KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
CO HOI V A THACH THUC CUA X U A T KHAU THUY SAM VIET IMAM VOI CAC IMUOC TROIMG C P T P P
Tran Van CdngS Nguyin Tlii Duong Nga^
T6MTAT
T h u c hi^n chu truong hpi nhslp sau rong vao nen kinh te the gioi thong qua vigc gia nhap WTO, tham gia Aim p h ^ , ky k^t va tri^n khai 16 hiep dinh FTA vm cac k h u vuc va cac nuoc s e tao c o hgi m d rong thi t r u i n g hang hoa nong san cua Viet Nam. T r o n g do, xuat khau thuy san luon co sir tang tnrdng manh me, v6i muc tang tnrdng trung binh 13%/nam, dat gan 9 ty USD vao nam 2018. T r o n g do, ty trong xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam vao 10 nuoc tham gia Hiep dinh ddi tac toan dien va tien bo xuyen Thai Binh Duong (CPTPP) chiem tren 25%. Ngoai nhiing c a hoi ma CPTPP dem lai cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy san Vi^t Nam thi con nhi^u thach thiic d phia trude. Nghien ciiu nay tap trung phan tich, danh gia mot sd c a hdi va thach thtic chu yeu ddi vdi xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam khi thuc thi cac cam k^t trong CPTPP, tren c a sd dd d e xuat mot sd giai phap nhdm thiic day xuat khau thuy san vao cac nude trong khdi CPTPP trong thdi gian tdi.
Tir khda: Xuat khau, Hiep dinh thuong mai, thuy san
1. DAT VAN BE
Hiep d i n h D d i t a c T o d n d i e n v a T i e n b g x u y e n Thai B i n h D u o n g g p i tdt Id Hifip d m h C P T P P ( T h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d P r o g r e s s i v e A g r e e m e n t for Trans-Pacific P a r t n e r s h i p ) , la m d t h i e p d i n h t h u o n g mai t u d o (FTA) t h d h e m o i vdi c a m k e t m o cira t h i t r u o n g t h t i c d a y x u h u d n g t o a n c a u h d a , c h d n g lai x u h u o n g b d o h p h i e n n a y t r e n t h e gioi. H i ^ p d m h d a d u g c k y k e t n g a y 0 8 t h d n g 3 n a m 2018 tai t h a n h p h d Santiago, C h i l e , v a c h i n h thiic c d h i e u Itxc v o i Viet N a m h r n g d y 14 t h a n g 0 1 n a m 2019. N h d q u a t r i n h hpi n h d p s a u r o n g , x u a t k h a u t h u y s a n Viet N a m d a t d u g c n h i e u t h a n h t u n vd t h u p c n h o m d d u n h i r n g m a t h d n g x u a t k h d u c h u l u c v o i k i m n g a c h d a t g a n 9 t y USD n a m 2 0 1 8 ( T d n g c u e H a i q u a n , 2 0 1 9 ) . T r i e n khai H i e p d i n h C P T P P b e n c a n h viec t a n d i i n g loi t h e cac u u d a i v e t h u e q u a n , c d c c o h p i m o r g n g t h i h i r o n g , x u d t k h a u t h u y s a n Vidt N a m c u n g l u d n d d i m a t vol h d n g loat t h a c h t h i i c n h u : N g u o n n g u y e n h 6 u k h d n g d n d i n h , gid t h d n h s a n x u a t c a o , phdi t u a n t h u edc q u y tdc x u d t x t i , r a o c a n k y t h u i t v a bdo h o t h u o n g m a i n g d y c a n g n h i e u v a p h i i c t a p , c h i u c a n h h a n h m a n h m e d d i v o i e a c n u o c x u a t k h a u t h u y s a n h-en t h e g i d i , . . . V o i ty t r g n g c h i e m 25% t r o n g t d n g gia h i x u a t k h a u thiiy s d n (VASEP, 2 0 1 8 a ) , C P T P P la t h i h i r o n g x u a t k h a u t h u y s d n l d n c u a V i e t N a m . D o d o , t h u c d a y x u a t k h a u t h u y s d n tirong b d i c a n h t r i e n
' C\ic ChC- bien \h Phat tn6n tlii midng Ndng san - Bo NN&PTNT
^ Hpc vien Ndng nghi?p Viet Nam
k h a i Hifep d m h C P T P P Id n h i e m v u d a t r a k h d n g c h i d d i vol c a c d o a n h n g h i e p c h e b i e n t h u y s a n x u a t k h a u m a la n h i e m v u c h u n g c u a todn x a h g i vd c d c B g , b a n n g a n h c 6 lien q u a n . N g h i e n ciiu n d y n h d m m t i c tieu p h a n tich thirc t r a n g v a t r i ^ n v g n g x u a t k h a u thiiy s d n v a o c d c n u o e C P T P P t h d n g q u a v i e c l a m r o n h i i n g n g i d u n g c o b a n t r o n g C P T P P c u n g n h u CO h o i vd t h a c h t h i i c d d i v o i x u a t k h a u t h u y s a n Vi^t N a m t r o n g q u a t r i n h t r i e n k h a i H i e p d i n h . Tir d d , d e x u a t d u g c m o t sd giai p h d p t h u c d a y x u a t k h a u t h u y s a n V i e t N a m vdo c a c n u o c C P T P P .
