Cac nhan to anh hu'dng den y djnh khdi su" kinh doanh
cua sinh vien nhom nganh kinh doanh va quan ly Tru'dng Dai hoc Binh Du'dng
CAO V l f T HIEU' NGOYEN THI N A N G HUYNH"
T o m tat
Nghiin cffu phdn lich cdc nhdn td'dnh hudng di'n y dinh khdi sU kinh doanh (KSKD) cua sinh viin nhom ngdnh Kinh doanh vd Qudn ly Trffdng Dgi hgc Binh Ducmg. Ki't qud nghien cffu chg thdy. co 9 nhdn tdtdc ddng de'n y dinh KSKD cua sinh vien, bao gom: (1) Hogt dgng ngogi khda; (2) Kinh nghiem thuang mgi; (3) Truyen cdm hffng KSKD; (4) Chinh sdch cda Chinh phd; (5) Nguon vd'n cho KSKD; (6) Cdm nhdn khd nang kiem sodt hdnh vi; (7) Cdm nhdn ve chudn muc xd hgi; (8) Thdi do ddi vdi KSKD; (9) Gido due kinh doanh.
Tii khda: khdi sff kinh doanh. y dinh khdi sff kinh doanh, sinh viin
Summary
This study analyzes factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of students pursuing Business and Managemenl Faculty at Binh Duong University. The fruit reveals nine determinants which are (1) Extracurricular activities; (2) Prior commercial activities; (3) Entrepreneurial inspiration; (4) Government policies on entrepreneurship; (5) Sources of funding for entrepreneurs; (6) Perceived behavioural control; (7) Perceived social norms; (8) Attitude toward entrepreneurship; (9) Entrepreneurial education.
Keywords: entrepreneurship. entrepreneurial intention, students G I O I T H I E U
Tru'dng Dat hpc Binh Difdng dtfpc thdnh lap theo Quye't dinh sd 791/QD-TTg, ngay 24/9/1997 cua Thu tifdng Chinh phu. Sau 23 nam hinh thanh va phdt trien, Tru'dng Dai hpc Binh Du'dng da trd thdnh mpt tnfdng ddo tao da ca'p bac, da nganh nghe; dd cung iJng mdt ngudn ldn lao dpng cd chat lifdng, dap d'ng nhu cau nhan life eiia xa hdi. Trong qud trinh to chu'c dao tao eua Nhd trifdng, viec nhan dien va do lu'dng mflc dd anh hifdng cua cac nhan to de'n y dinh KSKD cua sinh vidn nhdm nganh Kinh doanh va Quan ly Id rat thid't thifc.
Cdng tdc nay gidp ddnh gid khach quan ke't qua dmh hifdng ddo tao eua Nha tnfdng, ddng thdi de xual nhflng bidn phdp giup nang cao y dinh KSKD cua sinh vidn.
C O s d LY T H U Y E T VA P H U O N G PHAP N G H I E N CLfU
Crf sd ly thuyd't va mo hinh nghien cihi Cd ra't nhieu dinh nghia ve KSKD, nhutig nhin chung
diu thd'ng nha't rang, KSKD phai gdn lien vdl viec thanh lap va lam chu mpt doanh nghiep mdi (Lifidn, 2004). KSKD la mdt qua trinh dp ii hinh thanh y ttfdng, tim kie'm ed hdi kinh doanh, khao sdt thi tnfdng, lap kd' hoach, xem xet dieu kidn cua ban than, tinh todn kha ndng huy ddng cdc nguon life... tnfdc khi thtfc sif bat tay vao kinh doanh (Tran Van Trang, 2013).
Y dinh (intentions) la trang thdi nhan thd'c ngay tnfdc khi thifc hien mdt hanh vi (Krueger, Reilly va cpng sif, 2000);
chdng ta cd the nhan bie't difpc hanh vi didng qua viec khdm pha y dinh thifc hien hanh vi (Ajzen, 1991). Theo dd, y dinh KSKD la stf cam ket thanh lap, Idm chii mdl doanh nghiep mdi va xdy dtfng kd' hoach thifc hien hanh ddng ndy tai mdt thdi diem nha't dinh trong ltfdng lai. Mdt cd nhan khong bao gid thanh lap doanh nghidp mot cdch ngau hd'ng.
