xay dung h^ thdng tieu chi danh gia su phat trien nong nghiep thanh phd Ha Noi theo huong b^n vimg
Nguyin Thi C ^ Thuy
Truong Dao tao can bo Le Hong Phong Thanh ph6' Ha NOi
Thanh phd Hi Ndi dupe dinh gii la cd dieu kidn phti hpp dd phit trien mdt ndn ndng nghiep da dang, ben vung.
Tuy nhien, Uen thuc td, nganh ndng nghiep cua thinh phd vin cdn ton tai nhidu han ehd, ehua cd chi tieu dinh gii phat trien ndng nghidp theo hudng ben viing. Do viy, viee nghien ciru, tim ra ehi tieu phat trien ndng nghiep theo hudng bdn vung la vd eiing eip thidt, tir do de xuat cic giii phip phu hpp vi mang Unh khi thi cao.
1. Niiom ciii tieu flanii ^la pliat trien nong ngiiiep tiieo iiuvng ben vtrng ve mat kinti te
Cie ehi tidu dinh phat trien ndng nghidp theo hudng ben vtrng ve kinh td bao gdm: Chi tidu ting trudng GDP ndng nghiep va ti trpng GDP ndng nghidp so vdi tdng gii tri GDP toin ndn kinh td dat miic cao;
ehi tidu CO cau kinh te ndng nghiep ehuydn dieh theo hudng CNH, HDH; Chi tieu ea ciu GDP trong ndi bd nginh ndng nghiep.
- GDP ndng nghidp vi ti trpng GDP ndng nghidp so vdi tdng gii tri GDP toin ndn kinh td.
Ddi vdi cie viing, qude gia dang phit tridn cd diem xuat phat thap, ndn kinh te dua vao sin xu^t ndng nghidp li ehii ydu, ti trpng eua ndng nghidp thudng chidm tu 20 — 30% GDP. Trong khi dd, d c i c nude phit tiidn, ndng nghiep ehi ehidm tii 1 — 7%. GDP nong nghiep ciia Vidt Nam n i m 2017 chidm 15,34%
Uong tdng GDP e i nude. Ty trpng GDP ndng nghidp ciia thinh phd Hi Ndi li 8,5%, ting trudng hang nim khoing tir 2-4
Ting trudng GDP tpin thinh phd cd xu hudng ting nhung ting trudng GDP trong nganh ndng nghiep khdng ting, thim ehi ed nim giam manh (2011). Viy, cin thuc day ting trudng nginh ndng nghiep de nginh ndng nghidp ddng gdp nhieu hon cho tang trudng chung eiia thinh phd. Vdi nhimg didu kidn hien tai vi khi ning thue te, ehi tidu GDP ndng nghidp ddng gdp vao GDP ciia thinh phd phii ting hing n i m tir 17-18%, duy tri tdc dp ting tmdng nginh ndng nghidp 3,5-4%.
- Chi tidu CO cciu kinh td ndng nghidp chuyen djch theo hudng CNH, HDH
Theo xu hudng hidn nay Uen the gidi va d nude ta, CO ciu kinh td se chuydn dieh theo hudng giim din U trong eiia ndng nghidp, tang U Upng ciia cdng nghidp va dich vu. Ndng nghidp sd ngiy eang chiem mdt ti trpng
nhd trong co ciu kinh td, song quy md gii tri sin xuit van khdng ngCmg tang len nhd viec day manh ling dyng tidn bd khoa hpe ki Thuat, nang cao nang suit, chit lupng sin pham. Trong ndi bd nginh ndng nghidp thi xu hudng se giim ty trpng nginh trdng trpt vi chin nudi, tang ty trpng nginh djeh vu ndng nghidp.
Trong 10 n i m qua (2008-2017) co ciu kinh td ndng nghiep thanh phd Ha Ndi d i ehuydn djeh theo xu hudng chung, tiie la tang dan ty trong nganh dieh vu, giam dan ty trpng nginh trdng trpt, lam nghiep.
