Code switching and code mixing on korean television music show after school club

(1)

FITHRIA LUTHFIYANI NIM. 1110026000020

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

(2)

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING ON KOREAN TELEVISION MUSIC SHOW AFTER SCHOOL CLUB

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

FITHRIA LUTHFIYANI NIM. 1110026000020

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

(3)

i

Humanity, Jakarta Islamic State Syarif Hidayatullah, 2014. Keywords: code mixing, code switching, English, Korean

The aim of this research is to find out types and influential factors of code mixing and code switching in music show After School Club. The writer uses descriptive analysis method by watching and marking some utterances containing code mixing and code switching and then analyzing them.

The instrument of this research is the writer herself by watching the video, marking the utterances containing code mixing and code switching, writing the utterances in a note, and then analyzing by using Janet Holmes theory. The writer found sixteen utterances identified as code mixing and code switching.

(4)

ii

APPROVEMENT

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING ON KOREAN TELEVISION MUSIC SHOW AFTER SCHOOL CLUB

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

FITHRIA LUTHFIYANI NIM. 1110026000020

Approved by:

Advisor I Advisor II

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

(5)

iii NIM : 1110026000020

Title : Code Switching and Code Mixing on Korean Television Music Show After School Club

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on November 21st, 2014. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, November 21st, 2014

Examination Committee

(6)

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in text.

Jakarta, November 21st, 2014

(7)

v

to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for His help, affection and generosity in completing the writer’s study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta. Then, peace and blessing is upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

On this occasion, the writer would like to say her sincere gratitude to her beloved parents, Junaedi and Alm. Sri Insiah and also Kadarwati,who always become motivator and give her love, advices, support, and pray for her every time and everywhere. Also many thanks for her little brother, Muhammad Fikri Mubarok who always be her mood booster. The writer also wants to give her gratitude to Mr. Dhuha Hadiyansyah, M.Hum and Ms. Yenny Rahmawati, M.Ed as the writer’s advisors for their time, guidance, patience, kindness, contribution in correcting and helping her in finishing her thesis.

Also, the writer wants to say many thanks to the people who give much contribution while the process of writing this thesis, they are:

1. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta;

(8)

vi

3. All lectures of English Letters Department who had taught and shared her a lot of things during the study.

4. Keluarga HAHA, Rana Meisara, Thia Askayuli, Bagus Putra Ramadhansya, Debi Novianingrum, Yuliana Kuslambang Ningrum, Muhammad Sazali and Fahmi Fahrurroji. Thank you for the memories, laughs, supports, spirit, knowledges and love.

5. Her superbestfriends who have been regarded as her own sisters, Ika Nurmala and Thia Rahma, thank you for always there. Wish us always keep this friendship forever and support each other.

6. KKN Yellow (Youth Influential Fellowship), Muhammad Adi Rahman, Muhammad Reza Hermanto, Ridho Alvin Harfian, Shakuntala Febrina, Melina Hadera, Christie Adi Oktaviyana, Pranisa Syifadelima, Andriesta Saputri, Nurali, FatihAdzkia, Leiza Sixmansyah, Rian Lisandi , Muhammad Semmy, Rana Meisara, Thia Askayuli and Bagus Putra Ramadhansya. Thanks for the good memories.

7. The writer’s roommate, Asisah, and other boarding house friends, Fita Rahmawati, Ristha Ingrid Mandela, Epida Sari, and Dian.

8. Girls’ Talk, Izmi Istiqomah, Anjaswari Redno Pratiwi, and Fajria Ulfa. At the beginning, we only just a circle of workmates, but now we can share, laugh, hangout, talk about random things like best friends

9. Kim Seokyung언니 and Ha Donghwa, 지금까지내친구주셔서감사합니다.

(9)

vii

11.The employers of some University Libraries who have helped the writer in finding some references.

12.Classmates in Elbie, Linguistic A, fellows and acquaintances in English Letters Department 2010.

13.To all people and friends that are not mentioned, thank you very much.

May Allah SWT always bless, protects, and gives them more than they have given to the writer. Hopefully this thesis will be advantageous for all people who read it.

Jakarta, November 2014

(10)

viii

THE LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 : Table of the technique of data analysis ………..…... 10

TABLE 2 : Table of Data 1 ………... 29

TABLE 10 : Table of Data 9 ……….……... 39

TABLE 13 : Table of Data 12 ………..……….……... 43

TABLE 16 : Table of Data 15 ………..….……... 47

(11)

(12)

(13)

xi

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

LEGALIZATION... iii

DECLARATION……... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... v

THE LIST OF TABLES…... viii

TRANSCRIPTION ………... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS …... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the study ... 1

B. Focus of the study ... 6

C. Research questions ... 6

D. Significance of the study ……….. 7

E. Research Methodology ... 7

1. Objectives of the research ……….. 7

2. Method of the research ... 7

3. The Technique of data analysis ... 8

4. The Instrument of the research ... 9

5. Unit of Analysis ………... 9

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 10

(14)

xii

B. Concept ... 13

1. Language Choice ... 13

2. Bilingualism …... 15

3. Code Switching and Code Mixing ... 18

4. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing …... 22

5. The Influential Factors of Code Switching and Code Mixing ... 25

CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS... 30

A. Data Description ... 30

B. Data Analysis ... 31

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 51

A. Conclusion ... 51

B. Suggestion and Discussion ... 53

(15)

1 A. Background of the Study

(16)

