THE ANALYSIS OF MODALS IN THE ARTICLES OF JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
A PAPER BY
TIRA SYAHRINA HARAHAP REG.NO.082202070
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDIES
MEDAN
It has been proved by
Supervisor,
Dra. Persadanta Br Karo, M.Hum NIP. 19610204198601 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma (D-III) in English
Approved by
Head of Diploma III English Study Program,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, MA NIP. 19521126198112 1 001
Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture
Studies, University of North Sumatera as a paper for the Diploma (D-III)
Accepted by:
The Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma
III (D-III) of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of
North Sumatera.
The examination is held on June 20th, 2011
Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera
Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP: 19511013197603 1 001
Board of Examiners: Signature
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION
I, Tira Syahrina Harahap, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except
where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no
material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by
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No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : Tira Syahrina Harahap
Title of Paper : The Analysis of Modals in the Articles of Jakarta Post
Newspaper
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ABSTRAK
Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Analysis of Modals in the Articles of Jakarta
Post Newspaper” ini membahas tentang penggunaan modals dalam kalimat yang
terdapat pada koran harian Jakarta Post. Modals yang biasa digunakan yaitu
“can”, “could”, “may”, “might”, “shall”, “should”, “will”, “would”, “must”, “ought to”. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui
ABSTRACT
This paper entitled "The Analysis of modals in the Articles of Time Magazine" is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of daily Jakarta Post Newspaper. Modals which often used is “can”, “could”, “may”, “might”, “shall”, “should”,
“will”, “would”, “must”, “ought to. The purpose of this study is to know how far
the journalists of the newspaper used the modals in their writings. In writing this paper, the writer uses the library research that. This study took nine articles as the source of data From the analysis, there are 113 modals found in the nine articles. The most dominant modals found in that articles is modals “will” by 37,16 %. Modals “might and must” are the least dominant type used, they are 1,76 % dan 2,65 %.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim.
First of all, the writer would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah
SWT for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this
paper as one of the requirements to get Diploma III certificate from English
Department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.
Then, the writer would like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to:
• Her beloved parents, Darman Saleh Hrp and Irma Leny Hsb. Thank you
for all your motivations, advices, prays, loves and financial. The writer
presents this paper for you.
• Her beloved sister, Anggita Arizka Hrp, the writer really thank for your
support and loves.
• Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. as the Head of English Diploma Study
Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.
• Dra. Persadanta Br Karo, M.Hum as my supervisor and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A.,Ph,D. As my reader. Thank you for the valuable time in
giving the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper.
• Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies,
University of North Sumatera.
• All lecturers in English Diploma Study Program for giving me advices and
knowledges.
• Her best friends: Yora, Nila, Agung, Feri, Cicik and Hanim. Thank you for
your support, cares and other things that help me to complete this paper.
Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. The writer will be
missing the days we spent together.
Finally, the writer does realize that this paper is still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the writer welcomes any constructive critics and suggestions
towards this paper.
Medan, 20 June, 2011
The writer,
Tira Syahrina Harahap
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………... ii
ABSTRACT ……… iii
ABSTRAK... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……… v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vii
1. INTRODUCTION
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1. Conclusions ... ... 24
4.2. Suggestions ... 25
ABSTRAK
Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Analysis of Modals in the Articles of Jakarta
Post Newspaper” ini membahas tentang penggunaan modals dalam kalimat yang
terdapat pada koran harian Jakarta Post. Modals yang biasa digunakan yaitu
“can”, “could”, “may”, “might”, “shall”, “should”, “will”, “would”, “must”, “ought to”. Tujuan dari pemilihan topik kertas karya ini adalah untuk mengetahui
ABSTRACT
This paper entitled "The Analysis of modals in the Articles of Time Magazine" is about the conjunctions used in the sentences of daily Jakarta Post Newspaper. Modals which often used is “can”, “could”, “may”, “might”, “shall”, “should”,
“will”, “would”, “must”, “ought to. The purpose of this study is to know how far
the journalists of the newspaper used the modals in their writings. In writing this paper, the writer uses the library research that. This study took nine articles as the source of data From the analysis, there are 113 modals found in the nine articles. The most dominant modals found in that articles is modals “will” by 37,16 %. Modals “might and must” are the least dominant type used, they are 1,76 % dan 2,65 %.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Language has the important things in our lives. It is used for
communication and to deliver information. Nowadays, every person needs
information in his/her life. People need information to increase their skills,
knowledge, business, careers, or everything that deals with their life. Language is
the tool to deliver the information.
