\j' DflC DIEM PHflP LU6T TO TUNG CUP NHO NUOC PHONG KIEN VIET NAM
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iet Nam trong tiln trinh Hch su phap luat, phap luat td tyng cua nha nude phong kien cd anh hudng phd quat va tdng thl nhit ftong quan ly nha nude thdi ky nay. Dac dilm cfta qud tiinh qudn ly nha nude thdi quan chu phong kiln dugc tiep can chu ylu tren nam phuong dien cua phap luat td tyng: chinh tri phdp ly va tu tudng lap phap, tiln trinh lap phap, hinh thuc va cau tnic phap luat, ngi dung phap luat va qua trinh dp dung phap luat frong thyc tien xa hdi cua phap luat td tung nha nude phong kien Vi6t Nam. Cd the ndi, day la nhiing ngi dung co bdn ma viec nghien cftu cdn gap nhieu khd khdn bdi nhung tu lieu van bdn gdc ve phap luat nha nude phong kiln khdng cd nhi6u, each xay dyng va ban hanh phap lugt cdn so khai chua cd tinh he thdng, cdn mang nang tinh quan chu chuyen che. Tuy nhien, trong bdi viet nay, tac gia tap trung de cap mgt sd van de ve dac diem phat trien phap luat td tung cua nha nude phong kiln Vi^t Nam mang tinh chdt nghien cftu tham khao.1. Dac diem chinh tri phap ly va tu*
tirong lap phap trong phap luat to tung cua nha nird^c phong kien Viet Nam
Cd the khang dinh dac diem xuyen sudt hB tu tudng chinh tri phap ly Viet Nam trong tien trinh Ucb sft phdp luat la dftc tri ket hpp phap tri trong qua trinh xay dyng nha nude va xdy dyng he thdng phap ludt. Y thuc ve vuong quyen va chft quyen qudc gia ludn la gdc cua qua trinh xdy dyng vd ciing co phap quyen, trong do ham chfta dgo due, phong tuc tap qudn cua ngudi Viet Nam.
Tu tudng phap quyen the hien trong chinh sdch "Than ddn" tiidi Ly, "Khoan thu sue dan"
ThS Hd Thi Lan Phuang' tiidi Tran, "Y£n ddn" thai LS va "Ai dan" thdi Nguyen. Ben canh do la cac chinh sdch kinh te quan sy nhu "Khuyen ndng","Ngu binh u ndng",
"Quan dien che", "Thue cdng tu" mang nhiing dac diem cua ddi sdng xa hdi dan smh, chi phdi va quy dinh he thdng nha nude va phap lugt theo xu hudng nho giao. Chiing ta cd the nhan rd net dac trung ve nha nude va phap luat cua timg thdi ky phong kien cartri xa hgi qua danh gia ciia Le Quy Ddn: "Nu&c ta, nhd Ly mgt che do, nhd Trdn mgt chi do, nhd Li tic d&i Hdng Due tra di la mdt che do ^". Tuong ung vdi che do la tu tudng lap phdp xdy dyng phap luat td tung nham quan tii ddi sdng ciia xa hdi. He tiJ tudng chinh tri phdp ly trong he thdng phap lugt thdi ky quan chft da tao nen dgc diem cua he thdng phap ludt td tung phong kien Viet Nam mang tinh phap luEit tai phiet, cu the nhu: trong xet xft quy dinh cac che tai dinh tgi danh bang cac hinh phat ngu hinh, thap dc, bat nghi, trong dd hdm chfta nhiing npi dung tu tudng chinh tri co ban ciia cdc bd luat phong kien thdi ky nay.
The ky XV, nhd nude Le So ldy nho phap nhu mpt cdng cy thdng nhat quyen lye, la nguyen ly phan tang trong cdu tnic gia dmh va xa hdi: nha, lang va nhd nude. Thdi Le Thdnh Tdng da ludt hda cdc qui pham dao due thdnh qui pham phap luat, yeu td dao due trong dftc tri da ddn dugc dieu cbiitii sang phap tri bang cuong che va che tdi khi vi pham.Thdi Nguyen cd sy thay ddi, he tu tudng chinh tri phap Iy da dnh hudng manh trong ddi sdng xa bdi va trai qua cdc thdi ky lich sft, phdp luat din dilu chinh phong tuc, tap qudn theo xu hudng due tri ket hgp phap tri va trd thanh cdng cu qudn ly CO ban trong ddi sdng xa hpi.