'TfLfdng D?i hpc Binh Du'dng
" T n f d n g Cao dang Viet Nam - Han Quoc, Binh Du'dng
Ngd\ nhqn hdi: 09/6/2020: Ngdy phdn bien: 14/6/2020: Ngdy duyfi ddng: 27/6/2020
88
ma ngifdc lai, hp xem xet va chuan bi ky lifdng cho hanh ddng dd, hp xua't phat tif j dmh Ihdnh lap doanh nghidp, y dinh KSKD cdng cao, thi kha nang hinh thanh doanh nghiep cang ldn (Krueger, Reilly va cpng sif, 2000).
De' ddnh gid mpt each day du nha't cac nhdn td'anh hifdng de'n ^ dmh KSKD cua sinh vidn nhdm ngdnh Kinh doanh va Quan ly Trifdng Dai hpc Binh Dfldng, nhom tdc gia lifa ehpn Ly thuye't hdnh vi c6 ke'hoaeh (TPB) eiia Ajzen (1991) lam nen tang vd bd sung them nhan id' Moi tnfdng giao due dai hpc cua Lilian (2004); nhdn td Ngudn vd'n cho KSKD;
HIMH: M O H i N H N G H I E N CCfQ D E X U A T
Mguon: De x
BANG 1: C A C T H A N G DO D ^ T D p TIM C ^ Y T H 6 N G Q U A KIEM DjNH CROMBACH'S ALPHA Thang do
Thai d6 doi v(3i KSKD (Attitude toward Entrepreneurship - ATE)
Cim nhan vl chuan mu'c xa h6i (Perceived Social Norms - PSN)
dm nh§n kha nang kiem soat hanh vi (Perceived Behavioural Control
-PBC)
Moi tru'ttng giSo due dai hoc (University Environment - UE)
Nguon vo'n cho KSKD (Sources of Funding for Entrepreneurs - SEE) Kinh nghidm thu'dng mai (Prior Commercial Activities - PCA) Chinh sdch ciia Chinh phii
(Government Policies in Entrepreneurship - GPE) Y dinh KSKD (Entrepreneurial
Intention - EI)
Cronbach's Alnha
0.872
0.832
0 892
0.88i
0 861 0.886
0,743
0.888 Bien
ATF?
ATE?
ATE^
ATE5 ATE6 ATE7 ATEe PSNI PSN2 PSN3 PSN^
PSN5 PSN7 PSN8 PBCl PBC2 PBC3 PBC'I PBC5 PBC6 PBC7 PBC8 PBC9 PBC 10 UEl UE2 UE3 UE4 UE5 UE6 UE7 UE8 UE9 UEIO UEII SFEl SFE^
SFE3 PCAl PCA2 PCA3 GPEI GPE"- GPE3 GPE4 E12 EI3 EI4 EI 5 E16
H$ so ttfdng quan 0 644 0.619 0.698 0.S3!
0 748 1) 7 13 0 .S98 0 804 0.^33 0 .S79 0 5K.S 0 576 0 50^
0.517 0.573 0.604 0.695 0.648 0.621 0.634 0.721 0.659 0 577 0617 0 567 0 548 0 507 0.55 1 0.590 0.571 0-690 0.661 0.619 0.557 0.658 0.676 0.753 0.783 0.725 0 788 0.823 0.542 0.509 0.526 0.572 0.717 0.739 0.733 0.715 0.738
H^ sfi" Cronbach's Alpha 0.855 0.8.59 0.848 0.869 0.841 0.845 0 777 0817 0 810 0 809 0 810 0 822 0.820 0.876 0.873 0.868 0.870 0.872 0.871 0.867 0.871 0.875 0.873 0.872 0.873 0.876 0.873 0.871 0.872 0.864 0.866 0.869 0.873 0.866 0.859 0.789 0.76 i 0.884 0.829 0.799 0.681 0.700 0.692 0.666 0.867 0.867 0 863 0 867 0 86."^
i^juc'ri T o n g hdp c
Economy and Forecasi Revi
89
BANG 2: MA TRAN XOAY NHAM TO CAC BIEN DQC LAP
ATE2 ATE3 ATE4 ATE5 ATE6 ATE7 ATE8 PSNI
psm PSN3 PSN4 PSN5 PSN7 PSN8 PBCl PBC2 PBC3 PBC4 PBC5 PBC6 PBC7 PBC8 PBC9 PBCIO UEl UE2 UE3 UE4 UE5 UE6 UE7 UE8 UE9 UEIO UEli SFEl SFE2 SFE3 PCAl PCA2 PCA3 GPEI GPE2 GPE3 GPE4
. IIM»M 1
0.659 0.637 0.717 0.710 0.736 0.695 0.755 0 658
• ; .