2. PHuine PHAP niGHBV cuu
sd heu thii cdp dugc thu thap tii cdc bdo cao ket qua xudt khau thuy sdn Viet Nam, nhimg tai heu tren website, sdch, bao, tap chi va y kien ciia cac chuyen gia tu cac Bg, ban, ngdnh, Hiep hgi ngdnh hang, Bg Nong nghiep va Phat trien ndng thon, Bg Cong thuong, Tdng Cue hai quan, Hiep hgi che bien va xuat khau thiiy san Viet Nam (VASEP). Phuong phdp phan tich sd heu chii yeu la thdng kd mo ta. Mot sd chi tieu duoc hnh todn nhu chi sd loi the so sdnh hien hiru (Revealed Comparative Advantage RCA) de xuat bdi Balassa (1965) va chi sd thi phdn xuat khdu the gidi (WMS).
3. KET QUA NGirai CUU VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Hi6p dinh CPTPP vd anh huong cua ckc hi^p dinh thuong mai h ; do tdi thuong m ^ ciia cdc h€n
Hiep dmh tu do thuong mai (FTA) la ket qud chinh thtic ciia mot qud trinh thuong luong giiia hai hay nhi4u qude gia ky ket nhdm ha thap hoSc loai
75
KHOA HOC CbNO NGH|
han cdc rdo cdn ddi vdi thuong mai. Mdt FTA thudng bao gdm nhiing vdn d^ quy dinh ve thue nhap khau, han ngach vd 1^ phi ddi vdi hdng hoa/dich vu dugc giao dich giiia cac thdnh vien ky ket FTA nhdm eho phep cac nuoc mo rgng tiep can thi trudng cua nhau.
Theo ly thuyet thuong mai cd dien, tu do hoa kinh te cd the ddn tdi tang cudng thuong mai, thay ddi cong nghe, dat hieu qud va tang truong. Nghien eiiu eiia Cyrielle (2017) chi ra rdng tu do hoa thuong mai trong nhirng nam qua da giup cac nude moi ndi ed the gia tang xuat khdu hon edc nuoc phdt trien. Ddi vdi mat hang thiiy san, TroUvik (2002) nghifen eihi tdc ddng ctia WTO tdi thirong mai ca ctia cae nude va cho thay sau khi tham gia WTO, hau hdt cac nude nay deu gia tang xuat khSu ed nhu An Do, New Zealand, Hdn Quoc, vd ddc bidt Id Mexico. Mac dii vay, cac FTAs khdng don thuan la ha thap/xoa bo thud, phi, han ngach, ma cdn co thd co cac quy dinh khdc gia tang rdo can eho thuong mai vi du nhu cdc tieu chuan ky thuat, yeu eau nhan san pham, chiing nhan sdn phim va cae quy dinh vd smh va kiem dieh dong vdt.
Hiep dinh CPTPP duge xep vdo loai FTA the he mdi, gom 30 chuong vd cdc Phu luc, hao tnim nhieu ndi dung thirong mgi truyen thdng va phi truyen thdng, da dupe ky kdt hdi 11 nuoc (Ausrtraha, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Nhat Ban, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore va Viet Nam). Voi CPTPP, sd lugng cac thoa thuan thuong mai tu do tang manh, dac biet cho khu vuc chau A. Cdc thda thuan thuong mai se cd the ho^c tSng tiep can thi truong moi hoae giam chi phi cho cdc cdng ty do ban chat ngi bg cua cdc giao dich (Deborah, 2019). Mgt sd npi dung chinh cua CPTPP hao gom:
Md- cua thi trudng. Cac nuoc cam ket xda bo thue nhdp khau ngay khi Hiep dinh co hidu luc khoang tir 78-95% sd dong thue; vd xda bo hoan toan tir 97-100% dong thud. Cae mat hang thong thuong cdn lai se co 16 trinh xoa bo thue trong vong 5-10 nam, tni mgt so mat hdng nhay cam cd 16 trinh trdn 10 nam hoac dp dung bien phdp han ngach thue quan.
Quytdcxuatxu:Exep dinh CPTPP da eho phep ngudi xuat khdu, ngudi sdn xuat vd ngudi nhap khau dugc tu chiing nhan xuat xii. Day la diem rat mdi so vdi cac FTA truyen thdng truoc day md Viet Nam da kykdL
Trp-cap tiiuy san:TTQcap khai thac dun san va thuong mai h-ai phep hai san khai thac la mot trong nhiing npi dung quan trong eiia Chmmg M6i trudng, cac nuoc CPTPP da cam kdt xda bd cac hmh thiic txtf cap khai thac thuy san dugc xde dmh la gay ra tdc dpng xau tdi nguon loi hai sdn Odiai thac qua miic)
Biinphip an toan thuc pham va kiem dich ddng thuc vat (SPS): tang cuong mmh bach ttong cong nhan hd thdng quan ly vd cdc hien phdp SPS ciia nhau, cdng nhan di^u ki§n vimg vd khu vuc an toan dich b6nh, thanh tra va kiem tra chuyen ngdnh nhiip khau ddi vdi hdng hda ndng san thue pham nhap khau; hgp tdc va tham van ky thuat trong cdc vdn de SPS; quy trinh phan tieh hii ro; bien phdp SPS khan cap.
Hing rio k^ thuat thuong mai (TBI): Cac quy dinh TBT h-ong Hiep dinh CPTPP duoc quy dinh chat ehe vd mo rgng hon so voi quy dinh trong WTO.
Cdc cam kdt mdi trong CPTPP hen quan tdi (i) Quy trinh danh gia su phti hgp Id cdc ninjc khdng dupe ddi xii phan hifet giiia edc td chiic ddnh gid su phii hgp dat tru so tai edc nude CPTPP vdi cdc to chiic dat tru sd tai lanh thd nirdc minh, khong dugc y^u cau cac td chiic ddnh gid su phu hgp phai d^t tru so hay dat van phong dai didn tren lanh tho nudt minh (ii) Yeu cau ve ngi dung cac tieu chuan TBT ddi vdi mpt sd sdn pham cu the.