' P. Truang bp mon Nhi nuac va ph^p luSt, Khoa Hanh chinh Hien phap, Dai hpc luat Ha N6i
^ Le Quy Don, Dai Vi?t thong su (Le trieu thdng su)
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Tft tiidi Ly - Trdn (1010 - 1400), quan he phdp ludt trong ddi sdng van hda xa hpi tao budc chuyen bien moi tren nen tang tu duy truyen thdng, sy ket hgp phap quyen va vuong quySn vdi tdn gido tin ngudng va tu tudng chinh tri phdp ly trong mdt the che phap luat. Su ket hpp nay hoan toan cd lgi cho bg may cam quyen. Dieu nay khdc vdi phuong Tdy trong mdi quan he gifta chinh tri, kinh te va dao due, tdn gido. Tgi cac nude phuong Tdy, trong tftng qudc gia va timg khu vuc, che do phong ki8n mang nhung net dac diem rieng cfta timg loai hinh khac nhau. Neu d phuang Ddng nha nude phong kiSn qudn ly theo md hinh kinh te lanh dia va quan he vua chua ndng dan, che do quan chu tap quyen tdn tai ldu dai, ben canh sd huu tu nhdn cdn cd sd hiru nha nude ve rugng dat, nen kinh te vdi quan hg dia chft, ta dien chilm uu thl, thi tai nha nude phong kien phuongTay, dac dilm CO ban cua che do phong kiln la kinh tl lanh dia, quan he lanh chua vd ndng nd phdt triln va dac biet ndi bat nhat d thdi ky nay Id tinh ti-ang cat cu trong quan ly hanh chinh.Trai qua mpt qua trinh phdt trien xa hgi, khoa hpc cdng nghe da trd thanh sftc manh cua phuang Tay.
Cac nude chau Au va chdu My xay dyng thl che nha nude phap luat chu ylu theo hinh thftc cpng hda dan chii. Dft true tilp hogc gidn tiep van cd che do vuong quyln nhung phap tri vdn la muc tieu co ban trong quan ly nha nude cua cac nude thudc khu vuc nay.
Ddi vdi Nha nude phong kiln Viet Nam, viec xay dyng va ban hanh phdp ludt thugc quyln cua hoang dl vd cdc quan tu chinh ftong trieu. Tu sy kien Ly Thdi Tdn yeu ciu quan Trung thu Nguyen Trung Ngan khao scan bg Hinh luat, nhd Le ban Qudc trilu Khdm tung dilu le nam Dinh ddu (1777);
Trinh Sam cho tap hgp hda phap luat td tung, cho din thdi vua Gia Long bien scan bg Hodng Viet ludt le thi cd thl thiy ring cac hoang de Viet Nam gift vai trd la ngudi quylt dinh xdy dyng va ban hdnh phdp ludt cua nha
nude phong kien. Phap luat nha nude Viet Nam thdi ky nay dugc xay dyng tren dilu kien kinh te, xa hgi, chinh tri mang dac dilni;
rieng cua dan tgc Viet, vdi nin kinh tl lua nude ket hgp phong tuc tap quan ldi slug tdm tu tinh cam rieng cfta ngudi phuong Nam bat dau tft thdi Ly, Trdn, Le cho din thdi Trinh Nguyen.
2. Dac diem ve tien trinh xay dyng phap luat to tung cua nha ntrdc phong kiln Viet Nam
Nhin chung tien trinh xay dyng phap lu|t td tung ciia nha nude phong kien Viet Nam qua, timg giai doan lich sft theo chieu hudng hoan chinh dan, dua phap luat vao viec quan ly nha nude, xd hdi. Xdy dung bp luat tu so khai ban ddu den khi cd mpt vi tri co bdn trong co c§u quan ly tdng the toan xa hdi, trd thanh cdng cu thdng nhdt cfta chfnh quyen.