Baag 1: Co ciu gU Irt iiu xuit ndng ngbl^ tbinh pbS Ha N^l 2008.2017 Ndm
200S 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Trdng trpt, lim ugblip 51.2%
41,74%
44.02%
39.SS%
42,4%
40.34%
41,14%
40,28%
44,4%
Chin nu6l, thdy l i n 46,9%
55,42%
52.75%
56,89%
54,4%
56.48%
55.89%
56,71%
52,56%
D|cbvn ndng Dglil^p
1,9%
2,84%
3,23%
3,23%
3,2%
3,18%
2,97%
3,01%
3,04%
Ngu6n B a o c a o h a n g n a m c u a S o N N & P T N T T P H a N d i
Co ciu gia tri sin xuit nginh trdng trpt, lim nghidp cd xu hudng giim vi ca cau gii tri nginh dich vu ndng nghidp ed xu hudng tang nhung cdn han ehd.
Nhu vay, de dinh gia ndng nghiep thinh phd Hi Ndi phit trien theo hudng ben viing thi co cau kinh te phii Uep tuc chuyen djch theo hudng giam ty Upng nganh trdng trpt, lim nghidp, chin nudi, thiiy sin, ting ty trpng nganh dich vu ndng nghiep.
Chi tieu: nganh trdng trot, lim nghiep 40%; chin nudi, thiiy sin 50%; dieh vu ndng nghiep 10%.
- Chi tidu gia tri san xuat ndng nghiep v i eo eiu GTSX trong npi bd nganh ndng nghiep (chan nudi, thiiy san, trdng trot, lam nghiep, djeh vu ndng nghidp) dupe tao ra tren mdt dan vi linh thd, trong mdt thdi ki
13
NGHIEN CUU
nhit dinh. Hien cd su chuydn dich theo hudng: giim ti trpng nginh trdng trpt, ting ti trpng eiia nganh chin nudi va dich vu ndng nghiep. Nginh ndng nghidp thanh phd Ha Ndi cung van ddng theo xu hudng ehung dd.
Theo dinh gia xu hudng phit trien thi chi tieu gii tri sin xuit ndng nghidp theo hudng ben viing phai dat 50.000 — 60.000 nghin ty dong/nim (theo gii cd dinh)
B i n g 2: Cof eiu gii tr) trong ngi bg n g i p h NN (Iritn aAng/ha) N i m S i n x u i t abut T r i n g ti^t. C h i n nudi, D|cb vif
nghlCT lim nghiep thuy »in nong nghia) 2010
2011 2012 2013 2014 201S 2016 2017
147,1 188.4 192,2 212,4 231 233 239 243
62.76 75,13 81,49 90,05 93.18 95,85 96,26 107.8
107,19 104,55 115,54 130,46 130,22 135.53 127.7
6.08 6.16 7,36 6,93 7.24 7,5 Nguon: Cao cao Mog nSm cua Sir NN APT NT TP Ha Npi
Diy li chi tieu eu thd phan inh hidu qui ciia sin xuit ndng nghidp, thd hidn kha ning ting nang suit bing vide ap dung cic bien phip KHKT, eii tidn ki thuit sin xuat, cii tao dit. Vay nen, tren cung mdt di$n tieh dit, gii tri sin pham ndng nghiep duoc tao ra cing nhieu khi sir dung cd hieu qui cic bien phap KHKT. Chinh vi viy, d eie nude phat trien, mic dii dien tieh dit ndng nghiep khdng nhidu vi ngay eang bi thu hep, nhung gii tri sin xuat ndng nghidp lai ngiy eing ting, do chinh Ii ket qui ciia su phat trien nen ndng nghiep hidn dai cdng nghe eao.
Dd phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng ben vung trong nhung n i m tidp theo, thanh phd Hi Ndi can day manh hon niia vide i p dung KHKT, phit tridn ndng nghiep theo hudng tham canh hien dai, san xuat quy md Idn. Gii tri tao ra tren mot ha dit ndng nghiep dat 300-400 tridu ddng.