3.2. Tliuc trang x u ^ khau thuy sdn Vi^t Nam sang cdc nude trong nhdm CFIPP
Tdng kim ngaeh nhap khdu ciia 10 nude ddi tdc h-ong CPTPP la gan 2.500 ty USD. Hien Vi^t Nam moi xuat khau sang eac nuoc ndy khoang 42 ty USD, chiem khoang 1,7% tong nhap khau ciia cac nude (Tdng cue Hai quan, 2019). Nhu vay, du dia cho xudt khau ciia nude ta sang edc thi trudng nay con rdt ldn.
Nhi^u thi tnrong vd ddi tdc trong CPTPP cd co cau xuat nhap khau mang tinh bd sung lon vdi Vi^t Nam.
Nhin chung Viet Nam dang dat thang du thuong mai ndng sdn voi cdc nude CTTPP - (tr6n 2 ty USD) song tham hilt nhieu vdi Uc va New Zealand (Tong cue Hai quan, 2019). Trong giai doan 1995-2018 tdc dO tang trudng xuat khau binh quan hdng nSm d^it 1396/nam, ludn chidm khodng b-en 20% tdng gia hi xudt khau ndng lam thuy san va mang lai 4-5% tong GDP ciia ca nude (Hmh 1).
76
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl
inifJl
-^"^ -5^ -^"^ ^"•'"'P^ -^-^ r^
Hinh 1. Xuat khSu thiy san Vi§t Nam. 1999 - 2018 Tinh ddn nam 2018, san phdm thuy san cua Vidt
Nam da dugc xudt khdu di tren 180 quoc gia vd vimg lanh thd. Tlieo sd Ueu cua Tdng cue Hai quan (2019a), CO cau xuat khau thiiy san ctia Viet Nam tbi cac nude CPTPP chidm 25% vdi tdng gia tri xuat khau thiiy hdi san vdo khoang 1,8 ty USD nam 2016 len 2,2 ty USD nam 2018 (hon 20% tang). Trong khdi cae nirdc CPTPP, Nhdt Ban Id thi trudng nhap khau thuy sdn ldn nhat, chiem 15,7% tdng kim ngach xuat khau thiiy sdn cua Vi&t Nam; ddng thoi dting vi tri thi hudng ldn thii 3 cua Viet Nam sau My (18,4%) va EU (16,7%).
Bdng 1. Ty trgng gid tri xudt khdu thuy san cua Viet Nam sang cdc nude CPTPP (2016 - 2018) (%)
Cdcnii6c CPTPP Nhjt Ban Canada Australia Mexico Malaysia Singapore Chile New Zealand Peru Brunei
TSnglOnmSc CPTPP
Nam 2016 15.66 2.65 2.71 1.37 1.05 1.44 0.20 0.30 0.13 0.02 25.53
Nam 2017 15.75 2.70 2.25 1.49 1.23 1.24 0.21 0.22 0.09 0.01 25.20
Nam 2018 15,66 2.72 2.24 1.31 1.30 1.29 0.24 0.23 0.10 0.02 25.10 Nguon: Tinh toin tien ca sd- so hdu Tong cue Hii quan
Nuoc/mat hang Nhit Ban Canada Australia Singapore New Zealand Malaysia Chile Mexico Peru Brunei Tong CPTPP
Tong mat hang
Tom Gia tri (tri«u USD)
639,43 161,58 114,69 32,05 15,35 6,47 0,67 0,16 0,08 970,48 3.554,40
Co cau (96) 20,29
5,13 3,64 1,02 0,49 0,21 0,02 0,00 0,003 30,80 112,81
Catra Giatn (trieu USD)
99,41 48,04 46,84 45,98 38,33 32,21 8,86 5,04 2,58 1,06 328,35 2.261,49
Co can (%) 4,40 2,12 2,07 2,03 1,69 1,42 0,39 0,22 0,11 0,05 14,52 100,00
Hal san Gia tri (trieu USD)
706,47 69,42 35,51 35,11 30,17 15,92 11,55 3,28 2,26 0,64 910,32 2.986,04
Co cau (%) 23,66
2,32 1,19 1,18 1,01 0,53 0,39 0,11 0,08 0,02 30,49 100,00 Ngudn: Tinh toan tren cos&soU^u Tong cue Hai quan
77
KHOA HQC C6NG NGH|
Ddi voi sdn pham tdm xuat khau vao thi trudng CPTPP chiem ty trong trung binh khoang 30%, trong do Nhat Ban chiem 20% tong kkn ngach xuat khau tdm Vidt Nam. Mot sd thi tniong hude dau cung da cd su tang tnrdng tdt nhir Canada, Austraha. Tuy nhien, ben eanh do thi cd nhiing thi trudng tdm Vidt Nam chua thdm nhdp vao dupe nhieu nhir Chile, Mexico, Brunei. Ddi vdi sdn pham ed tra Vidt Nam, ty trpng xuat khau vao cac niroc CPTPP luon chiem khoang 15% tdng gid tri xuat khau. San pham cd tra cd ty trong xuat khau tuong ddi dong d^u b cdc thi
h-udng nhu Mexico. Canada, Austi^ia. Singapore.