0.637 0 648 0 708 0.695 0.749 0.709 0.680
3
0.783 0.514 0.726 0.727 0.554 0.525
0.767 0.83S 0.747 0.835
0.70S 0.798 0.787
• : - ^ ',
0.654 0.833 0.79S
0.720 0.768 0.558
0.683 0.698
0.741
0.783 0.740 Nguon Tdng h0p ciia nhom tac gia Kinh nghiem thifdng mai; Chinh sach cua Chinh phu cua Liithje va Franke (2004).
Tren ccf scl mo hmh nghien cthi ciia Lilian va Chen (2009), Tran Van Trang (2013), Nguyln Thi Phifdng va Tran Thj Dilm Thiiy (2019), Esfandiar, Shanfi- Tehrani va cpng sif (2019), nhom tac gia de xuat mo hinh nghien ci?u nhif Hinh.
Phtftfng phap nghian cvtu
Di thu thap dif heu, nhom tac gia thiet ke bang h6i tren Google fonn gid den sinh vien cua 3 ng^nh: Qu^n tri kinh doanh; Tai chinh ngan hang; Ke toan thuoc Triftlng Dai hoc Binh Difcfng thong qua he thong nhom Zalo cfic ldp. Sau 6 ngay khao sat (tif ng^y 10 den 16/4/2020), thu ve 607 bang tra ldi cSu hoi cua sinh vien, trong d6 c6 38 bang tra ldi bi loai, bang cau hoi hdp le la 569.
Phan mem SPSS dUdc s^ dung de kiem dinh thang do bang he so Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich nhSn to kham pha (EFA), hoi quy tuyen tinh da bien (Bdi viit sff dung cdch vii't sd thdp phdn theo chudn qudc le).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
Kife'm djnh dO tin c^y thang do Tieu chuan de lifa chgn thang do la chi so Cronbach's Alpha ldn hdn hoSc bing 0.6; dong thdi, biS'n quan sat cd tifdng quan bi^n tong (Corrected Item - Total Correlation) ldn hdn hoSc bing 0.3. Sau qua trinh thifc hien cac kiem dinh v^ loai cSc bien quan sat khong thoa man, k^t qui cud'i cCing nhif Bang 1.
PhSn tich nhSn t6'kham pha (EFA) Ket qua phan tich EFA cho 45 bien quan sat (da loai c^c bien quan sdt khong dat do tin cay thong qua kid'm dinh Cronbach's Alpha) co h6 so KMO = 0.930 th6a man dieu kien 0.5 < KMO < 1. Do d6, phan tich nhan to thich hdp vdi dif U$u.
Kiem dinh Bartlett c6 gia tri Chi binh phu'dng bing 14666.628 vdi miJc y nghTa 0.000 < 0.05, chiJng to dif lieu dung de phan tich nhan to' la phii hdp. Tai cac gid tri Eigenvalue ldn hcfn 1, phan tich nhan to' da trich du'dc 9 nhan to ttf 45 bie'n quan sdt va tdng phifdng sai trich (Cummulative %) dat 65.182% > 50%, dat yeu cau, cho tha'y, 9 nhan to co the gidi thich difdc 65.182% bie'n thidn cua di? lieu. Ma tran xoay nhan to' cac bie'n ddc lap trinh bay trong Bang 2 cho tha^y, cac bien quan sat tap trung ro rang vd he sd'tai nhSn td'cua ta't ca cdc bien quan sal deu ldn hdn 0.5, nen tat ca cdc bien quan sat deu quan trong trong cdc nhan to'.
