TIEM NANG PHAT T R I £ N DU LICH NONG NGHIEP CONG NGHE CAO TREN DIA BAN TAY NGUYEN- VIET NAM
Nguyen Duy Mdu*
TOM TAT
Du lich nong nghiep (Agri-Tourism) la loai hinh du lich gdn vai sdn phdm ndng nghiep.
ndng thon, bao hdm tdi nguyen nong nghiep, tdi nguyen tu nhien vd tdi nguyen nhdn vdn md du khdch cdm nhdn, thu hu&ng, tim tdi vd nghien cuu. Tdy Nguyen vdi lai the ve tdi nguyen ttf nhien, tdi nguyen nhdn vdn, chica dung tiem ndng to ldn de phdt trien du lich ndng nghiep.
Bdi viet bdn ve tiem ndng phdt trien du lich ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao ciia Tdy Nguyen, mot sd thdnh tuu quan trong trongphdt trien du lich nong nghiep cdng nghe cao ciia dia bdn ndy, ddng thdi dua ra mot sd khuyen nghi nhdm xdy dung vd phdt trien hieu qud md hinh ndy.
M^dau
Tay Nguyen gdm 5 tinh: Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Ndng va Lam Ddng.
Dien tich ty nhien la 54.640 km^, chiem 16,5% dien tich eua ea nude, dan sd 5.214,2 nghin ngudi chiem 6% dan sd ca nude. Tay Nguyen nam d vi tri trung tam mien mii Nam Ddng Duong, ed nhung hanh lang ty nhien thdng vdi cae tinh duyen hai mien Trung va Ddng Nam bd; cd cac ciia khau qudc te Bd Y (Kon Tum) va Le Thanh (Gia Lai) giap vdi 2 nude ban Lao va Campuchia tren tuyen hanh lang Ddng Tay va khdng qua xa cac cang bien nuac sau nhu Dung Quat, Chan May, Nha Trang. Vi vay, Tay Nguyen cd vi tri ehien luge hit siic quan trpng ve qudc phdng, an ninh, cd nhOng lgi the cho phat triin nin kinh tl hpi nhap vdi khu vyc va thi gidi.
• Tian sT, Trudng Dai h(?c Da Lat
thuan lgi cho phat trien cac loai hinh du lich, trong do cd du lich ndng nghiep edng nghe cao.
1. Dieu kien ty nhien ciia Tay Nguyen Dia hinh, ddt dai, khodng sdn Tay Nguyen nam d ea Ddng va Tay Trudng San nen dat dai, dia hinh, khi hau da dang. Dd cao trung binh toan viing khoang tir 600-800 m so vdi mat bien, nhung cd nhiing nai rat thap nhu khu vyc bien gidi tinh Dak Lak chi eao 200 m, cd nhung nai nhu Langbiang Da Lat eao 1500 m. Nhieu day mii trung diep vdi nhiing dinh mii eao tren 200 m nhu Nggc Linh, Chu Hmu, Chu Yangsin, Lang Biang. Dia hinh Tay Nguyen chay dai tir Bac den Nam vdi cac cao nguyen lien tiep.
Tay Nguyen cd lgi the ve dat, trong do ndi bat la dat do bazan vdi khoang 1,5 trieu
Tgp chi nghiin cdu CHAU PHI <& TRUNG DONG S6 02(126) thang 2/2016
Nguyen Duy Mau Tiem nang phat trien du ljch...
ha, phan bo chu yeu tren cac cao nguyen:
Kon Ha Nimg. Bu5n Ma Thupt, Dak Nong.
