich vu cung tfng cho khach hang. He thd'ng tin dung ngay cang hoan thidn va cung cS'p cho ngu'cfi dan dtfa tren cd s5 hieu qua boat ddng cua phffdng an kinh doanh. Cac san pham tie't kiem dtfdc phat trie'n ngay mdt da dang, he thd'ng thanh todn khdng diing tien mat dtfdc thuc day manh va cac td chffc tin dung dtfdc cd ca'u theo htfdng hoan thien vi cha't Iffdng dich vu ngan hang dirdc nSng cao nham dap ffng ydu cau ngay cang cao cua khdch hang. Dodd stf phat trie'n cua dich vu ngan hang ng: • . tng ddng vai trd quan trpng dd'i vdi -:( j^j^n cua hd thdng tai chinh ndi y^ ^yj
•, " , Trifdng Dai hgc Cong nghiep Thtfc pham TP. Ho Chi Minh Ngdy nhgn bdi: 08/01/2020: Ngdy phdn bien: 12/02/2020; Ngdy duyel ddng: 19/02/2020
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phdt tnen cua nen kinh td' ndi chung.
Chinh vi v3y, viec ph§n tich, danh gid thtfc trang phat trie'n cua he thd'ng dich vu ngan hang d Viet Nam hidn nay nham co cd sd de xua't mot sd' kie'n nghi gdp phan phat trien dich vu ngan hang trong thdi gian tdi la can thid't.
PHLfONG PHAP NGHIEN COU Bai vid't sff dung phtfdng phdp thu thap so' lieu thtf cap tff cac bao cdo cua cac cd quan, nhtf: Ngan hang Nha nffdc, Uy ban Giam sat Tai chinh Qud'c gia... Bdn canh dd, nhdm tdc gia sff dung ke't hdp vdi cdc phtfdng phap td'ng hdp so' lidu, phffdng phap so sanh, thd'ng ke md ta de dtfa ra nhffng phan tich, nhan dinh ve thffc trang phdt trie'n dich vu ngan hang.
THLfC TRANG PHAT TRIEN DICH VU NGAN HANG
Can cff theo Luat Cac td chffc tin dung Viet Nam nam 2020, thffc trang phat trien ciaa dich vu ngan hang dtfdc thd' didn trdn 3 phtfOng didn sau:
(1) Phttdng dien dich vu tiln gu^i Trong nhiJng nam vffa qua, nguon vd'n huy ddng tang trtfdng d'n dinh va dat binh qu^n 17%/nam. Rieng nam 2018, nhd stf dieu hanh chinh sach ti^n te cua Ngan hang Nha ntfdc, nen nguon vd'n huy ddng da dat dtfdc nhffng ke't qua dang ghi nhan. Theo sd' lieu bao cdo nam 2018 cua Uy ban Giam sat Tai chinh Qud'c gia, nguon vd'n huy ddng toan he thd'ng ngan hang tang ttfdng dffdng nam 2017, tffc tang 16,9%. He sd dtf nd trdn vd'n huy ddng LDR tang 87,5%, nam 2017 la 87,8%; tien gffi khach hang (gom to chffc kinh td' va dan cff) dat 4,8 trieu ty ddng, tang 15% so vdi nam 2017, Huy ddng vd'n thdng qua phat hanh giay td cd gia tang manh (tfdc tang 38%) do mot sd' td chffc tin dung phdt hanh giay td cd gia nham tang vd'n ca'p 2 de cai thidn he sd' an toan vd'n (CAR) va cd ca'u lai ky han nguon vd'n huy ddng. Trong khi dd, vd'n huy ddng bing VND tang 14,3%, chie'm 90,5% tdng vd'n huy ddng (ndm 2017 la 90,5%). Huy ddng bang ngoai td tang 21%, chie'm ty trpng khoang 9,5% (nam 2017 la 9,5%), ty gid USD/VND dn dinh, tam ly gam giff ngoai te giam. Vd'n huy ddng cd k>' han chie'm 80,9% tdng huy dpng (nam 2016 chiem 79,7%), cdn lai la vd'n huy dpng khdng ky han.