Ddi vdi san pham hai sdn Viet Nam. ty irong xuat khau vao cdc nude CPTPP ludn chiem khoang 28 - 30% tong gia hn xuat khau. Thi phdn xudt khau thiiy hdi san cua Vi^t Nam tang dan qua cac nam hi 4,7%
nam 2012 l6n 5,3% nam 2018. (Bang 3) cho thdy RCA ctia thuy hdi san Viet Nam luon cao hon 1. th^ hi^n nude ta ed Igi thd trong xuat khau thiiy hdi san. Tuy nhien, RCA giam Ufen tue qua cac nam cho thdy lgi thd xuat khau thiiy hai sdn gidm xudng, dat ra nhiing tiideh thiic mdi trong xuat khau mat hdng ndy.
Bang 3. Chi sd Igi thd canh tranh vd thi phan xudt kh3u thiiy hai san ciia Vi$t Nam trfen th^ gidi (2012-2018) Chi aeu
RCA W M S ( % )
2012 7.60 4.70
2013 7.09 4.94
2014 6.68 5.28
2015 4.97 4.87
2016 4.49 4.95
2017 4.48 5.43
2018 4.25 5.31 Ngudn: Tinh toan tu sd'liiu cua Tong Cue Hai quan
3.3. Co hdi thiic d&y xudt khSu thuy sdn vdo mpt sd thi tni6ng chinh
Thi tiuong Nhat Bin: Theo VASEP (2019b), Nhat Ban lan dau hen cam ket xda bo hoan todn thue nhap khdu eho dai da so ndng, thuy san xuat khdu cua Viet Nam. Da sd mat hdng thiiy san cd the m ^ h ciia Viet Nam duoc hudng thue suat 0% ngay sau khi Hiep dinh ed hi6u luc (cd ngir vay vdng, ea ngtr soc dua ...). Todn bo eac ddng hdng thiiy san khong cam kdt xda bo thue ti-ong EPA Viet Nam - Nhat Ban (san pham che hien dang chiu thud c a ban 4,8 -10,5%) se dirpc xda ho trong CPTPP vdi 16 trinh xda bd vao nam thti 6, nam thii 11 hoac nSm thii 16 k^ tii khi Hiep dinh cd hi6u lue. Nhu cdu tifeu thu ndng thuy sdn ciia Nhat Ban dupe du bao tang cao vdi tang trudng xuat khau cd tra (nam 2018 tang trudng 38%
so vdi 2017), tdm sang thi trudng ndy trong nhiing nam qua, do xu hudng chi tieu nhieu hon eho hoat dpng an udng b6n ngoai, kha nang cdc mat hdng nhu tdm, cd ngir, muc, bach hide cd dd tang trudng toL Nhat Bdn la thi trudng nhap khau tdm Idn thii 2 ciia Viet Nam h-ong 4 thdng dau nam 2019, chiem 19,2%
tdng gia tri xuat khau tdm Viet Nam {Tdng cue Hai quan, 2019). Cdc san pham che bien sdn, ddng hop vdi tinh tidn dung cao cung duoe quan tam do thai gian 1dm viec ban rdn ciia ngudi Nhat
Thi trudng Canada: Canada cam ket 100% sd ddng thue va kim ngach xuat khau thuy san dupe xda bo thue quan ngay vk 0% khi Hiep dinh cd hieu luc. Hien tai thue MEN cdc mat hdng thuy san eua
Canada Id 4-5%. Day Id ea hpi de thuy san Vi^t Nam tiep tuc giii viing thi phan va da dang hod cdc chung loai mat hang xuat khau vdo thi trudng nay. Thuy san xuat khau Vi6t Nam chiem thi phan rat cao tai thi tniong Canada (gan nhu chiem 100% thi trudng cd da tran nhap khdu). Tdm gdm tom ddng l$nh va torn che bidn diing ddu trong sd ede nude xuat khau tdm vdo Canada vd chiem gan 1/3 thi phdn nhdp khau (Tdng cue Hdi quan, 2019b). Vdi mat hdng cd ngii, Thai Lan, Trung Qude dang Id hai ddi thii ldn nhdt eua Vidt Nam nhung khdng phai la thdnh vi^n ciia CPTPP. Tiem nang xuat khau ca ngir nude sang Canada cdn rat ldn, do thi phan ca ngii chd bidn cdn thap mdi chiem tren 1,1% thi phdn.
Thi trudng Australia: Tat ca sdn pham thiiy san (thud CO han vdn la 0% tru ca ngii spc dua chd bi^n HS160414 giam hi 5% xudng 0%) ngay khi Hiep djnh cd hieu lire. Viet Nam hi^n Id mpt trong bon nha cung cap thuy san ldn nhat cho thi trudng Aushaba (sau Thdi Lan, Tnmg Qude vd New Zealand), nhung mdi chi chiem khoang trSn 11% thi phan nhap khau, ehua bang mpt nua thi phdn cua Thdi Lan. Australia diing thii 7 ve nhdp khau tdm Viet Nam, chidm 4,8%
tdng xuat khdu tdm cua Viet Nam di eac thi trudng vd thi phan ca tra tii 96% den 98% vdi phi-l6 ca tra tuoi hoac udp lanh. Vdi Id trinh cdt gidm thue cua CPTPP, Viet Nam se co lpi thd trong xudt khau thiiy san sang thi trudng ndy CTdng cue Hdi quan, 2018b).
Ihi trudng New Zealand: New Zealand cam k^t xoa bd 94,6% sd ddng thue ngay khi Hiep dinh cd hieu luc, tuong duong 69% kun ngach xuat khau cua 78
KHOA HOC C O N G N G H £
Viet Nam sang thi trudng nay (khoang 101 tri^u USD). Vdo nam thii 7 kd til khi thuc hidn Hiep dinh, cdc ddng thud cdn lai se dan dupe xoa bd hodn toan.