Trong lich su lap phdp Viet Nam, thdi Hiing Vuang va Thuc Phan An Duong Vuong l|p nude chua cd phap luat thanh van. Dilu chinh mdi quan he cua lien minh bp lac chu yeu la cac "phdp lenh khdu truyen". Dieu chinh cac mdi quan he trong cdng ddng dan cu la cac tap quan phap. Sau khi thilt lap he thdng chinh quyen dd hd, nha Tay Han va Ddng Hdn (nam' 111 TCN din nam 220 SCN) da din din ap dung nhftng hinh phgt ha khic ddi vdi nguci ddn khi vi pham phap luat trong hoat dpng tl tung trong viec quan ly nha nuac Au Lac. Mot sd qui dinh vl ludt thul, quy chi quan chftc (6 dieu lenh cam quan chftc), hinh phgt dupe ban ra vd dugc thi hdnh ngay lap tuc. Din thl ky X, nha nude phong kien Viet Nam da ban bo pha^
luat khang dinh timg budc qua trinh ludt hoa trong qudn ly xa hdi. Thang 3 ndm 1002 Le Hoan da dinh ludt lenh va ban bo cac quy djnli phdp luat. Den ndm 1042, Hinh thu dugc ban hanh the hien vai trd quan ly cua mdt trilu dai mdi. Den day, phep xft an dugc ban bo rd rang, phap luat da chinh thftc can thiep vdo quan ly nha nude va chinh vi vay da cd sy anh hudng
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den chinh tri, kinh t l va xd hdi. Nha vua da thyc hien ddi nien hieu la Minh Dao va ddng tien Minh dao dugc ban hanh. Qua dd cho tiiay, trieu Ly da k l thfta luat van cfta cdc t h l he tnxac, sua dinh Ludt lenh cho phft hgp vdi yeu ciu cua xd hgi va Bg luat nha Ly dugc coi Id rit tien dung thdi ky nay. Theo Phan Huy Chu, bg Hinh thu trilu Ly cd 3 quyln, day la Bg luat phap dien dau tien cfta nha nude Dai Viet, Bg luat da dugc chia thanh mdn loai va cd cac dieu khoan ro rang. Muc dich xdy dyng phap ludt td tyng cua trieu Ly hudng tdi loi ich cho toan dan va giam bdt sy ha khic, khic nghiet cua hinh phat trong thuc thi phap lugt td tung trudc dd.
Tren nen tang cfta phap luat thdi Ly, thdi Tran nam 1230 tiln hanh khao xet cdc ludt le cfta trilu trudc, soan thdnh ""Qudc triiu thdng chi" va sfta ddi hinh ludt, l l nghi gdm 20 quyen. Hinh luat nam 1230 cd ten ggi la "'Qudc trieu hinh lugt" den ndm 1244 dd dinh ra cac each thftc ve hinh luat trong do cd cac quy dinh va cac che tai cu the. Nam 1341 bd ""Hodng trieu dgi dien " va ""Hinh ludt thu " dugc ban hanh. N h u vgy v l co ban phdp ludt tiidi Trin cung mang nhiing dac trung phdp luat thdi Ly song da xuit hien cdc bp tap hgp hda phdp ludt gpi la Dai Dien va dugc tdp hgp theo hinh thuc"Co«g vdn cdeh thuc ", d day da cd sy phan biet gifta luat, lenh, dilu le.
Xet duoc gdc do ky thudt lap phap, hinh thftc cau tnic va ngi dung van ban ""Qudc triiu hinh ludt" va ""Qudc triiu khdm tung diiu le "
thdi nha Le Id nhiing bg lugt phap dien ndi tieng nhat trong hch sft lap phdp Viet Nam thdi cd tnmg dai. Bg "Qudc trieu kham tyng dieu le" ban hanh vao nam Dinh Ddu (nam 1777) ddi vua Le Hien Tong nien hieu Canh Hung ndm thft 38 la mgt trong nhiing bd luat td tiong dau tien trong lich lap phap cfta nha nude phong kien Viet Nam. "Qudc trieu khdm tung
dieu le" cd tdng cdng 31 le (dieu), bat dau la Thdng le ve kham tung, Le ve ngudi di kien khieu nai Quan xet dn, Le ve nhdt trinh sai ngudi di ddi ggi hau tda cfta Quan xet an va ket thiic Id Le than sftc lgi dich. Toan bg ngi dung cua van ban phdp luat nay quy dinh rat ro rang, cu the ve trinh tyjcien tung vd xet xft.