Nhu viy, phit trien ndng nghiep theo hudng ben vttng ve kinh te la sir dung hieu qui cie ngudn luc dd ting ning suit lao ddng, gia ting gia tn sin lupng dd d i p ling nhu eau xi hdi ve san pham ndng nghiep.
Phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng ben viing ve kinh
ngheo giQa cic ting Idp vi nbdm x i hdi, giim cac td nan xa hpi, ngudi din dupe chim sdc siic khde, y te, tirng bude ning eao ddi sdng vit chit va tinh thin cho ngudi ndng din. Theo dd cie chi tieu phat tri^n nong nghiep theo hudng bdn vtmg vd mat xi hpi bao gdm:
- Chi tidu thu nhip binh quin diu ngudi khu vue ndng nghidp
Thu nhip binh quin ciia ngudi din ndng thdn dupe tinh bing GDP cua toan bd ndn kinh td ehia cho tdng din sd sdng d ndng thdn Uong eiing thdi diem.
De phin anh rd hon su phan hda giua thinh thi - ndng thdn, ta cd thd so sanh nd vdi thu nhip binh quin cua ngudi din thinh thi v i so vdi muc binh quin toan thinh phd.
Theo tdng cue thdng ke, thu nhap ngudi din td sin xuat ndng, lim nghiep, thuy sin ciia Ha Ndi thip hon mat bing chung mdt so tinh trong c i nude. Viy mudn phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng bdn viing, chi tidu dua ra cho nhiing nam tidp theo la thu nhip lu ndng nghidp phai vupt len trdn thu nhip tmng binh ciia ea nude. Chi tidu 5bo.OOOd/ngudi/thing hoic b^ng 2,5 lin thu nhap binh quin/ ngudi n i m 2008.
2.2. Chi tieu ti Id Iao ddng ndng nghidp trong tdng sd lao ddng toan thinh phd. Chi tieu nay phan anh vai trd v i hieu q u i ciia san xuit ndng nghidp theo hudng bdn vung
Bang 3: Ca ciu lao d^ng Sang lim vUc trong d^ t u i l pbSn theo nginh kinh te (96)
CamnTc Thinh thj Nong ihon HaNpi
Ty tr9ng LB trong nginh nong, lim nghlfp v i Riuy siin 51,9 13,4 66,4 31.4
Ty tr^ng L S Irogg nginh cong n g b l ^ v i l i y dvng
21,6 32,0 17.6 27.7
T J t r 9 B g I 3 trong Bginh 26,5 54,6 16,0 40,9 NguSn. Tdng diiu tr. la^Vi^t Nam 2009
Theo xu hudng phit trien, ti le lao ddng trong linh vuc ndng nghidp se ngay cang giim. Co eau lao ddng cua thinh phd Ha Ndi ngiy nay cd xu hudng giim lao ddng trong linh vuc ndng nghidp, do toe dp dd thi hda ngiy cang nhanh, dit ndng nghiep giam dan thay the te mang tinh dn dinh liu dii ve tdc dd tang trudng, co cho dit dd thj, mdt bd phin lao ddng ndng nghiep eau hpp ly, hidu qua sanxuit cao...nhim d i p ling yeu chuydn sang lim edng viec khie, hoae di c u r a d d t h i
Qua thdng ke vd din sd, va ea eiu lao ddng dang lim vide trong do tudi. De phat trien ndng nghidp Hi Ndi phat tri^n theo hudng ben vung, tie gia dit chi tidu ve ty Id lao ddng ndng nghidp chidm 20-25% trong tdng sd lao ddng cua tiiinh phd, ty le lao ddng qua dao tao 55%. 5
Sd kg luong thuc binh quin theo dau ngudi: Tidu ciu ngiy cang cao eiia x i hpi.