Tat cd edc m$t hdng thuy san thud sudt ve 0% ngay.
Nhdm hang thuy sdn Vi^t Nam cd khn ngach xuat khdu sang New Zealand khoang 20 tri$u USD hang nam, tdc dp tang tnrdng binh quan khoang 12%/nam, chiem thi phdn tu 11-13%. Trong dd, mat hdng cd phi- 16 cua Vifet Nam chiem mi th^ tai thi trudng ndy. Ddi vdi tdm chua qua chd bidn vd tdm chd bidn, hien Tnmg Qude vd Thai Lan da vugt qua Viet Nam vd ldn luot trd thdnh nhd cung cap sd 1 ddi vdi hai chung loai ndy do Trung Qude cd lpi the ve gid ca, chat lugng. Do do, trong thdi gian toi vdi cdc uu dai hi thue quan cua CPTPP, Viet Nam se co lgi the canh tranh hon vol edc ddi thii so vdi trude day.
Cac thi trudng khic: Nhu cdu nhdp khdu thuy san cua Malaysia cd xu hudng tang, rieng mat hang cd tra cua Viet Nam xuat khau sang Malaysia trong nam 2018 tang 72,2% so vdi 2017. ViSt Nam chiem linh thi tnidng thiiy san Smgapore bang eac san pham ea phi 16 ddng lanh, cd che bien thd (xay, thai Idt). Tuy nhi^n Viet Nam cung phai canh tranh vdi cac nude trong khu vue ASEAN nhu Malaysia vd Indonesia cd Ipi the ve tdm, cua, cd tuoi sdng. Hien mat hang chu yen ma Vi^t Nam xuat khau sang Brunei Id thiiy san vd gao, tuy nhien Brunei la nude nhd n6n kim ngach XK thuy san chua cao. Peru la thi trudng tuong ddi phii hop vdd binh dp vd quy md cung nhu cdch tiep can thi trudng, hang hoa san pham d^ tham nhap, eanh tranh vd ed the la thi truong tnmg gian dd di vdo thi trudng cdc nude Idng gidng nhu Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia vd phia Tay rdng Idn ctia Brazil. Chile hi vi hi thii 60 trong top cac thi trudng NK tdm cua Vi6t Nam da vuon len vi hi thti 46 vdi ty b-png tang ldn 0,12% tii 0,01% nam 2018. Mexico la thi trudng XK cd tra, basa ldn thti 5 cua Viet Nam. Ddi vdi mat hdng tdm, hien Mexico dang cd lenh cam nhap khau tdm tu mot sd nuoc chau A trong dd cd Vi6t Nam. Khi lenh cam duac xod bo, chde chdn vdi the manh ve gid va chat lupng, Viet Nam cd thd chidm luih thi phan. Mtic thue hien tai cho nhdm hang ndy la khoang 20%.
3.4. MOt sd thdch thiic chinh ddi vdi xudt khSu thuy san sang cdc nude CFTPF
Nguon nguyin heu khdng dn dinh, gii thinh san xuat caa hi$n ddu vao san xuat nguyen heu nhu:
thiic an, eon gidng, hda chat, khdng sinh deu phu
thupc phdn lon vao cdc ngudn cung nude ngodi, cdc CO quan quan ly chua hoac khdng kiem soat duac, ddn den dich b6nh, chat lupng cdn thdp. Chi phi sdn xuat eao hon so vdi cac nude khdc khidn cho gid thdnh san phdm vd gid XK cao, lam giam kha nang canh tranh.
Quy tic xuat xu. Ve eo ban, ehi nhiing san pham ddp ling cac quy tde xuat xii ctia mpt FTA moi cd thd hudng cdc miic thud suat uu dai cua FTA dd.
De dupe hudng cdc uu dai thud quan theo CPTPP, hdng hda xuat khau ciia Vidt Nam phai dap ling cdc Ueu ehi ve xuat xu: hdng hda. Day Id thach thiic vi nhan thuc cua doanh nghiep, nhdt la edc doanh nghiep nhd vd viia, h€n quan ddn hpi nhap ndi ehung vd Id trinh gidm thue, tieu chi xuat xii ndi rieng chua day dti eiing nhu hang hda xuat khau edn phti thudc nhi^u vao nguyen li^u nhap khau tii cdc nude ngoai khdi. Thuc te ddn nay, cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam mdi tan dung dugc 30% uu dai hi cdc hiep dinh FTA
Rao can ky thuat va bao hd thuong mai. xu hudng bao hd san xuat trong nude eua cdc nude nhap khdu, trong dd ed ea edc ddi tae FTA ngdy cang gia tang. Cac quy dinh ve TBT, SPS, yeu cau ve tieu chuan mdi trudng, chat lupng sdn pham vd quy tdc xuat xii se Id thdch thiie ddi vdi hang hda xuat khau cua Viet Nam. Nhiing rao can didn hinh Id thue chdng ban phd gid, thud chdng trp' cap, cdc quy dinh kidm tra hda chat, khdng smh hay chuong trinh thanh tra rieng biet, quy tdc xudt xii, cac bien phdp SPS - TBT, sdf hiiu tri tue, mdi trudng, trach nhidm xa hpi, lao dpng trong CPTPP dat ra nhiing thach thiic khdng nhd ddi vdi ngdnh thtiy sdn. Tai Nhat Ban eae quy dinh kiem dich an toan ve sinh thuc pham; phti gia thuc pham, du luang hda chat ndng nghidp, nhan mdc hang hda va bao bi thuc pham.