3 . D a c diem h i n h thirc va cau triic p h a p l u a t to t u n g cua n h a nirdc p h o n g kien Viet Nam
Hinh thirc, cdu true phdp lugt td lung Vdi nha nude phong kien Viet Nam, viec xdy dyng bd quy tac phap lugt theo tu tudng dftc tri, le tri, nhan tri vao "Qudc trilu Hinh ludt", ""Qudc trieu khdm tung diiu li" va
"Hoang Viet Ludt Le" la minh chiing cho qua trinh ludt hda nhirng gia tri cua Due L l Nhan.
Dimg phdp tri de bao ve due tri, vi phgm gid tri dao due deu bixft ly bing hinh phat rit cy the. Su phdi hgp Dftc tiri Phap tri trong td tung
"Dftc chu phdp bd" "Ngoai phdp ngi nho" la dgc diem chung co ban cua phdp lugt thdi ky nay. Trong Gia Long trieu Nguyin da khing dinh: ""Dung lugt phdp dixie tdi diing dgo dice de gido hda, hai diiu dy khdng thien ben ndo, bd ben ndo".^
Khi thiet lap nen nen tu phdp phap tri, nha nude phong kien xay dyng ti-ong cdc bg Hgi Dien nhu; Thien Nam du ha tap, Hdng Dftc thien chinh thu, Qudc trilu thu khi thl thftc, Kham dinh Dai Nam Hgi Dien su le, Minh Menh chinh yen va hdu hit cac bd tap-hgp hda phdp ludt Hien chuong qua cdc trilu dai, phap luat td tung dugc ket hpp song song quy dinh cu the trong cac dieu ludt (le), quan xet xft eft cdn cu vdo dd de ra phan quyet, ke cd cac an hinh sy hay dan su, ngoai ra cung quy dinh ludn che tdi ddi vdi quan chftc vi pham phdp luat, tdt ca deu nam trong duy nhit mdt bd ludt CO ban. Vi du, Dilu 141, 294, 374, 375, 376, 388, 585 Qudc trieu Hinh luat; vdn d l huong
^ Theo Hoang Viet Luat Le
o
hda diln san trong Hdng Dftc Thien chinh thu;
cdc mau van ban khe udc hgp ddng dan su vd di chuc trong Qudc trilu Thu khi the thftc;
chinh sdch trgng ndng va chinh sdch dan tgc trong Minh Menh chinh ylu deu mang tu tudng phap tri ket hgp dftc tii.
Xet tren gdc dd ngdn ngu chft viet, chft yeu sft dung cha Hdn. Ve loai hinh van ban: cd Bd lugt, Hgi diln, LSnh truyen, Chau ban. N6u so sach vdi cac loai hinh van bdn phap ludt Viet Nam va Trung Qudc thi he thdng van ban cua Viet Nam gian don hon. Loai hinh van ban phdp luat bd sung thdi Le chu yeu la chieu, lenh, le, dieu le, Trieu Nguyen chu yeu la cac chieu, du, chi. Cdn cd rat nhieu nhiing loai van bdn hanh chinh khdc nhu: truyen, sai, phd, cdng di, khien, bieu, tdu, sd, khai van, cdn khai van. Cac Bg luat Hdi dien Viet Nam dugc xay dyng tren cung mgt loai hinh thuc cau tnic van ban va ngi dung co ban chft yeu ve cdc nhdm mdi quan he gia dinh, hon nhan, dien sdn, td tyng, quan chftc, quan ddi, ngudi gia, tre em, phu nft, chinh sach xd hpi, ehl dp nd ty, kem theo do la cac che tai xft phgt cu the.
Ngudn xdy dyng phdp ludt td tung Ngudn xay dyng phap luat thdi ky nay la sy ke thfta cac bd luat, cac van ban quy pham phdp lugt ciia cdc trilu dgi trudc do. Tft su binh thanh ban dau cd tinh so khai qua qua trinh phdt trien ciia lich su dan dugc hoan thien va trd thanh cdng cu quan ly co ban va hieu qua nhat. Nhihig bp lugt ra ddi sau cd tinh kl thfta va hoan thien hon cac bp lugt ra ddi trudc dd.
Tinh kl thfta he thing phdp luat ludn dugc khang dinh thdng qua viec sua dinh, khao soan cho thich irng vdi thdi thl xa hgi va ludn la muc tieu hudng tdi ciia nha nude phong kiln Viet Nam.