2

language. Similarly, at Korean ethnic churches where code switching and code mixing from English to Korean is widespread, the use of Korean in bilingual discourse can serve several conversational functions, including marking Korean ethnicity by reinforcing the indexical link between a language and the speaker’s ethnic identity.1

Hoffmann explains that code switching can occur quite frequently in an informal conversation among people who are familiar and have shared educational, ethnic, and socio-economic background. It is avoided in a formal speech situation among people, especially to those who have little in common factors in term of social status, language loyalty, and formality. 2 Switching language may serve in order to soften or strengthen request or command, and saying something twice in different languages to intensify or to eliminate ambiguity. 3

The members of bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community. They have to be able to set a condition where they can communicate effectively. They may choose a particular code or variety since it makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking. Most of them usually occupy more than one code and require a selected code whenever they choose to speak with others. It is needed more than one language to do code switching or code mixing as well.

1

Sun-Young Shin, “The Functions of Code Switching in Korean Sunday School”,

Heritage Language Journal, vol.1 no:7 (2010), p. 91-116. Accessed on May 24th, 2014 http://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/documents/personalpages/b/a/a.e.baker/en/tab-two/tab-two/cpitem%5B20%5D/asset?1355373292648

2

Charlotte Hoffmann, An Introduction to Bilingualism, (Newyork: Longman, 1991) p.116

3

(17)

(18)

4

English language education to foster international competitiveness.4 Jun-Kang Kim did a study for a dissertation entitled Globalization and English Language Education in Korea Socialization and Identity Construction of

Korean youth found that the majority of high school and university level English students that were interviewed believed English to be necessary for finishing their educations and achieving success afterwards.5 Shim Jin Young points out that English has become not only the most important foreign language but also an essential tool for education, power, and success in South Korea. She also claims that Englishization of Korean has advanced so far that (i) existing native or Sino-Korean words have been replaced by English words, (ii) Korean phonology has acquired new phonemes, and phonological rules: and (iii) extensive Korean-English code mixing and switching can be found in both formal and informal discourse.6

In another sides, the writer has some reasons why she chooses English-Korean code switching and code mixing as the corpus of this research. First, English-Korean is the brand new case in code choices’ research in State Islamic University while most of the previous researches were chose

4_{Brendan Flattery, “Language, Culture, and Pedagogy: An Overview of English in South}

Korea”, University of Toronto, (2007). Accessed on April 9th,2014 http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/eng6365-flattery.htm

5_{Kim Jun Kang, “Globalization and English Language Education in Korea: Socialization}

Identity Construction of Korean Youth”, Diss. New Mexico State University, (2002). Accessed on April 22nd,2014

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/34517885_Globalization_and_English_language_edu cation_in_Korea__socialization_and_identity_construction_of_Korean_youth

6_{Shim, Rosa Jin Young, “Englishized Korean: structure, status, and attitudes”} ,World

Englishes, no. 13.(1994) p.225-244. Accessed on April 12th, 2014

(19)

Indonesia or English with other language as the corpus of the research. Second, the writer is capable in English and Korean language both spoken and written skill. It makes her easy to understand the corpus well. The third reason, all about Korean entertainment especially Kpop has become a trending topic nowadays. The Korean entertainment industry already knew that Kpop not only booming in South Korea but also around the world. So they often use English-Korean as the medium for global spreading. Jamie Shinee Lee carries out a sociolinguistic study of English mixing in Korean television shows and commercials and tracks the use of English in pop-culture formats, such as television commercials, shows and popular music. She also argues that English language use is associated with representations of youthful people. Lee’s first article on K-pop or Korean popular music addresses kinds of

English used by young artists in an expression of group identity. Lee notes a heteroginity of code mixing and code switching both in Korean and English.7 Knowing the increasing number of Korean television programs that often mix both in Korean and English, the writer decided to conduct a research on one of Arirang TV’s music shows, After School Club, to help revealing the code

switching and code mixing strategy. Arirang TV is an international English-language network based in Seoul, South Korea and it is operated by the Korea International Broadcasting Foundation. Arirang TV provides news and entertainment in Korea for the international community. One of its famous

7_{Lee Jamie Shinee, “Linguistic Construction of Modernity: English Mixing in}

Korean

Television Commersials”, Language in Society, vol. 1 no.35 (2006), p. 59-91. Accesed on May 1st, 2014

(20)

6

broadcasts is After School Club, a weekly live music show. This music show provides video chat session through Google Hangouts as the interactive medium for the guests and viewers. Usually the hosts switch and mix English and Korean as they speak on this music show. Thus, the writer uses this music show as the unit of analysis because the writer finds so many utterances containing code switching and code mixing.

B. Focus of the Study

In this research, the writer is going to analyze the types and influencing factors of code switching and code mixing in Arirang music show,

After School Club, which was accessed on Wednesday, June 23rd, 2013, by focusing on its two hosts, Hanbyul and Eric Nam utterances which are spoken in English and Korean.

C. Research Question

Based on the background and the focus of the study, the writer formulates the questions to get more specific purpose. The research questions are:

1. What types of code switching and code mixing which are used in Arirang music showAfter School Club?

(21)

D. Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this research will be advantageous for further researches who would like to conduct the research with similar case, especially in the study of sociolinguistics as additional reference. Practically, this research is expected to give valuable knowledge of code switching and code mixing for people especially bilingual speakers in order to use the proper code choices while communicating with others.