BAMG 1: TINH HIHH HGY DQMG VOtS CGA Hp THOMG MGAM HAMG NAM 2018 Loai lunh vd'n huy O^ng
Von huy dong bang VND Von huy dong bang ngoai te Von huy dong co ky han V6'n huy dotig khong cd ky han
Ty trpng (%) 90,1
9,9 80.9 19,1
BANG 2: HE THONG CAC TO CHCTC TIM DUMG VIET NAM TIMH DEM NGAY 30/06/2019 Lo^i hinh to chiic tin d ^ g
Ngdnhdng - Ngan h&ng thu'dng mai + Nha nirdc + Co ph^n + 100% vo'n nirdc ngoai + Lien doanh - Ngan hang chinh sach - Ngan h&ng Hdp tac xa To chffc tin dung phi ngdn hdng - Cong ty tii chinh - Cong ty cho thue tai chinh khac To chii'c tai chinh vi mo Quy tin dung nhan dan
Chi nhdnh ngan hang nUdc ngoai tai Viet Nam Van phong dai dien cac to chiJc tin dung nu'dc ngoai tai VielNam
SfT ltfdng 49 46 4 31 9 2 2 1 26 16 10 4 1.183 49 50 Mguon iNgan hang Nha nUoc
(2) Phifdng di$n dich vu cho vay
Hoat ddng cho vay cd stf tang trtfdng manh trong nhtfng nam vffa qua va dtfdc the' hidn qua stf phdt trien manh cua cac to chffc tin dung, ngan hang, chi nhanh ngan hang. Theo sd' lieu cdng bo cua Ngan hang Nha nffdc, tinh dd'n ngay 30/06/2019, ca ntfdc cd^49 ngan hang, 26 td chtfc tin dung phi ngan hang, 4 td chffc tai chinh vi md, 1.183 quy tin dung nhSn dan, 49 chi nhanh ngan hang nffdc ngoai tai Viet Nam va 50 van phong dai dien cac td chffc tin dung ntfdc ngoai (Bang 2). Trong dd, cac diem giao dich ngan hang vSn dtfdc md rdng trong nhtfng nam vffa qua nham dap tfng yeu cau giao dich cua khach hang. Tuy nhidn, hien nay, cac diem_
giao dich ngan hang tap trung phd bid'n d cac thanh phd Idn, viang ndng thdn, viang sau, vung xa lai rat han chd do hieu qua boat dpng cua cac chi nhanh, phdng giao dich d viJng ndng thdn khd theo kip so vdi d thanh thi.
Vi nguon vdn eho vay
Trffdc nam 2010, Viet Nam cd tdc do tang trtfdng tin dung binh quan cao so vdi the' gidi, gan 32% cao hdn so vdi td'c dd tang GDP cung thdi ky khoang 17%.
Stf tang manh ve von dau ttf vao Viet Nam tff nam 2005 dd'n 2007, din tdi tang trtfdng tin dung cua nen kinh te" dat mffc cao, khoang 51% vao nam 2007. Hau qua la, ty Id lam phat trong nam 2007-2008 tang cao, so vdi nam 2007 td'c dd tang gia tieu diing nam 2008 la 19,89%.