Diim tuang ddng trong xay dung phdp ludt td tyng cd thl nhan tiiiy khi so sanh Bp ""Qudc triiu khdm tung diiu li" vdi Hoang Viet luat le, Hinh Thu, Hinh ludt, cac chilu che lenh, each, thuc, sac, le ve cau true chuong quyln.
ciu tnic dieu luat, dieu le, cac sach thu, chigtf thu, che thu, cdc bg Hgi dien tft thdi nha Ly din thdi nha Tran va cho den thdi nha Nguygn sau nay deu cd sy tuong ddng mang ti'nh k£
thua va phat trien.
Diim tien bd cang ve sau co cau quan \j nha nude cac trieu d^i sau nay cang ho^
thien hon, kinh te xd hgi cang phat triln do!
hdi phap lugt ciing can phdi hoan thien, vi th^, tit ca cdc bd luat ra ddi trudc deu cd xu hudng dirng cdng cu che tai phdp luat de can eft vao do xet xu va ra dn quyet de dam bao sy cong bdng trong xa hgi, nhung nhirng bd luat ra doi cdng sau cang hoan chinh hon ca ve thl thiic va ngi dung dieu chinh.
4. Dac diem ve ngi dung phap luat to tung ciia nha nir^c phong kien Viet Nam
Phap luat nha nude phong kien ket hpp ™ quan dpi la cdng cy co ban va chu yeu nh5m muc dich bdo ve quyen luc quan chu chuyen che cua nha vua, bao ve chirih the quan chii va an ninh qudc phdng, chu quyen quoc gia va quan he ddi ngoai. Nha nude phong kien voi cdng cu bao gdm cdc bg lugt nhu Qudc trieu Hinh ludt, Qudc tridu Kham tung Dilu le yi cac bd luat khdc de thiSt lap nen thl ehl, che tai nhdm muc tieu dam bao an ninh bien ai, bao ve dan cu, bao ve chinh thl quan chu cua nha nude va an toan xa hdi.
Khi so sanh Qudc trilu hinh luat va Quoc trieu Kham tung Dilu le cd thl thiy Qudc tiilu Kham tung Dieu le vfta mang tinh cdn bang gifia luat cdng va ludt tu, giua phdp ludt dieu chinh cac quan he trong co cau co quan nha nude vdi tap quan phap, gifta quyln lgi cpng ddng vdi quyen lgi ca nhan cftng nhu mdi qua^
he gifta hd gia dinh va cdc co quan cdng chinh chinh quyln. Nhung trong Qudc trilu Kham tung Dieu le cdn cd cdc quy dinh ciing nhu che tai xft phat trong cac ITnh vyc khac nhau ciia ddi sdng xa hdi dugc phdn biet cu thl va ro rang hon, ranh gidi cac quy pham phap luat quy dinh cy till ban dl dam bao cdng bdng
^^
tirong xa hdi khi dp dung xet xft ddi vdi cdc tiirdng hgp cu thl. Cac qui dinh vl chuc thu, vdn khe, gia thu, tft he, thfta kl, huong hda dugc ke thua va phat huy trong sudt thdi ky ti-ilu Nguyin va bd sung cho Bd lugt Gia Long ti-ong ftng dung thuc tien. Cdc bd lu$t khac cung vay, neu so sanh mgt sd chi tai trong Hoang viet luat \& se bi xu phgt nang hon Qudc trilu hinh luat, Qudc ti-ilu Kham lung Dilu le.
Vi du nhu: xft phat ddi vdi cdc tdi xam hai din chinh the quan chu hay ngudi gia trudng trong gia dinh, cung nhu xft phat ddi vdi phy nu mic tgi thgp ac, trgm cdp, thdng dam thi Hoang viet lugt le da bd qua nhiing dilm tiln bg cd tinh ddn chft nhan van ban can kl thfta trong Qudc ti-ilu hinh luat, Qudc trilu Kham tyng Dilu le ca ve dan sy, hdn nhan, gia dinh.Tuy nhien, du sao de khac phyc nhiing van de ndy thi luat Gia Long ciing da ghi rd: ""nhimg ITnh vyc ndo ludt khdng diiu chinh thi cdn cu vdo lugt cu md xu "
(TiSn le phap).