Nhtf vay, sau khi tid'n hanh ki^m dinh dp tin cay cua thang do thdng qua ki^m dinh Cronbach's Alpha, qud trinh phan tich EFA da sap xd'p lai mgt so' bie'n quan sdt cho phii hdp vdi di? li$u ciia nghien ciJu va nit ra thang do chinh thu'c cua cac nhan to dpc lap trong md hinh nghien ciIu.
Sau khi phan tich EFA, mac dii khdng CO sif xdo trdn bien quan sdt giifa cdc nhan to', nhuhg cd hien tifdng tach cdc bien quan sdt hinh thanh nen cdc nhan to' mdi.
Cu the, nhan to "Mdi tnfdng gido due dai hpc" du'dc tdch thanh 3 nhan to': nhan to' 1 gom 3 bien quan sat: UEl; UE2; UE3 lien quan den hoat dgng gido due kinh doanh cua Nha tnfdng cung cap cho sinh vien, difdc dat tdn Id "Gido due kmh doanh", k;? hidu Id UET; nhan to 2 gom 3 bien quan sdt: UE4; UE5: UEIO lien quan den cdc hoat dpng cQa Nhd tnfdng, nhdm giup sinh vien cam nhan KSKD Id mgt lifa chgn to't trong tifdng lai. difdc ddt tdn Id
"Truyen cam hifng KSKD". k j hidu Id
90
F.I ATE PSN PBC IIET IIF.l LEX SFE PCA r.PE
E I 1.00 0.53*
0.54*
0.46*
0.60*
0 54*
0.56*
0.57*
0.58*
0.17*
ATE 1.00 0 49*
0.33*
0.36*
0.26*
0.21*
0 42*
0.51*
0.19*
BANG 3: MA TRAN HE SO TadNG QUAN .>PSN
1.00 0 39*
0.47*
0.28*
0.30*
0.39*
0.41*
0.32*
PBC
1.00 0 43- 0.17' 0.20*
0.35*
0.38*
0.38*
UET
100 0 38*
0 49*
0 42- 0 38*
0 35*
UEl
1.00 0.56' 0 34*
0 74*
0 19*
BEX
1 00 0.79*
O . ' l - 0 22-
SFE
100 0.46- 0.31*
PCA
1 00 0.18-
GPE
1 00
*: c6 f nghia tho'ng ke d miJc 1 % BANG 4
B^-'""^
B5^
ATF. - ThSi de> doi vSi KSKD RSN - Cam nhan vS chuan mi/c xa hoi PBC - C3m nhan kha nine kiem soat hanh vi UET - Gido due kinh doanh UEl - Truven c^m hitns KSKD UEX - Hoat done ngoai kh6a SFE - Ngu6n va'n cho KSKD PCA - Kinh nghiem thifdnE mai GPE - Chinh sach ciia Chinh ohu
KET QUA PHAN TICH H 6 | QUY chtfa
B 0.314 0.123 0.131 0.124 0.096 0.134 0,154 0.124 0 169 -0,112
s5^h6i quy chu£n hoa
. ^ i c A ' f h i i ^ n 0.084 0.021 0 022 0.018 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.019 0.019 0,014
H#50 hdi quy c h u ^ hoa
0.147 0.149 0,161 0.131 0.192 0.234 0.161 0.232 -0.176
t 3 754 5.740 5.863 6.794 5.075 7.744 9.518 6.474 9.137 -7,928
Sig.
0 000 0 000 0.000 0.000 0 000 0 000 0,000 o.ooc o.ooc o.ooc
VIF 1 -775 1.746 1 508 1 796 1.647 1.622 1 661 1,732 1,322 1.775 Ki^m dinh F = 237.012 (Sig = 0.000)
R^= 0,792 Durbin-Watson = 2 155 So quan sdt: 569
Big^n Dhu thuoc: EI - Y dmh KSKD
UEl; nhan to 3 g6m 4 bie'n quan sdt: UE7;
UE8; UE9; UEll lien quan dd'n cac hoat dgng ngoai kh6a ciia sinh vidn trong qud trinh hoc tap tai Tnfdng, difpc dat tdn la
"Hoat dong ngoai khoa", ley hieu Id UEX.