Chenh lech miie thue trong Hiep dinh VJFTA d mdt vdi dong hang vdi cac nude canh tranh ddi vdi mpt sd sdn pham cd ngii hi Viet Nam cao hon so vdi hi cdc nudfc khac (Thdi Lan, Philipme). Vi du; dp thue 5,8%
cho ca ngir vay vang ddng hop vd cd ngii vay vang ddng lanh ctia Vidt Nam trong khi Phihpin va Thai Lan 0%. Ngodi ra, muc gidi han cho phep cua mpt sd hda chat, khdng sinh (Enrofloxacm) thap hon nhidu so vdi qm dinh eua EU. Hien nay, Nhat Ban dp dung miic du lupng tdi da cho phep (MRL) vdi Enrofloxacin Id 0,01 ppm trong khi EU qui dmh tdng Enrofloxacin va Ciprofloxacm trong ca la 0,1 ppm.
79
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Tai Aush-alia, lenh tam ngimg nhap khdu ddi vdi mat
hang torn chua ndu chm het hieu liic ke hi ngay 06/7/2017. Cac di^u kien nhap khau chat che hon da duoc dp dung hi ngdy 7/7/2017 nhdm dam bao hoat dpng thuong mai an toan ddi vdi tdm va cdc san pham tdm. Tu ngdy 28/9/2018, cdc mat hdng tdm tam bdt khi nhdp khau vdo Austraha da phai trdi qua mdt budc xu ly bang nhifet.
Chiu canh tianh manh me. sue ep canh tranh Id van dk ddu ti^n doi vdi nen kinh te va cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Tuy nhi^n, eanh tranh ludn cd tinh hai mat ro rang. Mpt mat, canh tranh se rat tieu cue ddi vdi cac doanh nghifip ydu kem, nhat la cac doanh nghiep cd cdng nghe san xuat vd kinh doanh lac hau.
Mat khdc, canh tranh mang lai ddng lue eho edc doanh nghiep h6n tuc ddi mdi va sang tao, ddng thoi tao ra th6m nhieu su lira chpn cho ngirdi tifeu diing.
Hien nay, vdi nhiing uu dai v^ thud nhap khau nguydn lieu, mdt sd nude ddi thu eanh eanh nhir Trung Qude hay Thai Lan hay cdc ngudn cung ldn khdc nhir Bangladesh, Indonesia, An Dp... dang khidn doanh nghifep thiiy sdn Viet Nam khd canh tranh de cd dupe dii phan tdt hon.
3.5. MOt sd giai phdp thtic ddy xudt khdu thiiy sdn vdo cdc nude CPTPP
3.5.1. Chu ddng ngudn nguyin hiu dim bao chat lupng vi quy tic xui'txu
- Phat tridn manh nudi cdc ddi tuong ehu luc:
tdm, cd tra, nudi bien; td chiic tridn khai cdc quy djnh mdi trong nudi trong thiiy san; thyc hien hieu qua K^
hoach hdnh ddng quoc gia phdt trien ngdnh tdm den nam 2025, D^ an san pham quoc gia ddi vdi tdm nude la vd ea da tron, Chidn luoc nudi bidn den nam 2030.
Nhan rdng eac md hinh, quy trinh nudi tdt da dugc chiing nhan. Tang cudng ling dung KHCN de nang cao nang suat, dam bdo an todn dich benh, ddm bdo nguon nguyfen heu cho chd bi^n xuat khau. Tang cudng cdng tac thanh tra, kiem tra vifec luu thdng, mua bdn, su dung che pham xu ly, cdi tao mdi trudng nudi trong thiiy sdn; su dung hda chat, khang sinh trong nudi trong thiiy sdn vd xu ly nghiem cdc vi phgm theo quy dmh ctia phdp luaL
- Tidp tue day manh nghien ctiu, ting dung khoa hpe cdng nghe trong khai thdc vd bao quan san pham sau thu hoaeh tren tau cd. Dac bi^t cdng tac bao quan san pham thuy san tren tau ca, gia tang gia hi san pham thtiy san xuat khau hi khai thac.
- Tidp hic don gian hoa, hien dai hda hoat dpng cdp Giay chiing nhan xuat xii hang hda ( C / 0 ) : to chiic thuc hien va theo doi trien khai viec phan luong doanh nghidp b-ong quy hinh cap C / 0 mi dai; day manh cdp C / 0 qua hitemet.
- Tang eudng cdc bien phdp chdng gian ldn xudt xii dd bao ve cac ngdnh hang xuat khau ctia Vi^t Nam trude rui ro eiia nhung vu ki$n chdng lan tranh bi$n phdp phdng v6 Ihuong mai; tang cudng cdng tdc hau kilm tai td chiic cap C / 0 va cdc doanh nghidp d^ nghi cap C / 0 .
- Tiep tuc to chiic tuyfin truyen nhdm ndng cao nhan thuc cua doanh nghiep vd uu dai FTA, hirong tan dung va each tan dung uu dai FTA, nhat la v^ quy tac xuat xii vd lam the ndo dk ddp ling quy tde xuat xii nhdm tan dung tdi da uu dai vk thue quan (hien nay ^ le tdn dung thap).
- Khuyen khich san xuat theo chudi lien ket tir khai thac, thu mua vd cung cap dieh vu hau cdn ngay trSn bidn nhdm dam bao chat luang san pham.