E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Research

The objectives of the research are:

 To know types of code switching and code mixing which are used

in Arirang music showAfter School Club.

 To know the influential factors of code switching or code mixing

that are used in Arirang music showAfter School Club. 2. Method of the Research

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative method is a research method which relies on verbal data and non numerical in the same manner as the basic of analysis and creative problem solving of the research.8 Therefore, the writer describes and analyzes code switching and code mixing which is used in Arirang music

8

(22)

8

show,After School Club, which is supplied from ArirangKpop YouTube channel that accessed on Wednesday, June 12th, 2013.9

3. The Technique of Data Analysis

According to the method which is used, sociolinguistics theoretical approximation method becomes the references of the research.Sociolinguistics theoretical approached related to the theory or knowledge which observes to the languages utilized in term of people.10

In analyzing the data of the research, the writer follows some steps such as watching the video, marking the utterances containing code switching and code mixing, writing in a note and then analyzing them.

In order to answer the research question, the writer uses Janet Holmes’

criteria to differentiate which utterances containing code switching or code mixing and identifies the types and influential factors. Whenever the codes choices (switching or mixing) occurred, the writer put marks on the specified column of the following table:

This is a table of code switching and code mixing classification based on Holmes theory.

9

See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmcuOcmEI7I

10

(23)

[image:23.595.90.512.118.554.2]

Table 1.1

number of data

name of the host Playback Time

*

Code Choice

Code Switching Code Mixing

Type

Situational Metaphorical

Influential Factor

Participant Solidarity Status Topic

* Sentence containing code switching or code mixing.

4. The Instrument of the Research

In conducting this study, the main instrument is the writer herself and also the writer was supported by some equipment such as Korean dictionary and internet for browsing some information which was needed. 5. Unit of Analysis

(24)

10 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

This research is not the first one which uses code mixing and code switching case as the topic. Previously, there are some researches that observed about code mixing and code switching. In this part, the writer has summarized some previous research regarding code mixing and code switching that will be compared to this research.

The first research is “Code Mixing in Club Camilan Novel” by

DewiPusfitasari (2010, State Islamic University Jakarta), on this research, DewiPusfitasari uses a descriptive analysis method to analyze the types and function of code mixing. The unit analysis in her research is the

ClubCamilanNovel by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS in 2009.The result of the research shows that there are many cases of code mixing which are found in literary works, especially novels by Indonesian author. Besides that, code switching and code mixing used by Indonesian in metropolitan and educated society because of their prestige motive.

The second is “An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in My

(25)

inter-sentential and intra-sentential code choices. The data collected through the study of literature and analyzed with descriptive qualitative method, then, the results of the analysis are shown in percentage. The results of the research revealed that there are 44 utterances containing code switching and code mixing. The percentage are 18,18% of intra-sentential code switching, 2,27% of intra-sentential code switching, 65,90% of inter-sentential code mixing and 13,63% of intra-sentential code mixing. Inter-sentential code mixing is the most dominant type appears between characters’ utterances in My Stupid Boss

novel.

(26)

12

The fourth is a research by Meilisa (2013, Brawijaya University) “Code

Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Novel Supernova: Ksatria, PuteridanBintangJatuh by Dewi Lestari”, Meilisa’s research is about

investigating the types of code switching and code mixing which occur in the dialogue spoken by the main characters and the reasons why the characters switch or mix their dialogues. This research uses descriptive qualitative method by applying Hoffmann’s theory. In conclusion, she found four types

and nine reasons about the se of code switching and code mixing in the novel.

The fifth is “An Analysis of Code Switching in Intermediate Speaking Class of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University in Academic Year 2012/2013” by PiyahWidia(2014, University of Muria

Kudus), her thesis is about to analyze the types of code switching used by the lecturers and students of intermediate speaking class D. She uses descriptive qualitative research method and based on Lipski and Hoffmann theories to identify and describe the data. The results showed that the types of code switching and code mixing used by the lecturers and the students are relatively the same. They are intersentential code switching and intrasentential code switching. Meanwhile, the most dominant reason why the lecturersswitch the codes is repetition for clarification and for the students, the reason is the using of interjection.

(27)

but on this research, the writer chooses English-Korean which is the new one as the problem case in State Islamic University SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta. Besides that, the writer also can speak English and Korean both in written and spokenso it can makes her easy in understanding the data of the research. Also most of those studies are discussed about the reasons why people do code choices. Meanwhile, this research is discussed about the influential factors of code switching and code mixing. The last, analyzing the code choice from a music show also gives a new color in code switching and code mixing research whether in another researches, most of the data was taken from novel.

B. Concept

1. Language Choice

It has observed that the particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any occasion is a code, a system used for communication between two or more communities.11Within each community, there is a variety of language codes and ways of speaking available to its members, which is its communicative repertoire. This includes “all varieties, dialects or styles used in a particular socially-defined population, and the constraints which govern the choice among them.”12

In every language society, someone who joined in different social situation normally has repertoire such as alternative speech, which can

11

Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986) p.99

12

(28)

14

change expending on the situation.13The communicative repertoire may also include different occupational codes, specialized religious language, secret codes of various kinds, imitative speech, whistle or drum language, and varieties used for talking to foreigners, young children, and pets.14

Ervin Tripp explains several factors that affect someone to choose language which is included in:

a.The setting of (time and place) situation, such as family breakfast, a party, a lecture or a date, etc.

b.The participants in the interaction, such as sex, age, occupation, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.