Lam Vien va Di Linh. dupc xep vao loai dit t6t. Ngoai ra. con co hang chuc van ha dit den, dit phii sa thich hpp nhieu loai cay tr6ng. thuan lpi eho phat trien mpt nen nong nghiep da dang, vai nhieu san pham chu lire nhu: ca phe. cao su. ho tieu, dieu, ngo lai, bong. che. rau xuat khau. Tai nguyen khoang san o Tay Nguyen da dang, mpt s6 CO tru lupng Ion nhu than bun, than nau, set cao lanh, puzolan va boxit vcri tru lupng khoang 4.5 ti tin chi^m 91% tru lupng bo xit ciia ca nuac. phan bo chu \eu a Dak Nong. Lam Ddng. Dieu kien dia hinh, dit dai. tho nhupng la vung dat Iy tuong tao nen nhOng san pham du ljch dac trung. hin din ciia Tay Nguyen nhu du lich nghien cuu, dien da cho cac boat dpng nghien cuu khoa hpc. du lich trang trai, miet vuon... Vai dia hinh cua Tay Nguyen thich hpp chp cac loai hinh du lich mao hi6m, du lich leo mil, nhay du... dang co xu huong phat triin manh tren the giai.
Thuy vdn
Tay Nguyen co mang luai song suoi kha day. nhieu ghenh thac; la noi khai nguon cua 4 he thong song chinh gom: he thong song PoKo-Sesan (Kon Tum) do vao song Mekong; he thong song Na-Ayun (Gia Lai) do vao song Da Rang chiiy ra bien Dong;
he thong song Se re Pok (Dak Lak) do vao song Mekong va he thong song Dong Nai (Dak Nong va Lam Dong) chay ra biin Dong. TrO lupng thuy nang ciia cac he thong song nay chiim 22% ngu6n thuy nang cua ca nuac. Dia hinh phirc tap ctia Tay Nguyen tao nen nhieu h6, thac nen thp va hiing vT co gia trj cho phat triin du lich.
nhu h6 Xuan Huang, h6 Tuyin Lam, hi Chiin Thing, h i Nam Phuong (Lan?
D6ng), h i Lak (Dak Lak), thac Prenn, thac Datangla, thac Damdri (Lam Dong), thac Bay ting (Dak Nong)...
Thien nhien uu dai, ban tang cho con ngucri nguon Ipi lan de tan dung va khai thac cho du hch tham quan. nghi duong, sinh thai, nghien cim, du ljch dua thuyen (nhu ding bao dan tpc da to chirc dua thuyen dpc mpc, du Ijch bai, lan tren song, ho...)
Rirng
Rimg a Tiiy Nguyen la tai nguyen thien nhien \ 6 gia vol nhung loai thyc vat quy hiem nhu thong do, lan, gan day nhat da nhan giong thanh cong 300 ha sam Luih Chi dupc trpng tren dinh Ngpc Linh. Ngpai loai hmh du lich sinh thai, nghien ciiu, nghi duong, he thong rimg Tay Nguyen la diiu kien cho phat nien loai hmh du ljch da ngoai dang phat trien manh nhimg nam gan day.
La tai nguyen quan trpng cho su phat trien ben virng. Tay Nguyen co dien tich 3.868.400 ha, dp che phti 70,66%, he thing thyc vat da dang, co cac dieu kien tot de phat trien nghe rimg \ a cong nghiep rimg.
dong thoi la noi giir vai trp can bang sinh thai, la ngupn sinh thii) cua he thong song suoi khu vyc mien Trung va Dong Nam Bp. Do dac trung ciia che dp nhiet ddi am.
khu vyc thyc vat co tren 3.000 loai bac cao, trong do co hpn 1.000 loai cay canh qui hiem. gan 1.000 loai dupc lieu, 600 loai cay go Ion.
Tay Nguyen co nhieu vuon quoc gia va khu bao tin thien nhien da duac quy hoach nhu Chu YangSin, Ta Dimg, Cat Tien, Bidoup... Dja hinh va tham thye vat nam
Tgp chingliien ciru CHAU PHI & TRllvG DONG so 02(126) thang 2/2016
Tiem JJgng phat trien du ljch.., Nguyen Duy Mau
trong dai lien hoan vdi Ddng Bie Campuchia va Nam Lao, da tao nen mdt khu he dpng thye vat khdng chi giau ve thanh phan ma cdn cd trir lugng ldn, dupc danh gia la khu vuc phong phii nhit vl ddng thye vat hoang da d Ddng Nam A.