Ciing nhu bat ky mdt he thdng phap luat nao tren the gidi, phdp luat phong kien Viet Nam dugc xay dyng nham dn dinh trdt ty xa hgi, trimg phat mgi hanh vi vi pham phap luat vdi muc dich bao ve nha nude, vuong quyln, bao ve con ngudi, tinh mang, tai san va su phat trien cua xa hgi. Trong mdt sd cdng trinh nghien cftu trudc day ciia cac tdc gia Dinh Gia Trinh, Vu Van Mdu, Nguyin Quang Qu^nh trong cdc sdch chuyen khdo vl cd luat cd de cap den nhiing ndi dung mang tinh ket hgp nghien cftu Hch sft va phap luat trong he thdng phdp ludt cac trieu dai nhu thdi nha Le vdi tdp quan phap ve khe udc, huong hda, di6n san, thua kl, quyen cua ngudi phu nfi, cac chinh sach trgng ndng. Cu the, trieu Le trong cac quy pham phap luat cfta Quoc trieu Khdm tung Dieu le quy dinh ve sd hiru, khe udc va trach nhiem ddn sy; ve hinh phat tien va chudc hinh phat bang tien, ve chinh sdch vdi ngudi ngheo, ve quan che, ve lugt phdp
bang giao va thuong mai, ve nghi le thd cung va luat huong hda. Cac bd Hdi dien va cac van ban nhu Chilu, Lenh, Le, Dy, Chi the hien ro han ve phong tuc, tap qudn da 4ugc dan chieu-dieu chinh bang cac diSu luat hoac khi nghien cihi ve phap ludt thdi nha Nguyen cung nhu vay.
5. Bac di@m ciia qua trinh ap dung phap luat to tung cua nha niro^c phong kien Viet Nam
Khi so sdnh cdc Bg luat nhd nude phong kien Viet Nam vdi cdc nude trong khu vuc Chau A va the gidi ciing thdi, cd the danh gia mdt each ddy du toan dien vl sy tiln bg cua phap ludt trieu Le va cac trieu dai khdc. So vdi Luat "NgQ giai cdm " cua Ldo, ludt Nd li ciia Campuchia, Bd \\iat"Bdch phdp"cixa Nh^t Ban, Bd ludt Duang Minh Thanh cfta Trung Qudc ta thdy ndi dung di8u chinh cua cdc bg ludt cua Viet Nam cd ti§n bg ro ret va mang tinh dan chu, can bdng gifta quyln lye cdng vd cdc quyen cua con ngudi trong ddi sdng xa hgi ndi chung. Cdn neu so sanh vdi cdc nude Trung cdn Dong va An Do thi phap luat cdc nude nay cdn mang ndng tinh chit tdn giao hon (An Do giao, Hdi giao) do tdn gido da dieu chinh cac quan h6 phdp lugt. CJ phuong Tay thl ky XV - XVII, Ludt Nha thd va Tda an giao hgi van dieu chinh cac quan he trong xd hgi chdu Au vd do do cac lanh chfta vdi lanh dia cfta minh deu cd phap ludt rieng ma nhd vua it can tbidp, quyen lye cfta gido bdi ben canh quyen lye cfta nha vua, nhung quyen luc cfta gido hdi thdi ky ndy rit Idn, chi phdi va giam bdt sy anh hudng dia vi cua nhd vua trong xd hgi. Thdi ky nay, ben cgnh Tda an cua nha vua cdn cd Tda an cfta gido hpi dugc thiet lap. Tda dn giao bdi cd quyen Iyc rdt Idn, cd the xet xft tgi td gido, bd dao, ddi Idp chinh kien, liy nhilu vg, trgm cap tdi sdn nha thd. Cdc vu an dupe dem ra xet xft khdng chi la nhiing vu an vl hinh sy
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ma cdn ca nhung vu an ve ddn su, vu an ve tdn giao^.