Tdn cua cdc nhan to khdc khong thay doi, van giif npi dung nhif Hinh.
Kd't qua phan tich EFA cho tha'y, 5 bi^n quan sdt cua thang do y dinh KSKD c6 he s6' KMO = 0.888 thoa man di^u kidn 0.5 < KMO < 1. Do do, phan tich nhSn to thich hdp vdi dif lieu.
Ke't qua kiem dinh Bartlett co gia tri Chi binh phifdng bang 1457.967 vdi miJc y nghia 0.000 < 0.05, chiJng to dif li?u dfing de phan tich nhan td' la phu hdp. Tai gid tri Eigenvalue ldn hdn 1, phdn tich nhan to' da trich dUdc 1 nhan to tCf 5 bid'n quan sdt va td'ng phu'dng sai trich (Cummulative %) la 69.12% >
50% dat ydu cau, cho tha'y nhan to' cd the gidi thich du'dc 69.12% bie'n thien cua di? lieu.
PhSn tich h6i quy tuyd'n tinh Phan tich hoi quy difdc tie'n hdnh vdi bien phu thupc la "Y djnh KSKD" va 9 nhSn to dnh hifdng dd'n Y dinh KSKD g6m: Thdi dp vdi viec KSKD; Cam
Mgu6n' Ket qua tmh toan cua n h o m tac gia
nhdn ve chuan mifc xa hpi; Cam nhan kha nang kiem scat hanh vi; Giao due kinh doanh; Truyen cam hifng KSKD; Hoat ddng ngoai khda; Nguon vo'n cho KSKD;
Kinh nghiem thifdng mai; Chinh sdch cua Chinh phu, Trong dd "Y dmh KSKD" dong vai trd la bien phu thupc, cdn 9 nhan to' cdn lai ddng vai trd la bien dpc lap. Gia tri cdc bid'n diing de phan tich hoi quy la gia tri trung binh cua cac bie'n quan sat tifdng ifng trong thang do da dat cdc kiem dinh ve thang do.
Tru'dc khi tie'n hanh phan tich hoi quy, tdc gia xem xet md'i quan he giifa bien phu thupc vd cdc bie'n ddc lap, dong thdi xem xet quan he giffa cdc bid'n dpc lap vdi nhau de dif bdo tnfdc hidn tifdng da cpng tuye'n.
Bang 3 cho tha'y, cdc bien dpc lap deu cd tifdng quan vdi bid'n phu thupc EI, do dd, cd the tie'n hanh phan tich hoi quy. He so'tifdng quan giffa cdc bie'n dpc lap khd ldn (> 0.3) vdi mifc y nghia tho'ng kd cao (d mffc 1%), ndn cd kha nang xay ra hien tifdng da cpng tuye'n giffa cdc bie'n ddc lap trong md hinh. Vi vay, can ki^m tra hidn tffdng da cpng tuye'n tnfdc khi tien hanh phdn tich hoi quy tuye'n tinh.
Kd't qua Bang 4 cho tha'y. he so' VIF cua ta't ca cdc bie'n dpc ldp kha nho (< 2). nen khong xay ra hien tffdng da cpng tuye'n trong md hinh.