Trong sd 56 loai ddng vat cd xuong sdng d can dugc xem la hilm d Ddng Duang, cd 17 loai duge Hiep hpi Qude tl vl bao ve thien nhien (lUCN) xIp vao danh saeh cac loai quy hiem can dugc bao ve nhu te giae, voi, bd rimg, bd xam, bd tdt, hd, bao, huau vang, vugn den... Rimg Tay Nguyen la mpt tai nguyen quy gia eho phat trien eac loai hinh du Uch sinh thai dang phat triin tren the gidi. Ngoai ra, riing va tham thye vat cua Tay Nguyen la tien de cho du lich nghien curu.
Khihgu
Do dac diem dia hinh tao cho Tay Nguyen mpt che dp khi hau kha dac biet la khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia, vung cao nguyen quanh nam trong lanh va mat me.
Khi hau giam dan theo do cao, dd bien thien khdng ldn, bien do nhiet tir 3-4''C.
Khi hau vCing cao nguyen trong lanh, chan hda anh nang mat trdi, nhiet do giam ciing ap suat khdng khi lam tang hdng huyet can va ty le huyet sac td lam nhip thd tang len, tang kich thich gay hung phan, he than kinh giao cam, ed the phyc hdi siic khde tdt, thich hgp eho viee dudng benh, nghi ngoi.
2. Van hoa le hoi cua Tay Nguyen - Li hdi dua voi: diin ra vao miia xuan, la sinh hoat van hda dac trung ciia Tay Nguyen, thudng duge td chiic tai buon Ddn va tren sdng Serrepok, nham neu cao tinh thin quat cudng ciia cac dan tgc, ciing
nhu kha nang thuan phue va nudi duang loai voi.
- Ld hgi edng chieng Tay Nguyen:
Cong chieng Tay Nguyen gan bd vdi cudc sdng ngudi dan Tay Nguyen tir ngan ddi nay, la bang chiing dpc dao, la net dac trung cua truyen thdng van hda cac dan tpc Tay Nguyen. Nd la loai hinh sinh hoat gan liln vdi ddi sdng van hda, tinh thin va tin ngudng eua con ngudi tir liic sinh ra cho den khi ve vdi dat trdi, vu tru.
Thang 11-2005 UNESCO edng nhan khdng gian van hda cdng chieng Tay Nguyen la kiet tac truyen khau va di san phi vat the ciia nhan loai, nam trong sd 43 di san cua 46 quoc gia.
- Festival Hoa Da Lat dugc td chuc hai nam mot lan, bat dau tir nam 2005. Festival Hoa bao gdm cac trien lam hoa, hdi thao hoa, hdi chg hoa vdi cae hoat ddng gidi thieu cac loai hoa trong nudc va tren the gidi. Ciing vdi Festival Hoa edn ed cae hoat dgng hpi chg thuang mai, bieu dien nghe thuat, dem hpi rugu vang Da Lat, chinh phuc dinh Langbiang... Nam 2009 Da Lat dupe Chinh phii cdng nhan la Thanh phd Festival Hoa.
- Le hdi van hda Tra duge td chirc dau tien tai Thi xa Bao Ldc vao nam 2006; quy tu 50 thuang hieu Tra cua ca nudc, mang dau an dep va sau dam ve mdt the gidi tra Viet. Tra tir lau la mdt san vat truyen thdng ndi tieng eiia cao nguyen B'lao va ngay nay dang dugc xuat khau sang nhieu nudc tren the gidi.
- Le hdi Ca phe Budn Ma Thudt do UBND tinh Dak Lak va Hiep hdi Ca phe Viet Nam td chiic, nham tdn vinh nganh san xuat ca phe, vinh danh nhiing doanh
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Nguyen Duy Mau Tiem nang phat trien du ljch...
nghiep ca phe nii tieng, dong thoi tim kiem co hpi cho dau tu va tieu thu cho thuong hieu ca phe Buon Ma Thupt.