c.The topic of the interaction such as sport, work, politic, economic, etc.

d.Function or goal of the interaction, such as request, thanks, apology, greeting, etc.15

The social environments in which code choices occurs are vary and, accordingly, many social variables which potentially influence speakers’ choice of language in conversation need to be considered. Each of them is quite complex by itself. These variables include community norms and values, ethnicity, speakers’ level of education and fluency, immigrant

13

FranҫoisGrosjean, Life With Two Languages. An Introduction to Bilingualism

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982) p. 127

14

Muriel Saviel-Troike, op.cit. p.51

15

(29)

status, social relation, relative prestige of the languages involved, and setting, among others.16

Basically, language choice is the sequences of speech act composition which has structure and object. If speech act becomes a social phenomenon in certain situation even when in one particular direction, speech act tends to be an individual phenomenon, psychological and affected by linguistics ability of the speaker when someone express their mind, idea, and though. It is influenced by specific times, setting, and role relationship.

2. Bilingualism

One of the most revealing opportunities for studying language socialization is in the case of people growing up bilingually, for they manage not just to keep the two languages separate, but to learn quickly which language to use to which person. They also realize which people can be addressed in a mixture of the two languages.

There are many definitions regarding bilingual term. The simplest definition of bilingual is a person who has some functional ability in a second language.17 Along this lines, Beardsmore argues that bilingual is “the person who is capable of functioning equally well in either of his

languages in all domains of activity and without any traces of the language

16

FlourianCoulmas.Sociolinguistics.The Study of Speaker’s Choices.(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) p.121

17

(30)

16

in his use of the other.”18

On the other hand, Haugen argues that bilingualism is present “at the point where the speaker of one language can

produce complete, meaningful utterances in the other languages.”19

One special abilities of bilingual speaker is the skill of translation from one language to other. The important feature of examining bilingualism is the way each language was acquired. It is useful to distinguish between mother tongue learning, second language learning, and foreign language learning. Each of these, suggest different possible kinds of proficiency. It is useful also to note the age of learning and the time spent using the language.20

Another set of distinctions is skill of understanding speech (reading, writing, and speaking). The receptive skills of reading and understanding speech are often stronger in a learned language than are the productive skills of speaking and writing.21The difference between ability in language is usually referred to as the difference between degree (proficiency or competence in a language) and function (use of two languages). A person who understands a second language well is termed a passive bilingual, or is said to have receptive competence in second language. In contrast, a

18

Hugo BaetensBeardsmore, Bilingualism: Basic Principles (Avon: Multilingual Matters, 1982) p.7

19

Einar Haugen, Bilingualism in the Americas: A bibliography and research guide (Montgomery: University of Alabama Press, 1956) p.10

20

Bernard Spolsky, op cit. p.45

21

(31)

person who speaks and/or writes in both language is termed an active bilingual.22

Bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice. Domain is an empirically determined cluster consisting of a location, a set of role relationships, and a set of topics.23Bilinguals do not usually posses the same proficiency as monolingual speakers in either of their languages. Levels of proficiency in language relate, in part, to which domains that language is used in (e.g. family, work, school, religion, mass media usage) and how often the language is used. Communicative competence in one of a bilingual’s two languages is usually stronger in

some domains than in others. A bilingual is likely to have a preferred language.24

Few individuals live in a situation that allows regular use of their three or more languages over a lifetime. The co-existence of multiple languages will shift within and individual or family, according to religious, cultural, social, economic, political and community pressures. This can be also resulting language contact phenomena such as code switching and code mixing.25

22

Kirsten Malmkjӕr, The Linguistics Encyclopedia 2nd Ed (New York: Routledge, 2002), p.64

23

Bernard Spolsky, op.cit. p.46

24

Kirsten Malmkjӕr. op.cit. p.65

25

(32)

18

3. Code Switching and Code Mixing

Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals. Bilinguals often switch between their two languages in the middle of conversation. These code-switches can take place between or even within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of the words. So that there is a sense in which a person capable of using more than one languages.26

Where speakers competent in more than one language are present, language contact takes place. The result of such contacts are various, some of them are nonce-borrowing, quotation, interference, mixed discourse, pidginization, or code switching.27

The term code mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. So that it is not always easy to distinguish code switching from code mixing. We also have to see the process from a lexical item to a sentence, social condition, the communicant and other factor beyond the grammatical of the sentence only.28

McLaughin (1984) emphasizes in Hoffmann the distinction between switching and mixing by referring to code-switches as a language changes

26

Bernard Spolsky. op.cit. p.46

27

Florian Coulmas, op.cit p.108

28

(33)

occurring across phrase or sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentence and usually involve single lexical items.29

Code switching occurs where speakers are aware of the two varieties being distinct and are able to keep them apart, although they may not do so habitually and may not be conscious of every switch they make.30 Code switching happens spontaneously, not in a rehearsed fashion. A fairly fluent command of first language and second language is generally considered a defining characteristic of speakers who engage in code switching.

It is similarly MaurielSaviel-Troike said in his book that “code switching may be quite unconscious, and the fact of switching itself may be as meaningful in expressing a closer or more informal relationship as the referential content or specific forms used”.31

However, some common features stick out. Ideal code switchers speak at least two languages which are habitually spoken in their community. They are fluent in both languages, although they may not be completely balanced bilinguals.