In speaking and writing, people should have the rules. The rules that
shows how words are combined, arranged or changed to show certain kinds of
meaning. To get the best result, it needs a good grammar.
Greenbaum says that in the concrete sense of the word grammar, a
grammar is a book of one or more volumes. We of course also use grammar for
the contents of the book. When we compare grammars for their coverage and
accuracy, we are referring to the contents of the book: a grammar is a book on
grammar, just as a history is a book on history.
Grammar in English language is considered hard to master by the
Indonesians because it is very complicated and does not has the same rules as the
grammar in Indonesian language. English grammar contains many items, one of it
is modals.
Modals are the verbs that combines with another verb to indicate mood or
tense. Also known as a modal auxiliaries. They are helping verbs that expresses a
wide range of meanings (abillity, permission, possibility, necessity, etc). Most of
English dominates the exchange of news around the world, such as news
article in a newspaper. The writer choose Jakarta Post newspaper because it is one
of newspaper that uses English as a language in Indonesia. The writer analyzes the
use of modals in the articles of Jakarta Post newspaper. Besides, she wants to
know how often the modals are used in the Jakarta Post.
1.2. Problem
The problems of the study are:
1. Which of the modals used by the reportesof the Jakarta Post are found?
2. What are the rates of each modal used?
1.3. Scope of the Study
The topic of the paper can lead the readers to be focused on the
explanation of definition, usage and classification of using modals. In order to
make the readers not to be confused in reading this paper, the writer limits the
study on modals in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper published on March 10,
2011, there are 3 articles. March 20, 2011, there are 3 articles, and March 30,
2011, there are 3 articles.
1.4. Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study are:
1) to find out and classify the kinds of modals used in the articles of Jakarta Post
Newspaper.
2) to find out the most dominant use of modals used in the articles of Jakarta Post
1.5. Significance of the Study
The significances of the study are:
1) to enrich knowledge about modals.
2) to guide readers in studying modals.
3) to be a reference for the next researcher in analyzing the grammar.
1.6. The Method of research
In writing this paper the writer uses a method of research, that is, library
research. She collects and reads English grammar books as her reference. The
writer collects some articles from Jakarta Post Newspaper and internet as
references. The writer explains the modals based on their type in order to find out
2. MODALS
2.1 The Definition of Modals
Gaudart says that modals are small words which come before the verb.
They carry different meanings in different situation. The modals are can, could,
must, may, might, shall, should, will, would, and ought to. Modals function
differently from other verbs.
Azar says that modal auxiliaries are helping verbs that expresses a wide
range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity,etc.). Most of the
modals have more than one meaning.
Suryadi and Junaida says that modals are one of Auxiliary Verb used to
give a definition related about ability, possibility, permission, etc.
2.2 The position of Modals
The Position of Modal Verbs in Verb Phrases like other auxiliary verbs,
modal verbs appear before the head of the main verb functioning as the predicate.
However, unlike other auxiliary verbs, the modal verb always appears at the
beginning of the verb phrase in the initial position. For example:
1. Simple active → modal + base – will study
She wiil study for the examination tomorrow.
2. Perfect active → modal + have + past participle – will have studied
They will have studied for a week.
3. Progressive active → modal + be + present participle – will be studying
4. Perfect-progressive active → modal + have + been + present participle –
will have been studying
They will have been studying for the last exam.
5. Simple passive → modal + be + past particle – will be written
The paper will be written by myself.
6. Perfect passive → modal + have + been – past participle – will have been
written
The paper will have been written until the end of June.
7. Progressive passive → modal + be + being + past participle – will be being
written
The book will be being written by her tomorrow.
8. Perfect-progressive passive → modal + have + been + being + past
participle – will have been being written
The books will have been being written by novelist at the end of this
month.