3. fliem manh va fliem yen cua du ljch Tay Nguyen
Biem mgnh
Du ljch Tay Nguyen co mot so thuan lpi ca ban ve phat trien, nam or vi tri gan vol khu vuc kinh te nang dpng nhat Viet Nam a Dong Nam Bp. Tay Nguyen co he thong tai nguyen du ljch va tai nguyen nhan van phong phii, tien de co ban cho phat trien du ljch, trong tuong lai phan dau la diem den hip din cua Viet Nam va Dong Nam A.
Co so vat chat cho nganh du ljch timg buoc dupc chii trpng dau tu, chat lupng phuc vu da dupe nang cao, trinh dp quan ly da dupc khang djnh qua to churc cac hpi nghj quoc te, khu vyc va quoc gia, dupc danh gia cap.
Cp so ha ting ve giap thong da dupc xay dyng moi va cai tao nang cap; ca sti ha tang ve thong tin lien lac, bao hiem, ngan hang dam bao dap irng nhu cau cho du khach, do do da khuyen khich mat tich cyc ciia cac thanh phan kinh te, tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho hoat dpng du ljch phat triin.
Djch vu lu hanh co buac phat triin, cac doanh nghiep da chi dpng dat quan he, hpp tac vol cac hang lu hanh trong nuoc cung nhu quoc ti, diy manh boat dpng quang ba du lich tren cac phuang tien thong tin dai chiing.
Cong tac tayen truyin quang ba: Tuy chua CO dieu kien quang ba rpng tai ra nuac ngoai dp khp khan vi kinh phi, nhung nhin chung nganh du ljch Tay Nguyen da cp nhiiu c6 ging trong viec
quang ba hinh anh du ljch Tay Nguyen thong qua cac hpi chp trien lam, tham gia nhirng ngay van hoa Tay Nguyen tai Ha Npi, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh va tham gia lien hoan du Ijch tai Festival Hue. Festival Can Tha
Biem yeu
Du lich a Tay Nguyen chu yeu theo miia vu, do yiu to thcii tiet, lupng khach t|p trung a mpt so thang; do vay cong suat sii dung phong 6 khach san thap va khong hieu qua; cac doanh nghiep it co tu tuong dau tu lau dai tai day.
Di tich Ijch su van hoa, canh quan moi trucmg tai cac tuyen diem du ljch tren dja ban Tay Nguyen xuong cap chua dupc khae phyc kip thai.
Chinh sach vay von uu dai diu tu cho xay dyng cp sa ha tang ciia cac doanh nghiep con gap nhiiu tro ngai trong khi kha nang cua cac dan vi kinh doanh du lich tren dja ban han che, vifc keu gpi diu tu, nhit la FDI cpn gap nhiiu kho khan.
Cac doanh nghiep chi moi tSp trung dau tu chii yeu vao Imh vyc kinh doanh co so luu tni, chua chii trpng dau tu vap diim du ljch, khu du ljch. Diiu nay dl din din tinh trang mat can doi trong dau tu phat triin se lam giam ty le tro lai ctia khach du Ijch do san pham du ljch ngheo nan va don dieu.
Mac dil cac khu, tiiyen diim du Ijch da dupe dinh hinh ro net, nhung viec dau tu tao ra san phim dac trimg de thu hiit khach du ljch con nhieu han che. Qi tich Ijch sir van hoa, canh quan moi tnrong hi xuong cap, can dupc dau tu ton tao, phuc che de phuc vu nhu ciu tham quan, nghien ciiru ciia khach du lich.
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TR€NG BONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Tiem na tjggg phat trien du lich... Nguyen Duy Mau
San pham du ljch chua dpc dao. da dang; con thieu nhimg san phim dac thii.