As Oksaar points out in Coulmas, “their linguistic repertoire

encompasses not just two main systems, first language (L1) and second language(L2), but at least three, L1, L2 and LX, which is directly

29

Charlotte Hoffmann. An Introduction to Bilingualism (New York: Longman, 1991) p.110

30

Charlotte Hoffmann, ibid. p110

31

(34)

20

connected with code switching.” Switching, is a linguistic skill in its own

right rather than a makeshift solution to an anomalous communication problem. Code switchers accommodate to each other. They possess a wider repertoire of adaptive strategies and modification devices than monolingual speakers.32

Here is an example of code switching, as follows, [The italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Hanbyul : Alright..alright. Let’s talk a bit with Kai. I’m gonna ask Kai. What is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this? Mudaemalgo, jinjjapidioreuldeungeseo

[ALL] [SAY] [REALLY] [VIDEO] [ETC.]

paeneureulmanhabonikka, eottaeyo?

[FANS] [MANY] [SEE] [HOW IS IT?]

(Mudaemalgo,

jinjjapidioreuldeungeseopaeneureulmanhabonikka,

eottaeyo?=They said, all of your fans are seeing your video for many times, how is your feeling?)

The text above is the example of code switching because the speaker speak in English in the beginning and switch into Korean at the end of the utterance. This is called as code switching because there is a language changes occurring across sentence boundaries.

Different from code switching, code mixing is a linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduced

32

(35)

elements.33Redlinger and Park write as quoted in Hoffman“code mixing refers to the combining of elements from two languages in a single utterance.” 34

There are some definitions regarding the term of code mixing.Grosjean explains that code mixing transfer elements of all linguistic levels and units ranging from a lexical item to a sentence.35Talking about definitions, Genesee (1989) suggests in Troike that it is desirable to extend the definition of mixing to include single word utterances from two languages during the same stretch of conversation between the speakers.36

Bhatia and Richie said that code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More specifically, code mixing is intra-sentential and is constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social psychological factors.37

Moreover, with regard to function words, there seems to be a wide range of possibilities: articles, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs were

33

Nancy Bouvillain, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages 4th Edition (New Jersey: Pretice Hall, 2003) p.360

34

Charlotte Hoffmann. op.cit. p.105

35

FranḉoisGrosjean, op.cit. p.11

36

MaurielSavielTroike, op.cit. p.105

37

Bhatia T.K and Ritchie W.C. Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing:

(36)

22

all observed to have been mixed in various ways.38 On the other side, here is an example of code mixing, as follows, [The italic is the Korean words.

THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Eric Nam : Keuromyeoncould you show us it a little bit?

[SO]

This text above is the example of code mixing because the speaker mix Korean conjunction with English. Keuromyeonin English means „so’.

Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in the base language such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching and code mixing can compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code switching and code mixing can be bilingual’s specific code which enables

the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identify with a particular group.

4. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Muriel Saville-Troike identified two types of code switching and code mixing, they are situational and metaphorical. It is based on Bloom and Gumpezs’s research in Hemnesberget’s language in Norway.

Situational code switching and code mixing occurs when the language change accompanies a change of topics or participants, or any time the communicative situation is redefined.39 One speaker may speak a different language depending on the situation, but the language spoken in that particular situation does not vary. In this situation, many features

38

Muriel SavielTroike, op.cit. p.106

39

(37)

relating to social factors are involved in determining which language is to be used. In addition, the notion of situational switching assumes a direct relationship between language and social situation.

In supporting these views of situational code switching and code mixing, Holmes argues that people sometimes switch code when there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the participants and the status relation between people or formality of their interaction.40 Within a single conversation, Navajo teachers usually speak English to one another when discussing matters related to school, for instance, but may switch to Navajo to discuss their families, or rodeos and other community activities. They may situationally switch into English if non-Navajo speakers join the conversation, so the new arrivals will not be excluded.

Dealing with this, Wardhaugh has explained that situational code switching and code mixing occurs when the languages used change according the situations in which the conversantfind themselves. They speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. The speakers switch code to signal identities or to change the relations in the roles of the participants in the conversation.41

This is an example of situational code switching and code mixing. [The italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Eric Nam : He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to

40

Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 2nd Edition (England: Pearson Education Limited, 2001) p.35

41

(38)

24

[ALSO] [AGAIN]

oseyodwaelgotgatayo?

[COME][HAVE POSSIBILITY?]

(Keurigo to oseyodwaelgotgatayo? = Also, is there any possibility for you guys to come back again?)

This is an example of situational code switching because there is a topic and situational change in the utterance.

Metaphorical code switching and code mixing occurs within a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role relationships which are being expressed. Since speaking different languages is an obvious marker of differential group membership, by switching languages bilinguals often have the portion of choosing which group to identify with in a particular situation, and thus can convey the metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself.42

Holmes views metaphorical switching as the type of switching that “each of the codes represents a set of social meanings, and the speaker

draws on the associations of each, just as people use metaphors to represents complex meaning. The term also reflects the fact that this kind of switching involves rhetorical skill. Skilful code switching operates like metaphor to enrich the communication.”43

He also adds that switching can

42

Muriel Saviell-Troike, op.cit. p.62-63

43

(39)

achieve arrange of interesting rhetorical effects. The use of ethnic tags signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in the utterances.44

In other hand this is an example of metaphorical code switching. [The italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Hanbyul : Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.

[ONE, TWO, THREE]

This is an example of metaphorical code switching because there is change of topic and situation while the speaker switch from English to Korea.