2. Niiom Giii tieu danh gia piiat trien nong ngiiiep tiieo iiirdng ben vung ve mat xa lioi
Phat trien ndng nghiep theo hudng ben vtmg ve xa hdi chinh la su ddng gdp eu the ciia ndng nghidp eho phit tridn x i hdi, dam bao su edng bing trong phat
trien. Phat trien bdn vung ndng nghiep ve x i hpi phii ^.^^ ^iy phin inh tinh dn dinh cua nen sin xuit none d i m bao cho cudc sdng ciia ngudi ndng din ngay nghiep, dim bao ddi sdng eiia ngudi dan the hien d sd cang dupe ning cao nhu: nang eao thu nhap binh j^g luong thyc ma mdi ngudi ed dupe trong nam. Nen quin khu vuc ndng thdn, ty le iao ddng trong linh vuc ^^^g nghidp ehi dat dupe su phit trien bdn vung khi ndng nghiep giam, sd lupng iuong thuc binh quin/ ^.^ng cap du luang thuc cho ngudi dan vi vuot tren d^u ngudi ting, tao nhieu viec lim, giam that nghidp, ^iiic binh quin ciia ca nude,
gdp pban xoi ddi giim ngheo, giam khoing each giiu
1 4 K'NH Tfi CHAU A - THAI BIMH DuQNB ITHAMG S / ZO 1 9]
Theo thdng kd thi Chi tieu luong thuc binh quin eda ndn ndng nghidp theo hudng bdn vung thanh phd Ha Ndi se phii eao hon tmng binh tmng ea nude khoang: 500-600kg/ngudi
- Chi tieu phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng bdn vimg gin vdi xoi ddi giim nghdo vi xoa ddi giim nghdo bdn vimg, giam ehdnh lech giau ngheo, thuc hien cdng bing xa hdi. Phai tao didu kidn cho mpi ngudi din, nhcit Ii nhiing ngudi trong hoan cinh khd khin ddu ed ca hdi tidp cin cdng b&ng eie dieh vu x i hdi eo b i n ve giio due, y te, thdng tin...mang Unh an sinh xa hdi, diy la mdt ydu cau rSt quan trpng gdp phan thuc hien edng bing xa hdi d nude ta hidn nay.
Ty le bd ngheo phin d^u giim 2%/nam.
- Chi Udu phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng bdn vUng tao ddi sdng van hoi tinh thin linh manh trong nhin din. Theo dd, day manh phong Uao xay dung lang xa vin hoi, phuc hdi v i phat trien vin h o i tmyen thdng, ning cao chit lugng va hidu qui cac thiet che van hoi, bio vd vi tdn tao cic di tich Ijch sii, van hoi, danh lam thing cinh, dip ling nhu ciu hudng thu vin boi va phit huy tiem ning sing tao vin hoi eua nhin din;
- Chi tieu phit tridn ndng nghidp theo hudng bdn vung gin vdi ddi mdi vi ning cao chat lupng he thdng giao due, y td, phuc vu su nghidp phit tridn kinh td - x i hdi. Vide ting ngan sich cho giio due va d i o t^o, tao didu kien eho ngudi ngheo duae hoc tip. Cae chinh sich uu dai ngudi tii se tao ddng lue cho ngudi Iao ddng trau ddi trinh dd phuc vu cho phit tridn ndng nghiep, xay dung ndng thdn mdi.
Nhu vay, Nhdm cie chi tieu phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng b^n viing vd xa hdi nhim muc dich tao viec lam, thu nhip dn dinh cho ngudi iao ddng, xoi ddi giim ngheo, ning eao trinh dp din tri vi ddi sdng vat ehcit, tinh thiin eiia ngudi ndng din.
3. NiTom ciii tieu flanii i^ia piiat trien nong ngiiiep tiieo iitfong ben vung ve mat moi truong
Phit trien ndng nghiep theo hudng b^n vimg vd mdi trudng li trong qui trinh sin xuit phai khai thie hap ly, sii dung tidt kidm vi hidu q u i tai nguyen thidn nhien, phdng ngiia, ngin chan, xii ly va kidm soit cd hieu qua d nhidm mdi trudng, quy hoach khai thie, sir dung tiet kiem ngudn tii nguydn, d i m b i o duy tri dp mau md ciia dit, giam thidu su d nhidm khdng khi v i ngudn nude.