Viec dp dung phdp luat ti-ong co quari xet xft cfta nha nude phong kiln Vet Nam rat rd rdng. Tit ca diu qui dinh trong mdt bg luat co ban ca vl luat ndi dung va lugt hinh thftc (thu tuc). Cac chi tai dugc dp dung cho mgi ddi tugng tft quan lgi cho den thudng dan khdng phan biet. Trinh ty td tiing cung dugc quy dinh rit cu thl, tft viSc ti:inh don khdi kien cho den thu ly va dua ra xet xu deu phai dua tren bang chung va pham tgi qua tang cd chftng eft cu the ro rang. Nhu trong "Qudc trieu khdm tung dieu 16", Le titift 24 quy dinh: "phdi bdt dugc qud tang hogc phdi cd tang chimg ro rdng vd trong vdng ] 0 ngdy phdi nop dan kien lap thdnh bien bdn, Quan khdm dn mai dugc thu ly; phdi cd tang ehimg ro rdng, neu tra khdng diing sy thyc se bi xir phgt. Ke ndo viphgm dieu ndy thi cho Quan sodt tung dua ra xic theo khda phdp ". Q day, viec xet xu thudc ve Quan khdm dn, nhung giam sdt qua trinh td tung lai la Quan soat tung, khi vi phgm tbi quan an ciing bi xu nhu ngudi dan.
Khi Bp luat quy dinh ve trinh tu thu tuc td tyng dugc ban hdnh thanh sdch (van ban) thi theo dd la cdc yeu cau hudng ddn ciing ddng thdi dugc xay dyng va ban hanh thyc thi ngay lap tftc va kem theo la cdc che tai dugc dp dung de ddm bdo viec tuan thu tuySt ddi doi vdi Bd luat dd. Trong "Qudc trieu Khdm tung dilu 16"
cd quy dinh "Tu nay ve sau tuan theo Dieu le ma kham xet xft an, ddng thdi truyen cho Quan nha va cdc lai dich nhit thl tuan hanh. Nlu khinh thudng tuy tien lam tit vd khdng bilt cit nhic thudc vien, dung tiing lan nhau lam dilu te hai thi quylt khdng till tha tdi."^
Nghien cuu va so sanh vdi phap luat td tung thdi ky hien dai sau nay, tren thl gidi vd d Viet Nam, nhd nude xay dung va ban hanh
phdp lugt trong viec quan Iy nha nude, xa hpf da tach rieng hanh phap va tu phdp. Tren ccr so Hien phap, nha nude xay dyng mdt sd bp luja chung CO ban va rat nhieu luat chuyen nganh, IChi dd, phap luat td tung trd thanh cong c\i dilu chinh rieng trong ITnh vyc tu phap, no khdng cdn la mdt bd luat duy nhit, mdt cong cy phap ly don thuan trong quan ly xd hpi nhu thdi ky nha nude phong kien trudc day nua ma da bao gdm mdt sd bd luat, luat dugc cu th^
bda dilu chinh nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhau, cac dieu luat di kem che tai dugc dp dung ciing khdc nhau, don cu trong phap lugt td tung ve hinh su va dan sy kinh te, hanh chinh chiing ta thay rd van de ndy. Xet ve vai trd cua co quan tiln hanh td tyng, ngudi tien hanh td tung, ngudi tham gia td tyng trong phdp ludt nha nude thdi hien dai trong dd cd Viet Nam cung vdy. Phdp ludt nhd nude phong kien thi quyen luc mang tinh tdp trung tap quyen, nhung vdi nha nude ky hien dai thi da mang tinh phan quyen co bdn. Ranh gidi dieu chinh va tieu chi dp dung phdn tdng theo mdt chu trinh nhat dinh, di kem vdi nd la cac quy dinh tiach nhiem phdp ly dugc quy dinh ro rang, cu the, da dgng. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat tiien ciia lich sft, cang ve sau khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe thdng tin ngay cang phat trien hien dai hon, con ngudi cang van minh hon doi hoi phap ludt quan ly nhd nude, xd hpi cung ngay cang phat triln va hoan thien hon mdi dap ung dugc yeu ciu khach quan dd. Nhung trong giai doan hch sft thdi ky nay cho thay r6 nhd nude phong kiln Viet Nam da cd nhiing tien bp vugt bde trong viec ban hanh phdp luat td tung theo trinh ty thu tuc nhit dinh va viec dp dung vao quan ly xa hdi th6 hien sy thong nhdt, tien bg, dan chu vd khoa hgc ban nhiing thdi ky trudc dd va ban ca phap lugt cua cac nude trong khu vyc./.
* Xem them: Nguyin Minh Tuin (2014), Gido trinh Hch sunha nude vdphdp ludt thi gidi, NXB Chinh trj qufic gia, m NOi, Tr. 177 >- /- - s
* Trich noi dung Lenh hTiySn frong "Quoc triSu Khdm tung dilu le"