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BAMG 3: TOC DQ TANG TRCtCfNG TIM DGNG CUA VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 2012-2018
Nam 3 iang tru'dng tin du ng (%)
2012 13,5
201312014 12,5| 14,2
2015 18,8
20161 2017 1 2018 18,9J 19 14
^ij'.j .r U\ bar, GiJTi ^ a t J a i chinh QuOc gia
Dd'n nam 2012, vdi muc deu tSp trung Idem chd' lam phat va dn dinh kinh td' vT md, Ngan hang Nha ntfdc da ban hanh Chi thi sd' OI/CT-NHNN, ngay 13/02/2012 ve td chtfc thtfc hidn chinh sdch tien te va dam bao hoat ddng ngan hang an toan, hidu qua nam 2012, nham dinh htfdng cho dieu hanh chinh sach tien te ngay ttf dau nam. Cu the, cac td chffc tin dung dffdc phan loai vao 4 nhdm dffa trdn danh gid tinh hinh hoat ddng va kha nang tang trtfdng tin dung: nhdm 1, 2, 3, 4 lan Itfdt dtfdc phep tang trtfdng tin dung td'i da 17%, 15%, 8% va khdng tang trffdng. Vide giao chi tieu tin dung cho tffng td chffc tin dung dtfdc thay bang phan bd chi tidu cao bang cho toan nganh nhtf nhffng nam trffdc dSy. Dieu nay da giup cho cac td chffc tin dung dinh htfdng td't hdn cho hoat ddng tin dung. Ke't qua, nam 2012, td'c dp tang trtfdng tin dung dat 8,85%, day la mffc tha'p nha't trong nhffng nam vffa qua. Dat dffdc ket qua nay la nhd cdc bidn phdp dinh htfdng, kiem soat tdng trffdng tin dung v^ cd sff linh hoat diiu chinh chi tieu tin dung dd'i vdi cac nhdm td chffc tin dung cua Ngan hang Nha ntfdc.
Nam 2013 va 2014, td'c dd tang trtfdng tin diing dat chi tidu dinh htfdng de ra. Ngan hang Nha nffdc da dieu hanh Hnh hoat, ddng bd cdc cdng cu chinh sdch tien td de dieu tid't tien te phu hdp, cac chtfdng trinh, chinh sach tin dung nganh, lmh vtfc da dtfdc he thd'ng ngSn hang trien khai kip thdi, gdp phan hd trd tang trtfdng kinh td' va dam bao an sinh xa hdi.
Nam 2015, dff nd tin dung nen kinh te'tSng 18,8%
so vdi cud'i nam 2014. Ngan hang Nha nffdc da tridn khai dong bd cac giai phap dieu hanh chinh sach tien te nham kiem sodt lam phdt, dn dinh kinh te' vT md va h5 trd tang trtfdng kinh te', ddng thdi bao dam an toan boat dpng cua cac to chffc tin dung. Qua nam 2016 va 20i7, cd cau tin dung didn bid'n tich cifc theo hffdng md rdng tin dung di ddi vdi an toan, cha't Iffdng, tap trung chu ye'u cho ITnh vffe san xuat, kinh doanh, tin dung dd'i vdi linh vtfc dau ttf, kinh doanh bS't ddng san cham lai. Tin dung VND tang cao trong khi tin dung ngoai te tang tha'p, phCi hdp vdi chu trtfdng chd'ng dd la hda ciaa Chinh phu.
Dd'n nam 2018, mffc tang trffdng dat 14%, thap hdn nhieu so vdi muc tieu da de ra la 17%. Song, cd ca'u tin dung tie'p tuc cd sff dieu chinh tich cffc, trong do tin dung tap trung chu yd'u vao lmh vffe san xua't, kinh doanh, ITnh vffe ffu tidn, tin dung dd'i vdi linh vffe tiem an rui ro dffdc kiem sodt d mffc hdp ly. Ridng ty le ngudn vd'n ngan ban sff dung cho vay tnmg va dai han binh quan giam xud'ng cdn 28,7% (nam 2017: 30,4%).
Cac ngan hang thffdng mai chu dpng cd clTu lai ky ban huy dpng va cho vay de dap ffng ty le vd'n ngan ban
cho vay trung dai ban dffdi 40% ttf ngay 01/01/2019. Nhin cliung, giai doan 2012- 2018, td'c dp tang trtfdng tin dung dat binh quin 15,84%/nam (Bang 3).
Nhtf vSy, tang trtfdng tin dung trong nhii'ng nam vffa qua da dat mtfc muc tidu dl ra. Tuy nhien, de' giff dtfdc mffc tang trffdng nay, ciing nhff chat Iffdng tSng trffdng Hn dung trong nhffng nam tid'p theo la va'n de dang dffdc quan tam. Ben canh do, td'c dp tin dung nhffng nam qua tSng gan gap ba idn so vdi td'c dd tang GDP danh nghia. Dieu nay cung cho tha'y, tang trtfdng tin dung nhanh chdng se tang mffc huy ddng nd trong nin kinh td', trong bdi canh quan ngai ve chS't Iffdng tai san vi nd xau ngay cang tang.