5. The Influential Factors of Code Switching and Code Mixing

According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to switch code, they are:

1. Participants. The participants that use code switching to his or her partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are talking in one language and a non-speaker enters, they will switch code or topic or both. Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are will and goal of codeswitching such as the speaker who wants to change the situation without any information in time and space.

Look at the conversation below as the example

44

(40)

26

[The Maori is in italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Sarah : I think everyone’s here except Mere.

John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now.

Sarah : You are right. Kia ora Mere. Haeremai. KKeitepeheakoe? [HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU]

Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei tepai. Have you started yet? [HELLO MY FRIEND. I’M FINE]

In the conversation above, code switching appears between English and Maori. People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the switch. Mere is Maori and although the rest of the meeting will be conducted in English.45

2. Solidarity (affective function). A speaker may similarly to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with the addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a second language may use brief phrases and words for this purpose. Scottish Highlanders who are not proficient speakers of

45

(41)

Gaelic nevertheless express their identification with the local Gaelic speech community by using Gaelic tags and phrases in this way too, whether their knowledge of Maori is extensive or not. Such switches are often very short and they are made primarily for social reasons – to signal the speakers ethnic identity and solidarity with the addressee.46

The conversation below is the example of solidarity

[The italic word is Korean and THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL

CAPITAL]

Kate : I’m not sure about these things, Maybe it’s like controversy or something.

Mi Yun: Uhnee, you don’t know about these things?

[OLDER SISTER]

Kate : Mmm..

This conversation is taken Amy E. Pagano’s paper about the code

switching in Korean case. Kate and Mi Yun are her research participants who come from South Korea and have been living in Australia for years. On the conversation below, Mi Yun code switches from Korean to English with the utterance „Uhnee’. Mi Yun’s utterance acts as an announcement that marks Kate’s

46

(42)

28

higher age status.47 The use of ethnic tags signaled ethnic group membership for the speakers because Mi Yun still use Korean address term even though she has been living in Australia for years.48

3. Social Context. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction. Who is talking to whom (e.g. wife-husband, customer-shop keeper, boss-worker) is an important factor. The setting or social context (e.g. home, work, school) is generally relevant factor too. More formal relationship, which sometimes involve status difference on the other way, friendly relationship involving minimal social distance.49

4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch code within a speech event to discuss a particular topic. Bilingual often find it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another. And in some cases the topic has proved an influence on language choice. University students in countries which use English for tertiary education, such as Tanzania, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, often find it easier to discuss their university subjects using English, for example, just as the students from

47_{Amy E. Pagano, “Code switching: A Korean Case Study”,}

Griffith Working Papers in

Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, vol.1 no.3 (2010), p.22-38. Accessed on May 5th,

2014 http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/244422/3.-Pagano-Codeswitching-in-Korean.pdf

48

Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.39

49

(43)

Hemnesberget used standard Norwegian rather than the local dialect to discuss national politics.50Similar with this, Hoffmann says that people sometimes prefer talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.51

50

Janet Holmes, ibid.

51

(44)

30 CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer discusses the research finding. The writer observed Arirang music show After School Club by following four steps. Firstly, the writer watches and downloads After School Club program from

ArirangKpop YouTube channel which was accessed on Wednesday, June 12th, 2013. Secondly the writer marks the utterances containing code switching and code mixing. Thirdly, the writer collects and writes the data in a note. The final step is analyzing the data based on the types and the factors of code switching and code mixing.

(45)

Hanbyul

Data 1: Just one thing about Exo, all my friends and all my lady friends, they are fans of Exo and they are just going crazy to me. Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo. (11:23)

Data 2: Six thousand? It’s more than money that I have. Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo. (12:09)

Data 3: D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo? He’s got it…

He’s got it. Everyone has to be quiet. (15:20)

Data 4: Listen… oh na bogo deureurae. (15:37)

Data 5: Alright..alright. Let’s talk a bit with Kai. I’m gonna ask Kai. What is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this?

Mudae malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka, eottaeyo? (23:07)

Data 6: Deudieo what’s your name? Where are you from? (34:33)

Data 7: Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set. (48:38)

Eric Nam

Data 8: …so I’ll countuntil three and we are gonna do this pose. Hana, dul, set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi.(12:16)

Data 9: Well, we have something else prepared for Exo as well. We had so many fans who sent the fan art, fan videos like way too many. So, we picked a couple of them. Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga eomjeong manhi deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo. Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo? (23:46)

Data 10: So we got five members of Exo that said dwaenjang jjigae was their favorite food. And the second place was hanwoo. Hanwoo jeongmal masisseo, keujyo? (33:45)

(46)

32

Data 12: He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo.

(41:27)

Data 13: Keuromyeon could you show us it a little bit? (42:09)

Data 14: Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air. Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke? (43:33)

Data 15: Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo.(44:54)

Data 16: One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one year later from now. It’s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, il nyeon e yeongsang! (46:57)

B. Data Analysis

[image:46.595.91.515.95.700.2]

The data above are some utterances from Hanbyul and Eric Nam who are the hosts of After School Club which have been chosen by the writer as the sample of utterances containing code switching and code mixing. There are 16 data will be analyzed by the writer. The translation of Korean to English is using free translation method. The further description of the data is under the table. [The italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Table 3.1 Data 1

Host : Hanbyul Playback Time: 11:23

[image:46.595.140.490.592.725.2]

(47)

Jinjja jein da paeniyeyo jeongmallo

[REALLY] [ALL] [FANS] [FOR REAL]

Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo =Really all of them are your fans Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√

Analysis:

The utterance above is counted as code switching because a language changes occurring across phrase or sentence boundaries. Also this includes in metaphorical code switching because this utterance happened in a single situation where Hanbyul talks a topic about some of his friends are going crazy and being fans to Exo. He also strengthens the topic by changing from English to Korean by saying “Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo” which means

„Really all of them are your fans for sure’. In Korean, jinjja (진짜) and jeongmallo

(정말로) have a similar meaning that is „really’. These words are used to make sure

(48)

[image:48.595.89.512.119.540.2]

34

Host : Hanbyul Playback Time 12:09

Six thousand? It’s more than money that I have. Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo.

Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo

[THIS] [FIRST TIME] [THE]

Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo.= This is the very first time. Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√

Analysis:

(49)

[image:49.595.91.511.152.574.2]

Google hangout with money that he has where it is the topic that influence him to switch the codes.

D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo? He’s got it…

He’s got it. Everyone has to be quiet.

ssi noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo?

[ADDRESS TERM] [SONG] [SING] [CAN YOU?]

D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo?=D.O, can you sing Open Arms song?

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√ √ √

Analysis:

(50)

36

situation when he said “D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su

isseulkkayo?” that he asks D.O to sing a song then he change the topic by saying “He’s got it..he’s got it. Everyone has to be quiet.” The term ssi(씨) in

[image:50.595.90.510.136.710.2]

first sentence, is an addressed term in Korean that addressed to a person that do not have a close relationship to each other in the conversation and it is the formal term in speaking. It also can be considered as solidarity. This data also the example of status that Hanbyul as the host of this show asks D.O as the guest star to sing a song.

Listen… oh na bogo deureurae.

na bogo deureurae

[I] [WANT] [LISTEN]

Na bogo deureurae =I want to listen.

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

(51)

Analysis:

In the video, Hanbyul previously speaks in English but suddenly D.O says “listen..” with a husky voice and it makes Hanbyul surprised because he did not expect D.O’s voice would be like that. Because, the situation in the

studio becomes full of laugh and clap of hands from the others because of D.O’s voice, and it is called as situational code mixing. This utterance

considered as code mixing because Hanbyul mixes an English word within a sentence while the rest of it are in Korean. D.O’s-voice-effect is the topic that

[image:51.595.91.512.160.763.2]

makes Hanbyul do a code mixing.

Host : Hanbyul Playback Time23:07

Alright..alright. Let’s talk a bit with Kai. I’m gonna ask Kai. What is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this? Mudae malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka, eottaeyo?

Mudae malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha

[ALL] [SAY] [REALLY] [VIDEO] [ETC.] [FANS] [MANY]

bonikka, eottaeyo?

[SEE] [HOW IS IT?]

Mudaemalgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka, eottaeyo?= They said, all of your fans are seeing your video for many times, how is your feeling?

Code Choice

√

Type

(52)

38

Influential Factor

√ √

Analysis:

[image:52.595.89.511.108.749.2]

This utterance classified as code switching because two varieties of language take place between sentences. Hanbyul is speaking with Kai, as the participant of the conversation, with two different languages because Kai is a Korean native so Hanbyul employs Korean to strengthen the topic. First, Hanbyul asks Kai about his feeling to have video chat with his fans in English and then switch it to Korean in order Kai will understand well with his question. The topic of the conversation is Kai’s feeling about having video chat with his fans and knowing that his fans watch his video a lot. It is classified as metaphorical code switching because there is no situational changes in the conversation.

Deudieo what’s your name? Where are you from?

Deudieo

[FINALLY]

Code Choice

√

(53)

√

Influential Factor

√ √

Analysis:

The utterance above is considered as code mixing because there seems to be a wide range of possibilities: articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs were all observed to have been mixed in various ways. There is a mixing of Korean adverb “deudieo” which means „finally’ within a single

utterance. The type of code mixing is metaphorical because it is happened in a single situation. The topic is one of the sessions in After School Club where the fans could interact directly with the guest stars by video chat through Google Hangout. In the middle of video chat, one of the video chatters (participant) got a technical problem with her voice that makes Hanbyul and Eric Nam greet her repeatedly. After a long waiting for participant’s technical

[image:53.595.90.511.110.556.2]

problem, finally Hanbyul could greet her.

Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.

Hana dul set

(54)

40

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√ √

Analysis:

This utterance considered as code switching because there is a language change occurring across sentence boundaries. At the beginning Hanbyul gives the instruction in English by saying “Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera. I’ll count into three and do a pose.”Then he

[image:54.595.141.492.620.753.2]

switches it to Korean while counting “Hana dul set”. This is a metaphorical code switching because Hanbyul counts in Korean not in English in the same situation where they want to take a photo. The topic is counting before taking a photo. The participants in this conversation are Exo members.

Host : Eric Nam Playback Time 48:38

…so I’ll count until three and we are gonna do this pose. Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halkedasi.

Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi

(55)

Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi=If I count one, two, three, let’s do this pose once again.

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√ √

Analysis:

[image:55.595.88.515.118.539.2]

Similar with the explanation of data 7, the utterance above also classified as code switching because there is a change of two languages across sentences. Both Hanbyul and Eric seem always use Korean when counting. They always say hana, dul, set rather than one, two, three even they speak English at the beginning. That why this data classified as metaphorical code switching. Participant is one of the factors in this data because Eric is directing Exo members to do a pose after he counts into three. Another factor is status, Eric as the host is directing the guest star to take a photo together.