3.5.2. Dam bao chat lupng vi an toan ve sinh tbixpham cho cic sin pham thuy sin xuat khiu
• Tang cudng cdng tdc quan ly chat lupng, an todn ve sinh thuc pham ddi voi thuy san thdng qua cdc bidn phdp quan ly theo hd thdng hi san xudt nguydn heu den che bien xuat khau nhu dp dung GAP, CoC, HACCP; rd sodt, bd sung hd thdng tieu ehuan ky thuat ddi vdi hang thiiy sdn va vat tu nong nghidp theo hudng hai hda vdi edc ti&u ehuan, quy ehuan cua cac nude nhap khau; dam bao chuong trinh Idem soat tuong dirong vdi quy dinh cua cdc nhd nhap khau; xii ly nghiem cdc hanh vi gian ldn thuong mai, vi pham qui dinh ve chat lupng, an todn thuc pham, canh tranh khdng Idnh manh 1dm mat uy tin thuy san Vi6t Nam.
- Tao mdi tnrong thuan loi cho ngudi dan, doanh nghiep dau tu san xuat, kinh doanh, hen kdt phdt trien cdc chudi gia tri ndng san chat lupng cao, ddm bdo ATTP
3.5.3. Tidp tuc dau tranh, dim phin, thiogdkhd khan vudng mic tiong xuat khau thuy san.
- Dam phdn cae ndi dung Uen quan den cdc quy dinh kiem dich dpng thuc vat ciia nuoc nhap khau la mdt trong nhiing nhidm vu hdt svic quan trpng vd cdn tich cue day manh cdng tae ddm phdn, giai quy^t kho khan ve tiep can thi trudng cd lien quan tdi h^ thdng
80 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 4/2020
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE
quan ly chat lupng cung nhu tieu chuan an todn thuc phdm, giup thuy san cua ta tan dung duoc co hdi md ra khi thue nhap khau trdn ede thi tnrong ndy dupe cdt giam hoac xda bd; tang cudng cong tac tuy^n truyen, phd bidn vd hudng ddn cac ho ndng dan khdng ehi v^ tieu ehuan cua nude nhap khdu ma con ve phuong thiic san xuat, nudi trong phu hpp de ddp ling cdc tieu chuan dd.
- Phan tieh vd du bao thi trudng, dac biet Id nhiing thi trudng trpng didm, kip thdi eanh bdo vd thdng tin tuyen truydn, phd bien cho doanh nghiep chd bien xuat khau thuy sdn cdc quy dinh v^ rdo can, van de phat sinh trong xuat khau thiiy san; tidp tuc td chiic cac hoat ddng xiic ti^n thuong mai (XTTM), l§p kd hoaeh quang bd sdn phdm thuy san tai thi trudng h-png tdm ti-ong nhdm CPTPP.
3.5.4. Tang cudng ning luc canh tianh cua doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy sin
• Cac doanh nghidp can ndm viing cam kdt ciia Viet Nam trong cdc Hi^p dinh dk thay ddi tu duy kinh doanh trong bdi canh mdi. Nang cao stie eanh h-anh cua doanh nghiep va san phdm xuat khau (dap ling edc tidu ehudn chdt lupng, ky thuat), ndm bat thong tin quy dinh va rdo can thi trudng dd kip thdi ling phd vd dap ting. Cac DN cdn tang cudng hpp tdc, chii trpng U6n ket chudi de nang cao nang suat, chdt lupng, kidm soat tdt ATVSTP; day manh cdng tae XTTM tai thi trudng cac nude tham gia CPTPP, tang cudng truyen thdng quang bd san pham thuy san Viet Nam
- Doanh nghiep chu dOng trong cong tac chuan hi vd ddi phd kip thdi vdi cdc tranh chap thuong mai, hidu va dp dung Unh hoat va trung thirc quy tae xudt xii ciia Hi^p dmh CPTPP. Tun kiem vd phat trien ngudn nguygn h$u trong nuoc, t ^ cdc ddi tdc CPTPP.
- Chu ddng tun hudng hgp tdc vdi cac ddi tac nude ngodi, tham gia vao day chuyen cung ling todn cau. D^c bi$t chu trpng thuc hien va ddp ling edc quy dinh, tieu chudn ve lao dpng vd mdi tnidng, cdc van de h^n quan den phat tridn b^n viing.
3.5.5. Mdt s6 giai phip cu the doi vdi cic thi trudng tiong CPTPP
T0 Nhit Bin: can chu trpng nang cao chat lupng san pham ddp ling cdc hdu chuan ve ve smh an toan thuc phdm vd quy dinh mdi ve bao ve mdi trudng. Da dang hod co cau thuy san che bien, phdt
tridn mpt sd loai thuy san ehu lue mang tinh dac tnmg cua Viet Nam, cd gia tri va siic canh tranh cao.
Dap ling cae yen cdu ve bao bi va ddng gdi dd cdc nhd nhap khau Nhat Ban chap nhan vd tao lap quan he kinh doanh lau ddi. Nghien cuu thi trudng, xiic tien xuat khau, quang bd thuong hieu vd thuc hien tdt dich vu khach hang. Doanh nghifep can ddy manh nghien ctiu thi trudng, nhat Id nhung quy dinh mdi ve chat lupng va cdc bien phap Idem soat thuy sdn nhap khau cua Chinh phu Nhat Ban.
Tai Austraha: can kien quyet xoa bd tinh trang vi pham an todn thuc pham. Idem tra nghiem cdc Id hdng thuy san xudt khau. Ddng thdi, diy manh tuyen truyen, quang bd ve san xuat, xuat khau thuy san Viet Nam.
Tai New Zealand: Hang thuy san tren thi trudng thudng khdng duoc mang ten hidu ctia nha xudt khau Vidt Nam, md chi cd xudt xti va thuong hieu cua nhd nhdp khau tren bao bi nen kha nang nhan bidt thuong hieu tai thi trudng tuong ddi thap. Do vay, can chti trpng cdng tdc xiic tidn thuong mai, quang ba thuong hieu san pham de san pham xuat khau Vifet Nam dupe bidt ddn trdn thi trudng New Zealand.