(3) Dich vu thanh toan
Vdi sff phat trien manh me cua thi trtfdng tien td ngan hang ciing vdi sif phat tridn cua cdng nghd da giiip cho cac td chffc tai chinh ffng dung, trien khai nhffng cdng nghe mdi nha't trong hoat ddng kinh doanh ndi chung, dich vu thanh todn ndi ridng, dac bidt ve dich vu internet, dich vu qua thie't bi di ddng, dich vu the. Tinh dd'n he't quy 1/2019, Vidt Nam cd 76 ngan hSng cung cS^p dich vu qua intemet banking, 44 ngan hang cd dich vu mobile banking, 16 ngan hang trien khai QR code va hdn 30.000 didm chap nhan thanh toan phi tien mat.
Bdn canh dd, Nha nffdc cung da ca'p phep cho 30 ddn vi trung gian thanh toan de cd thd hd trd cho c^c khach hang tham gia thanh todn online, phuc vu thanh toan dien tff. Mot so' ngan hang thtfdng mai Viet Nam da chu ddng dau ttf, ffng dung cdc giai phdp cdng nghe thanh todn mdi, hidn dai, nhff: xdc thffc van tay, sinh trac, sff dung ma QR code, thanh toan phi trtfc tid'p.,, de mang lai tien ldi va an toan trong giao dich thanh todn dien tff. Nhd do, dich vu thanh todn ngan hang da phdt trien manh d Vidt Nam trong nhffng nam gan dSy.
Thd'ng ke cua Ngan hang Nha ntfdc cho tha'y, tinh de'n he't quy 1/2019 Viet Nam cd gan 270.000 thid't bi cha'p nhan the, 30.000 diem chS^p nhan ma phdn hoi nhanh QR code, da cd 16 ngan hang trien khai dich vu QR code, ty trpng tien mat tren tdng phtfdng tien thanh todn cd xu htfdng giam dan, tU 14,02% nam 2010 xudng con khoang 10% hien nay. Ty le ngffdi dan 15 tudi trd len cd tai khoan tai ngan hang thffdng mai dat 37,81% trong tong dSnsd'vao nam 2018, tang 4 lan so
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vdi nam 2010. Sd' Iffpng the do cac ngSn hang thffdng mai phdt hanh cung tang Idn nhanh, dd'n he't quy 11/2019, ca ntfdc dat 164 trieu the cac loai, trong do cd khoang gan 9% la the tin dung qud'c te'.
Tuy nhien, dich vu thaiih toan ngan hang d^Vidt Nam vSn cdn tha'p so vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffe. Ve chi tidu sd' Itfdng may ATM/100.000 ngffdi Idn cho tha'y, kha nang tiep can thi htfdng tien td - ngan hang d Viet Nam tffdng dd'i tha'p (25,28 may ATM/100.000 ngffdi Idn) so vdi cac nffdc trong khu vtfc (66,46 d Singapore; 46,63 d Malaysia va 54,72 6 Indonesia). Cu the dtfdc tnnh bay d Bie'u do.
KET LUAN
Hoat ddng dich vu ngan hang cua Vidt Nam da dat dtfdc nhieu ket qua tich ctfc tren cac ITnh vtfc, nhtf: Dich vu tien gffi; Dich vu cho vay; va Dich vu thanh toan, gdp phan tich cffc phdt tridn dich vu tai chinh toan dien ndi rieng va phat tridn kinh td' xa hdi ndi chung. Tuy nhien, kha nang tiep c^n dich vu ngSn hang cua Viet Nam con thap khi so vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vtfc. Tren cd sd dd, de nang cao kha nang tid'p cdn dich vu ngan hang, nhdm tdc gia de xuat mot sd' kie'n nghi nhtf sau:
Ve dich VU tien gdi. Cac td chffc tin dung thtfc hidn chinh sdch iai sua't Hnh boat, ha'p din, mffc lai suat huy ddng phai cao hdn lam phat de dam bao quyen ldi cua ngffdi gffi tien. Dong thdi, can da dang hda hinh thtfc huy ddng vd'n thdng qua cac san pham, dich vu cung tfng.