- Chi tieu dinh gia sd lupng, ch^t luong ciia cae ydu Id tai nguyen thidn nhidn dd ed ke hoach sii dung nguon tai nguydn thien nhidn hpp ly, d i e bidt la ngudn tii nguydn khdng tii tao . Khai thae ngudn tii nguydn thien d mdt gidi han nhit dinh se eho phep mdi tmdng tiep tuc hd trp didu ki^n sdng cho con ngudi vi c i c sinh vit sdng trdn trai d^t, khai tbic khdng ngung d i n den eb^t lupng eua cac ydu td thidn nhidn giim sut, vi viy ludn cin duac coi trong vi thudng xuydn duac
danh gii, kiem dinh de cd ke hoach khai thie va su dung hop ly. Vide dinh gia phai dupe thuc hidn thudng xuydn, hang nim.
- Chi tidu ve mire dd sii dung phin bdn, thudc tni siu, cic che hda phim trong sin xuat ndng nghiep dim bao trong kha ning chiu tii eiia mdi trudng. Ngiy nay, sin xuat ndng nghidp khdng chi phu thudc hoan toin vao thidn nhien, m i cdn phu thude bdi eie ydu td phu tra nhu, phin bdn, hda pham, may mdc... cac ydu td niy mdt mit h6 trp cho ndng nghiep rit tich cue, nhung mat khac lai li tic nhin giy hai eho mdi trudng ndu khdng sii dung dung. Vi vay chi Udu ve sit dung hda phim trong ndng nghidp trong gidi han li rit quan trpng Uong phat Uien ndng nghidp theo hudng ben vtrng.
- Chi tieu vd sir tuin thii quy dinh mdi trudng eua ngudi din trong phit trien ndng nghidp theo hudng ben virng. Phit trien bdn vtrng ndng nghidp ve mdi trudng nhim b i o vd mdi trudng sdng, b i o vd sue khoe cho con ngudi vi giu vtrng he sinh thii ein bing, bdn vimg trong qui trinh phat trien. Phit trien ndng nghiep theo hudng ben viing Ii mdt xu hudng tat yeu trong qui trinh phit trien kinh td n6ng nghidp, ndng thdn hien nay. Trong qui trinh sin xuit ndng nghidp, ngudi din phii tuyet ddi tuin thii cae quy dinh duae khuyen e i o trong mdi sin phim, dieu dd khdng chi mang lai Ipi ieh eho ngudi sin xuit m i cdn duy tri su dn dinh liu dii cua mdi tmdng.
Do d i e diem khac nhau ciia cic dia phuong, qude gia vi viing linh thd c i ve tu nhien lin kinh td - x i hdi, ndn viee dua ra eic chi tidu dinh gii phit Uidn bdn vtrng ndng nghidp trong timg giai doan va d tiing quoc gia la khie nhau ca ve sd lupng chi tidu va miie dp dinh gii./.
Tai iieu tham i(hao
Bio eio eic nam cua Sd ndng nghidp va PTNT thanh phd Ha Ndi (tir 2008-2017).
Tdng cue thdng kd - Thdng e i o b i o chi vd kdt q u i ehinh thire Tdng dieu tra Ndng thdn, Ndng nghiep vi Thiiy san nim 2016.
"Ndng nghiep Vidt Nam hudng tdi phit tridn bdn vung" GS.TS. D6 Kim Chung, PGS, TS. Kim Thi Nhung, Tap chi Tii ehinh 25/02/2015.
"Phat trien ndng nghidp ben vimg- Ly luan va thuc tidn" Tic gia: Vu Trpng Binh, Tap chi Kinh te vi Phit tridn, sd 196 thing 10 nim 2013.
Hoing Viet Hi, trudng DH Ddng Thap, Tap ehi khoa hpe DHSP TP HCM, "Bude dau xiy dung he thd'ng Udu chi dinh gia su phat tridn ndng nghiep tinh Ddng Thip theo hudng ben vung", sd 35/2012.