2.3 The Usage of Modals 1) Modals “Can and Could”
Can means be able to. Can refers to the present or future. Modal verbs of
can is followed bare infinitife (without to). Could is the past tense of can. Can and
a. Expressing ability
She can sing and play the violin.
The son could read when he was four years old.
b. Expressing possibility
It can snow in May.
I could be very busy at the time.
c. Expressing permission
He can borrow my car.
We could dance all night.
d. Expressing request permission
Can you come to my house this Saturday?
Could you help me now?
e. To describe Theorotical or General
You can get the best mark if you want to study hard.
She could borrow some money from her friend.
f. For requests, order and suggestion
Can you accompany me to go to his house?
When you have finished your work, you could wash the dishes.
g. Criticsm Situation
You could polite if you talk to your parents.
2) Modals “May and Might”
Modal verb of “may and might” are used for permission and possibility.
Might is the past tense of May.
a. Expressing possibility
I may arrive in the morning, but the weather is not good.
The children might believe with the story I told.
b. Expressing ask for permission
May I see you in the hospital tomorrow?
Might I know your phone number?
c. Expressing give for permission
You may use my money if you need it.
You might cook anything whereever you like.
d. To express request, wishes, and hopes
I hope that my sister may enter this room.
May God bless you!
e. To describe Chances
My father may be tired after playing football.
I cannot find my book. I might have left it in the class.
3) Modals “Shall and Should”
Shall expresses a request for agreement or an offer to do something for
someone. Should expresses the idea of avoidable obligation. Shall is used with the
a. Shall express a threat
If you don’t do your homework, you shall be punished.
If she doesn’t want to go to the market, she shall be punished.
b. Shall expresses a request for agreement or an offer to do something for
someone.
Shall I visit my grandmother in the village?
Shall I go to the school?
c. Shall express a promise
I shall finished my study in August.
They shall go to the beach next week.
d. Should expresses the idea of avoidable obligation
She should eat the medicine.
You should take a rest.
e. Should is used to a possible event or situation
If I should charge the phone, I can phone you.
If she should go out from this home, her mother is angry.
f. Should is used to say something that was expected has not happened.
They should come to my house because they are my beloved friends.
We should attend the party because she is our family.
g. Should is also used to express the idea of avoidable obligation in reported
speech.
4) Modals “Will and Would”
Will is used in the simple future construction. This is its most common
use. Formerly, shall was used with I and we, and will with he, she, you, and they.
In certain situations, this order was reversed. This distinction has disappeared.
Consider the shall usage strictly formal; it is always safe and correct to use will.
Would expresses the result of a condition in a contrary-to-fact situation.
a. Will is used to express futurnity
Her mother will go abroad next month.
My mother will visit our grandmother next week.
b. Will is used when we decide to do something while working
Oh, my god! I will open the door.
Oh! I will turn on the lamp.
c. Will is used for polite request
Will you go with me for dinner tommorow night?
Will you have a dinner with me?
d. Will is used to make someone do something
Will you clean the bathroom?
Will you make a leeter?
e. Will is used to promise
They will invite me at their wedding party.
We will do this work.
f. Will is used to express strong determination
They would stay in the hospital.
g. Would is used as the past form of will in reported speech
Jane said she would moved to the village.
Mark said he would cut the tree.
h. Would expresses a habitual or customary action in the past.
When he was a child, her mother would ask for his grandmother to sleep
with him.
When I was a child, my father would ask to me not to eat candy very
much.
i. Would is used for polite request
Would you mind make me a letter for my teacher?
Would like to make me a cup of coffee?
j. Would expresses the result of a condition in a contrary to fact situation. It
followed by an if clause.
If I had a lot of money, I would go abroad.
If I have much money, I would give my money to my family.
k. Would is used to preference
Bill would rather stay at home than go shopping.
Jim would rather play badminton than play tennis.
l. Would is used to someone’s willingness to do something
Would you be polite to speak with me?
5) Modals “Must and Ought to”
Must expresses the idea of necessity or unavoidable obligation, or a
condition which can not be changed. Ought to has the same meaning as should.
The modal should is not the past tense of shall. It has own meaning. Ought to and
should are often interchangeably.
a. Must is used in obligation
My father must finish that report.