Du lich Tay Nguyen chua xac dinh ro loai hinh tham quan. nghi duong la san phim chu lyc, san phim khung di tir do kit nii san pham nay vol cac san phim du lich khae nhu du lich sinh thai, MICE, chira benh, mao hiem, van hoa ljch su lam cho du ljch Tay Nguyen da dang, phong phu.
Mac du, da co quy hoach, dinh huang song ve CO ban du ljch nghi duong ket hpp chtta benh a Tay Nguyen khong phat huy hieu qua, nhieu co sa chtta benh vpi trang thiet hi hien dai, quy mp da khong thu hut dupc khach du ljch.
Cong tac diu tu phat triin du lich con dan trai, thieu trpng tam, trpng diem, thieu vpn, hieu qua chua cao, chinh sach ve dau lu chua thyc su hap dan.
Cong tac quan ly nha nuoc ve du Ijch chua dong bp, cac quy djnh phap luat lien quan den du ljch con chua chat che; bp may quan ly cpn chong cheo, hieu luc quan ly chua cao.
Trong nhimg nam qua, van hoa Tay Nguyen da dupc chu trpng bap tpn va phat trien, song o mpt so dja phuang da co sy xuong cap, mai mpt, do tac dpng giao thoa cua nhieu luong van hoa cimg vol cac cupc di cu ciia cac tpc nguoi khae len Tay Nguyen; cong tac bao ton va gitt gin van hoa dan tpc dang la mpt thach thuc.
4. Mpt s6 ham y cho du Ijch nong nghiep cong nghe cao il Tay Nguyen
Du ljch bin vttng gin voi phat triin nong nghiep cong nghe cao la xu thi ciia khu vyc va thi giai. Nong nghiep cong nghe cao hay con gpi la nong nghiep thong minh, nong nghiep xanh dupc phat triin
manh a Australia. Phap. Ha Lan va cac nuoc chau Au. Sy phat trien thieu can doi nghieng ve cong-nghiep hoa a mpt so ITnh vyc da lam cho Viet Nam thieu su dau tu thich dang. Nong nghiep thieu tinh canh tranh chu yeu dya vao san pham truyen thong, don dieu va gia trj thap. Cong nghe dau tu vao nong nghiep con han che do ty suat lpi nhuan thap, riii rp cao. Chien lupc phat trien tap trung vao do thj o mpt so nuoc da gay ra sy sup di nhanh chong ciia nen nong nghiep truyen thong. Dong gop ciia nong lam nghiep bj suy giam. San xuat nong nghiep bj phan tan, chia cat, gia nong san thap, thu nhap hp nong dan bj keo giam. Chinh vi vay phat triin nong nghiep cong nghe cao la xu the tat yeu cua cac nupc va cua Viet Nam.
Cu the, tai tinh Lam Dong du Ijch cong nghe cao dang la mpt the manh. Voi dien tich ty nhien la 9.772.19 km^ Lam Dong c6 dien tich trong rau. hoa, dac san la 19.489 ha, trong do rau la 16.253 ha, hoa ia 2.856 ha, cay dac san (Atiso, dau tay. nam) la 380 ha. Che la mpt cay cong nghiep chu lyc cua Lam Dong vol dien tich cho loai che chat lupng cao la 4.200 ha. Bo sua voi 50.000 con, vai san lupng 200.000 tan/nam. Tinh Lam Dong quy hoach 110 ha nuoi ca nuac lanh.
Cac san pham nong nghiep ciia Lam Dong CO nhieu Ihuong hieu noi tieng nhu che Atiso, rupu vang, tra Olong, dau ta\.
rau. hoa...khong chi trong nuoc va da timg buoc chinh phuc thj trucmg ngoai nuac. Nong nghiep dupc ap dung cac cpng nghe cao trong siin xuat, bao quan, phan phoi hinh thanh chuii gia tri. San pham nong nghiep dupc san xuat theo tieu chuan VietGap, GlobalGap; dac biet cac
Tap clli nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 02(126) thang 2/2016
Nguyen Duy Mau Tiem nang phat trien du ljch...