Tai Malaysia, Brunei: Malaysia va Brunei la cac qude gia Hdi gido n6n hang thiiy san xuat khau sang thi trudng ndy phai dap ling day du cac yeu cau ve chting nhan san pham Halal. Dd thuc day xuat khau sang edc thi trudng nay, cong dong doanh nghiep can chu trong, nang cao nhdn thiic ve cac quy dinh ndy boi chiing chi Halal Id mpt trong nhirng yen cdu tidn quyet ddi vdi ndng san, thue pham ndi chung vd thuy san ndi rieng vao cdc thj tnidng cua cong dong ngudl Hdi gido.
4.KFrLU«l
Trong giai doan 1995-2018 toe dp tang trudng xuat khau thuy san binh quan hdng nam dat 13%/nam, luon chiem khodng tren 20% tdng gia tri xuat khau ndng lam thuy sdn vd mang lai 4-5% tong GDP cua ca nude. Trong nam 2018, cdc nude CPTPP chiem 25,1% tdng kun ngach xuat khau tiniy san cua Viet Nam. Trong khdi ede nude CPTPP, Nhat Ban la thi trudng nhap khau thuy san ldn nhat, chiem 15,7% tdng kim ngach xuat khau thuy san ciia Viet Nam; ddng thdi diing vi tri thi trudng ldn thii 3 ciia Vidt Nam sau My vd EU. Vdi viSc tham gia ky ket vd thue thi Hiep dinh ddi tac todn dien va tidn bp NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 4/2020
%\
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
xuy6n Thdi Bmh Duong (CPTPP) se mang lai nhidu thudn lpi cting nhu nhieu thdch thiic ddi vdi xuat khau thuy san cua Viet Nam. Trong khoi ndy ed nhung thi trudng tniyen thdng va dac biet quan trong ddi vdi thuy sdn Viet Nam nhu Nhdt Bdn, ben eanh dd cung ed nhieu thi trudng mdi, tiem nang dac biet edc nude chua cd FTA vdi Viet Nam. Viec hiiu ro cae npi dung va cam kit ciia cdc nude thanh vien tham gia CPTPP se giup cho viec phdt tridn kinh te ndi ehung va linh vuc xuat khau thuy san ndi rieng cua Viet Nam vdo edc thi trudng CPTPP cd nhilu co hpi tang trudng nhd vdo viec dd bd hang rdo thul quan va thu hiit ddu tu cung nhu md rpng duoc thi trudng tieu thu. De nam bat dup'c co hdi nay, ngdnh thuy san can phai chii dong hon trong viec san xuat nguyen lieu, che bien cdc sdn pham gia tri gia tang, dam bao chat lupng, an toan thuc pham va ndm rd quy tdc xuat xii de tuan thu, tang cudng cac quy dinh an toan thirc pham dap ung cac quy dinh vk hdu chuan, quy chuan, nhan mac trong san xuat, che bien va an toan sinh hpc nhdm tan dung tdi da nhiing lpi the va han che nhimg tiiach thiic khi thuc thi CPTPP.
TAI UEU HUM n U o
1. Balassa, B. (1965). Trade Dber.ilisahon and 'Revealed' Comparative Advantage. Manchester Schoolof Economics and Social Studies 33: 99-123.
2. Cyrielle Gagho (2017) Trade hberahzation and export performance: a hterature review. Revue d'economie pohtique vol. 127 ,2017.
3. Deborah Ekns (2019) The Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Policy Innovations and Impacts. GED paper.
https://www.bertelsmann-shftung.de/de/startseite/
4. Quoc hdi (2018) Nghi quyet phe chuan Hi^p dinh ddi tdc todn didn va tien bp xuyen Thdi Binh Duong Cling edc van kien hen quan
5. Tong cue hai quan Viet Nam (2018), Sd li^u xuat nhap khau ndng san Viet Nam - EU.
6. Trollvik, T. (2002). The impact of World Trade Organization agreements on fish trade.
FAO Fisheries Circular. No. 977. Rome, FAO. 2002.
61p.
7. VASEP (2019a), Bdo cdo xuat nhdp khdu thiiy san Viet Nam nam 2018
8. VASEP (2019b), Cac hiep dinh thuong mai tu do: Co hdi thud quan vd khuyin nghi eho ngdnh thuy san Viet Nam.
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR EXPORT OF VIETNAMESE FISHERY WITH COUNTRIES IN THE CPTPP
Tran Van Cong. Nguyen Thi Duong Nga Summary
Deeper integration of Vietnam into the world economy though WTO and FTAs is expected to create opportunities for expanding export market for agneultural products. Fishery export values of the country has grown strongly over years with rate of about 13% per annum, reaching about 9 trillion USD in 2018.
Among export markets, the market share of fishery export into ten countries belonging to CTTPP is recorded at more than 25%. Aside from the opportunities that CPTPP provides to Vietnamese fishery exporters, there are still many challenges ahead. This study focuses on analyzing the basic contents of the CPTPP as well as opportunities and challenges for Vietnam's fishery export when participating in and implementing the commitments ui the CPTPP, several recommendations to speed up fishery export to CPTPP countnes in the near fiiture are proposed accordingly.
Keywords: Exports, trade agreements, hsberies.
Ngudi phdn b i ^ : TS. Hodng Vu Quang Ngdy nhdn bdi: 20/2/2020 Ngdy thdng qua phdn bi^n: 12/3/2020 Ngdy duy^t dSng: 24/3/2020
82 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 4/2020