(56)

42

eomjeong manhi deurowassneunde, sigani eobseoseo myeotgaeman ppobasseoyo. Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo?

Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga eomjeong manhi

[REALLY] [VIDEO] [FAN][ART] [VERY] [A LOT OF]

deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo.

[COME IN] [TIME] [NO] [SOME] [ONLY] [PULLED]

Bosiljunbidwaesyeossnayo?

[SEE][READY] [ENOUGH]

Jinjja yongsanghago paen ateu ga eomjeong manhi deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo. Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo= We already received a number of videos and fan arts, because of the limited time, so we picked some of them. Are you guys ready to see?

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√ √ √

Analysis:

(57)

[image:57.595.92.512.119.556.2]

So we got five members of EXO that said doenjang jjigae was their favorite food. And the second place was hanwoo. Hanwoo jeongmal masisseo, keujyo?

doenjang jjigae hanwoo jeongmal masisseo keujyo?

[SOYBEAN PASTE STEW] [BEEF] [REALLY][DELICIOUS][RIGHT (question tag)]

Hanwoo jeongmal masisseo, keujyo?= Korean beef is very delicious, right?

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√ √

Analysis:

Bhatia and Ritchie said that code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences). There are some words from different language mixed in a single utterance so this is considered as code mixing. The word dwaenjang jjigae

means “soybean paste stew” and hanwoo means Korean beef this is

(58)

44

[image:58.595.92.510.164.623.2]

no topic change within the sentence, they still talking about food. There also the use of ethnic tags that signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in utterances. In this case, most of the participants in this conversation are Korean.

So I heard, I think you won the lottery, majimak sungan e hangout e chugaduddaeyo, you just got addedto hangout. So congratulations. I’ll give you thirty seconds to say or do whatever you want to Exo.

majimak sungan e hangout-e chugaduddaeyo

[LAST] [MINUTE] [ADDED]

majimak sungan e hangout e chugaduddaeyo= you just got added in the rest time of hangout session

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

√ √ √

Analysis:

(59)

situational code mixing because there is a change of topic when Eric congratulates the girl in video chat on the last minute of hangout session. Then, he changes the topic by giving her time to speak to Exo. There are some factors that influence this mixing. Eric’s status is as the informant who

[image:59.595.90.508.201.719.2]

informs a girl in the video chat that she is the last one to get a chance to talk with Exo. Eric mixes from English to Korean because he also wants to inform that to Exo as another participant. The topic is the girl who talks in the video chat.

He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo? Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo?

[ALSO] [AGAIN][AGAIN] [POSSIBILITY]

Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo? = Also, is there any possibility for you guys to come back here again?

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

(60)

46

Analysis:

The utterance above is classified as code switching because there is a language change occurring across the sentence boundaries. The situation changes when Eric firstly talks in English to the viewers of After School Club

[image:60.595.90.511.145.705.2]

then he switch it when ask to Exo if they can come back soon to this show or not. It means that the participant to whom Eric speaking is influencing him to switch code. The topic also influences him to do code switching. There is a topic and situational change in this conversation hence this is an example of situational code switching.

Keuromyeon, could you show us it a little bit?

Keuromyeon

[SO]

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

(61)

Analysis:

This utterance happened when Eric requests Exo to show their dance movement on air. By looking at the utterance above, there is a Korean conjunction „keuromyeon’ which means „so’ mixes with English during the

[image:61.595.90.508.147.754.2]

same stretch of conversation. It is can be considered as code mixing. Eric mixes the Korean conjunction because he speaks to Exo that he knows they also speak Korean well so they will understand well even he mixes the words. This is can be classified as metaphorical code mixing. So, participant is the main factor that influences Eric to mix codes.

Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air. Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke?

Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke?

[FIRST TIME] [THAT] [LIKE THAT]

Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke? = Is that the first time you guys showing it?

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

(62)

48

Analysis:

This is an example of code switching. Eric speaks in two languages and is able to keep the apart. The type of this switching is metaphorical code switching because this utterance happened in a single situation. Eric is talking to EXO members after they show a little dance movement to the hosts and

[image:62.595.89.508.149.703.2]

After School Club viewers. So in this case, participant is influencing Eric to switch codes from English to Korea. Another influential factor is topic, Eric want to make sure EXO that this is the first time they show the dance move on air by switching the language.

Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo.

gatayo

[LOOK LIKE]

Code Choice

√

Type

√

Influential Factor

(63)

Analysis:

[image:63.595.92.513.154.756.2]

The utterance above is considered as code mixing because it is involve single lexical item during the same stretch of conversation. Eric use a Korean phrase in the utterance above while talking to the viewers and EXO so this utterance can be said as metaphorical code switching because there is no situational changes during the conversation. The participants in the conversation also become the factor why Eric mixes codes. Eric knows this show is airing not only in Korea but also in some countries and also the guest star of this show is a Korean boy band that most of them are Korean native so he often mixes from English to Korea back and forth.

One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one year later from now. It’s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, il nyeon e yeongsang!

il nyeon-e yeongsang

[ONE] [YEAR] [VIDEO]

il nyeon e yeongsang= a video for one year later

Code Choice

√

Type

(64)

50

Influential Factor

√ √

Analysis:

(65)

51 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing some utterances in music show After School Club, the writer concludes that both Hanbyul and Eric Nam are bilingualism. Because they can manage not just to keep the two languages separate,