Ke't qua hoi quy cho tha'y, R- = 0.792 vdi kiem dmh F = 237.012 cd mffc y nghia Sig. = 0.000 < 0.01, chffnp td mo hinh hdi quy la phu hdp va 79.2% sff thay ddi ciaa y dinh KSKD cua sinh vien dffdc giai thich bdi
91
cdc bie'n ddc lap. Cdc he so' h6i quy tffdng ffng vdi cac bien dpc lap cd dau dffdng vd cd y nghTa thd'ng ke eao d mu'c 1%, chfflng td cac bid'n: ATE (Thdi dp dd'i vdi KSKD); PSN (Cam nhan ve chud'n mifc xa hpi); PBC (Cam nhan kha ndng kiem sodt hanh vi); UET (Gido due kinh doanh); UEl (Truyen cam hffng KSKD); UEX (Hoat dpng ngoai khda); SFE (Ngudn vo'n cho KSKD);
PCA (Kinh nghidm thffdng mai) tdc ddng ciing chieu dd'n y dinh KSKD cua sinh vien. Bien GPE (Chinh sdch hd trd cua Chinh phu) cd y nghTa thd'ng kd cao d mu'c 1%, nhiftig cd da'u dm". Nguydn nhdn la do ndi dung cac bie'n quan sat trong thang do Chinh sdch cua Chinh phu (sau khi thdng qua cac kiem dinh) dffdc ma hda ngffpc, tffc la bien thien ngffdc chieu vdi thang do y dinh KSKD. Ngoai ra, bdng cdc kiem dinh cd lien quan da chffng minh, mo hinh khong cd hien tffpng phffdng sai sai sd' thay doi, khdng cd tff tifdng quan trong sai so' va phan dff cd phan phd'i chuan. Nhff vay, mo hinh de xuat Id phii hdp vd cd the tid'n hdnh phdn tich.
KET LUAN VA H A M Y QUAN TRf
Ke't qua nghidn cffu cho tha'y, cd 9 nhdn to' anh hffdng de'n y dinh KSKD dffdc xep theo thff tff tff cao de'n tha'p, bao gdm: (i) Hoat ddng ngoai khda; (ii) Kinh nghiem thffdng mai; (iii) Truyen cam hffng KSKD; (iv) Chinh sdch cua Chinh phu; (v) Nguon vdn cho KSKD;
(vi) Cam nhdn kha nang kiem sodt hdnh vi; (vii) Cdm nhdn ve ehuan mffc xa hdi; (viii) Thdi dd vdi vide KSKD; (ix) Gido due kinh doanh.
Tff ke't qua nghien cihi, de nang eao y dinh KSKD eua sinh vidn, Trffdng Dai hpc Binh Dffdng can thffc hidn td't mdt sd' giai phdp sau:
Thff nhd'l, trien khai cd hieu qua hdn nffa ke' hoach tham quan, thffc tdp tai doanh nghiep cho sinh vidn, Dong thdi, t6 chffc hoat ddng cd hieu qua cac eau lac
bd khdi nghiep cua Khoa; khuyen khich sinh vien tham gia sinh hoat trong cdc eau lae bd; phd'i hdp vdi edc to ehffe cd lien quan thffdng xuydn tS chffc cdc budi hdi thao, sinh hoat chuydn de lidn quan dd'n KSKD; td chff'c cdc cudc thi lien quan de'n kinh doanh vd KSKD, nhdm tao ra san chdi de phdt trien y tffdng KSKD,
Thff hai, gia tdng kinh nghiem thffdng mai cho sinh vidn thdng qua vide td chffe bdn cdc san pham, hoac thdng qua viec trao ddi, budn ban hang hda vdi ban bd.
Nha trffdng can thffdng xuyen td chffc cac ngdy hdi kinh doanh, hdi chd kinh doanh nham giup sinh vien cd ed hdi thffe hien y dinh kinh doanh, ban cac san pham tff lam cho nhau.
Thff ba, tang effdng cac hoat ddng nham truyen cam htfng, khdi day tinh thin doanh nhan, nang cao sff dam md kinh doanh, tff duy lam chu eho sinh vidn.
Thff tu. rd sodt cac quy dinh cua phap ludt lidn quan de'n viec thanh ldp doanh nghiep mdi, eung nhff vide vay vd'n ngdn hdng khi thdnh lap doanh nghiep dd' phd bie'n rdng rai de'n sinh vien.
Thff ndm, can cd cdc hoat ddng da dang hda cdc ngudn vd'n KSKD; nang cao cam nhan ve ehuan mffe xa hdi dd'i vdi KSKD cho sinh vidn.
Thff sdu. day manh hoat ddng gido due KSKD trong Nhd trffdng nham cung cap kie'n thffc vd ky ndng can thiet ve kinh doanh, giup cho sinh vidn dii khd nang thdnh ldp vd dieu hanh mdt doanh nghidp sau nay.Q
_ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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