BIEG DO: S5 LCf0MG MAY ATM CUA VIET NAM
SO vdi cAc n(S6c TRONG KHU vac
" 1 I 4234 1^ ''''' • I 41764
• SQIi^ong mdy ATM/100 0 0 0 ngirdt
Mguon Co" sd du lieu Worldbank
Ve dich vy cho vay. Cac to chffc tin dung can nang cao CO hdi tie'p can dich vu cho vay cho ngffdi dSn, dac biet la ngffdi cd thu nhap tha'p thdng qua hoat dpng, nhtf: md rdng dd'i ttfdng cho vay, md rdng chinh sdch tfu dai cho vay, da dang cdc san pha'm cho vay, ddn gian hda quy trinh cS'p tin dung, thtfc hidn chinh sach lai sua't linh hoat... Dong thdi, tang ctfdng hoat ddng quang bd, tid'p thi tao didu kidn cho khach hang nam bat thdng tin hoat ddng cho vay.
V^" dich vy thanh todn. Ngan hang Nha nffdc t i p trung hoan thidn quy dinh nha ntfdc ve an ninh, an toan trong dich vu thanh todn, dp dung tidu chuan qud'c te* ve an toan, bao mat thdng tin, tanp cffdng kiem tra gidm sat cdng tdc thanh toan the, day manh truydn thdng vd bao mSt, canh gidc va can trpng d khach hang.
Cdc td chtfc tin dung ndi chung can dau ttf he thdng cdng nghd thdng tin va cung vdi dpi ngu nhdn sff gidi de cd the tie'p can cdc dich vu thanh toan da dang theo nhu ciu ngay cang da dang cua khdch hang, cung nhff dd dang ghi nhan, xff ly sff co' rui ro, quan tri va phdng ngffa rui ro trong cac giao dich thanh toan.
Khuyen khich ngffdi dan sff dung he thd'ng thanh todn didn tff, han chd' thanh todn bang tien mat.Q
TAT T.IF.TT THAM K H A O ,
1. Qud'c hdi (2010). Ludt Cde td chffc tin dung, sd'47/2010/QH12, ngay 16/06/2010 2. Qud'c hdi (2017). Ludt Sffa ddi, bd sung mot so dieu cua Ludt Cdc td chffc tin dgng, sd' 17/2017/QH14, ngay 20/11/2017
3. Thu tffdng Chinh phu (2016). Quye't dinh sd 1726/QD-TTg ngdy 05/09/2016phi duyet Di dn Ndng cao khd ndng tii'p can dich vu ngdn hdng cho nen kinh te
A. Thu tffdng Chinh phu (2018). Quyi't dinh sd986/QD-TTg, ngdy 08/08/2018 phi duyet Chii'n luge Phdt trien ngdnh ngdn hdng Viet Nam den ndm 2025, dinh hudng din ndm 2030
' 5. Ngan hang Nha nffdc (2019). Quyit dinh sd34/QB-NHNN, ngdy 07/01/2019 vi viic ban hdnh Chuong trinh hdnh dgng thuc hien Chii'n luge Phdt trien ngdnh ngdn hdng VielNam di'n ndm 2025, dinh hudng din ndm 2030
6. Ngan hang Nha nffdc (2019). Bdo cdo tinh hinh hogt dgng cua cdc td chffe tin dung tgi Viet Nam 1. Uy ban Giam sat Tai chinh Quoc gia (2012-2018). Tinh hinh huy dong vo'n eua hi thdng ngdn hdng cdc ndm, tff 2012 de'n 2018
8. WorldBank (2017). Financial inclusion overview, access to https://www.worldbank.org/en/
topic/fin a nciahnclusion/overview