doanh nghiep Nhat Ban dau tu tren 350 ha voi cong nghe hien dai. Buoc dau thanh cong gan phat trien du ljch xoi nong nghiep cong nghe cao. Lam Dong da hinh thanh Trung tam bo stta (cac huyen Due Trpng, Dan Duong, Lam Ha); trung tam rau, hoa tai Da Lat, Don Duong, Lac Duong... vol 3 lang hoa truyen thong:
Thai Phien, Ha Dong. Van Thanh. Du khach CO the tan huang va thuang thirc nhttng san pham cong nghe cao tai cac diem du ljch, tan mat chimg kien quy trinh san xuat.
5. Mot so khuyen nghi ve phat trien du lich gan vdi nong nghiep cong nghe cao 6' Tay Nguyen
Mot sd khuyen nghi ve phdt trien du lich gdn v&i nong nghiep cong nghe cao & Tdy Nguyen.
Mot Id, phat trien du ljch Ta\ Nguyen den nam 2020 va tam nhin 2030 phai phii hop vol quy hoach cua chinh phii ve phat trien nong nghiep cong nghe cao viing Tay Nguyen.
Hai Id, cac tinh Tay Nguyen phiii xay dyng chien luoc cac san pham du ljch nong nghiep cong nghe cao phti hop vpi thi manh cua timg dia phuang. lay siin phim du lich nghi duang lam san phim du lich trung tam, ket hpp vai cac san phim du Ijch khae, tim kiem co hpi diu tu, nghien cuu khoa hpc.
Bg Id, xay dung chiin lupc thj truong san pham du Ijch nong nghiep cong nghe cao, huang din cac trung tam du iieh lan ciia cac nuoc va lien kit 3 nuac Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia thanh tam giac phat triin du Ijch vai ving Tay Nguyen la trung tam.
Bon Id, xa\ dyng va hoan thien chu6i gia trj cua cac san pham nong nghiep cong nghe cao, chu trpng timg buac xay dyng cac dich vu hi trp va chu\ en giao cong nghe.
Ndm la. chu trpng dao tao nguon nhan lyc cho nganh du lich noi chung va du Ijch nong nghiep cong nghe cao, lien ket 4 nha:
nha nuoc, nha doanh nghiep, nha khoa hpc, nha nong.
Xa\' dung thj trucmg nong thon gan vdi chien lupc xa\ dyng npng thon moi. phat trien nong nghiep ben vttng vcifi gan vol an ninh luong thyc. Xac djnh thi trucmg cac san pham nong nghiep cong nghe cao la mui nhpn cua thj truang nong thon trong thai ky hpi nhap kinh te quoc te.
Sdu la, Tay Nguyen can coi trpng lien ket cac doanh nghiep, cac dia phuong trong chuoi gia tri san pham. Trong diiu kien hpi nhap, phat triin du lich nong nghiep cong nghe cao la hinh thirc xuit khau nong san tai chi hieu qua nhit, ding thai quang ba cac san phim qua con duong du Ijch la con ducmg ngin nhit cho thj trucmg nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Chinh phi (2012). Qui hogch du lich Tdy Nguyen din nam 2020 vd tdm nhin 2030.
Van phong Chinh phu.
[2] Chinh phu (2012), Quyit dinh phe duyet tdng the phdt trien kinh ti - xd hpl viing Tdy Nguyen den ndm 2020, Van phong Chinh phu.
[3] Hpi thao quic ti (2015), Thuc ddy phdt trien ndng thdn tgi tieu vimg Mekong dua tren ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao vd du lich ben viing, KEI - VASS -RAC- LASS Id chtic: Bii lat; Ky yeu Hpi thao.
[4] Nguyin Duy Mau (2014), Phdt triin du lich Tdy Nguyen trong qua trmh hdi nhdp quoc ti: Nha xuit ban Kinh ti (UEH).
54 Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 02(126) thang 2/20)6
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