You must wear the uniform.
b. Must is used to advice
You must see a doctor tonight.
You must take a medicine.
c. Must is used for prohibition
You must not make a noise in the class.
You must not play the badminton.
d. Must is used to express a logical deduction
Bill looks tired. He’s been coughing. He must not be feel well.
He looks get tired. He must sleep all night.
e. Must = have to
Her sister must stay at the hospital now.
They must read the novel.
f. Ought to is used to advice
We ought to wear Batik in that ocassion.
g. Ought to expresses desirability, avoidable obligation, or duty.
You ought to do sport. ( if you want to be healthy)
You ought to go swimming with me.
h. Ought to is used to regret
We ought to have rented the car earlier.
3. THE ANALYSIS
3.1 The Data
The data which the writer collects from Jakarta Post daily newspaper. The
data were taken from the newspaper of March 10, 2011, March 20, 2011, and
March 30, 2011. There are three articles are taken in each newspaper. The list of
Sunday,
3.2 The Analysis
There are the samples of the use of variety modals taken from the nine
articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper.
3.2.1 Modals “Can” and “Could”
From the data above, there are 23 modals “can” and “could”. There are
2 modals “can” and 3 modals “could” expressing ability. There are 4 modals
“can” and 2 modals “could” expressing possibility. There is no modals “can” and
1 modals “could” expressing permission. There is no modals “can” and “could”
expressing request permission. There are 5 modals “can” and 2 modals “could” to
describe theorotical or general. There. is 1 modals “can” and no modals “could”
expressing suggestion. There is no modals “can” and 3 modals “could” expressing
criticsm situation.
a. Expressing ability
And Tokyo, more than most places in Japan, is highly dependent on
electric trains and subways for commuting, so when there are blackouts,
lots of people cannot get to work or easily organize their days.
Farmers in several Southern states said that a cotton price of about $1 a
pound, their profit could be roughly $200 to $500 more per acre than they
could earn growing corn or wheat.
b. Expressing possibility
There’s still uncertainty over spill liabilities, and there is no real catalyst to
By so doing, the center-right German government ignored the opinion of
practically all energy and environmental experts in the country, who have
consistently maintained that Germany could do without nuclear power by
the mid 2020 and generate all electricity it needs from renewable sources
by 2050.
c. Expressing permission
Still, such measures can do only so much.
d. To describe Theoretical or General
They face many uncertainties, and their profits can be wiped out by bad
weather, rising seed, or by unstable crop prices, which can plummet as
rapidly as their rise.
Nouriel Roubini, the New York University economist who became known
for his pessimistic forecasts before the financial crisis, said in Dubai on
Tuesday that an increase in oil prices to $140 a baarel could even cause
some advanced economies to dip back into recession.
e. Requset, order and suggestion
Anything over $4 and panic sets in, with companies wondering if they can
survive.
f. Criticism Situation
Ultimately, the need to conserve energy could force Japanese companies
already among the most efficient in the world to emerge even leaner and
Japan’s Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency said while the plutonium
levels were not harmful to human health, the discovery could mean the
reactor’s containment mechanism had been breached.
3.2.2 Modals “May” and “Might”
From the data above, there are 7 modals “may” and “might”. There are 2
modals “may” and 1 modals “might” expressing possibility. There is no modals
“can” and “could” expressing ask for permission, give for permission. There are 2
modals “may” and no modals “might” expressing hopes. There are 1 modals
“may” and 1 modals “might” to describe chances.
a. Expressing possibility
They believe some of the plutonium may have come from spent fuel rods
at Fukushima or damage to reactor No. 3, the only one to use plutonium in
its fuel mix.
It also predicted that the acreage for corn and wheat would grow, although
the increases would be lower than they might have been without the
competition from cotton.
b. To express request, wishes, and hopes
But this time, the U.S. economy may be better prepared for higher fuel
costs.
The trucking industry may also be better prepared for an oil shock than it
c. To describe Chances
Workers at Fukushima may have to struggle for weeks or months under
extremely dangerous conditions to re-start cooling systems vital to control
the reactors and avert total meltdown.
The energy crisis has even led officials to consider the unthinkable:
instituting daylight saving time, something they have previously declined
to adopt because it might cause confusion.
3.2.3 Modals “Shall” and “Should”
From the data above, there are 6 modals “shall” and “should”. There is no
modals “shall” found in the nine articles. There are 3 modals “should” expressing
the idea of avoidable obligation, 1 modals “should” is used to a possible event or
situation and 2 modals “should” is used to say something that was expected has
not happened.
a. Should expresses the idea of avoidable obligation
After their original construction plans, Neckarwestheim 1 and Biblis A,
which started operations 36 and 35 years ago respectively, should have
been shut down late 2010.
He shouldn’t be allowed to ngotiate to stao on in Tripoli.
b. Should is used to a possible event or situation
In the afermath of the disaster at Japan’s Fukushima plant, Merkel has
turned round to the view that the other 15 nuclear power plants should
His only option should be to leave.
3.2.4 Modals “Will” and “Would”
From the data above, there are 74 modals “will” and “would”. There are
9 modals “will” expressing futurnity, 7 expressing promise and 25 expreesing
strong determination. There is no modals “will” is used when we decide to do
something while working, polite request and to make someone do something.
There are 5 modals “would” are used as the past form of will in reported speech, 4
expressing polite request, 8 expressing the result of a condition in a contrary to
fact situation, 15 expressing strong determination and 1 expressing preference.
There is no modals “would” expressing habitual action in the past and someone’s
willingness to do something.
a. Will is used to express futurnity
Indonesia and Japan will co-host the ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster
Relief Exercise (ARF Direx) 2011 to be held at several locations in North
Sulawesi province, Defense Ministry officials said Wednesday.
On Thursday, the department will release an updated forecast, based on a
survey of farmers.
The exercise will also take place in several areas take place in several
areas around Manado such as the islands of Bunaken and Siladen
Mantehage as well as Sam Ratulangi International Airport, Bitung seaport
and Maasing viilage, which is located in the coastal area of Minahasa
b. Will is used to promise
BP will offer its expertise in deep-sea drilling and technology, a signal that
the accident last year had not affected its ability or desire to continue to
drill in deep water.
A recovery will gradually begin to take hold in third quarter, he said, as
the need to rebuild the northeast portion of Japan’s main island, Honshu,
acts as a major economic stimulus.
The exercise will consist of table-top and field exercises, will show the
flow of the chain of command from exercise managers to field operators,
while the field exercise will simulate a real disaster relief operation.
c. Will is used to express strong determination
Untill all the lost or suspended generating capacity is replaced, economists
say, factories will operate at reduced levels, untold numbersof cars and
other products will go unbuilt and legions of shoppers will cut back their
buying all taking a big toll on the Japanese economy.
It will erode confidence and discretionary purchasing power.
d. Would expresses the result of a condition in a contrary to fact situation. It
followed by an if clause.
If gas reaches $4, Mr. Undeberg, a discipline clerk at Lake Weir Middle
School, said he would scale back his cable television package and cut his
cellphone use.
e. Would is used to express strong determination
But Kazuharu Aizawa, a spokesman for the Environment Ministry, noted
that more than 62 percent of Japanese had adopted the Cool Biz air
conditioning goal, so the room for additional energy savings this summer
through turning up thermostat would be limited.
Last week, Prime Minister Vladimir V. Putin of Russia expressed
frustration, saying that Bphad offered false assurances that the Roseneft
agrrement would not violate BP’s contracts with its other Russian partners.
f. Would is used to preference
Mr. Toyoda said policy makers would aim most conservation measures at
consumers, rather than businesses, because households’ share of electricity
consumption has been rising for decades.
3.2.5 Modals “Must” and “Ought to”
From the data above, there are three modals “must” and no modals “ought
to” found in the articles. There is 1 modals “must” is used in obligation 2 modals
“must” is used to advice.
a. Must is used in obligation
.On the other hand, on the standing water, under the circumstances work
must proceed it as quickly as possible,” he said.
b. Must is used to advice
Analysts who know Qaddafi, an old hand at surviving prolonged
international isolation, say the goal of UN-backed action must be regime
On the issue of pumping in water, we must avoid a situation in which the
temperature [of the fuel rods] rises and the water boils off.
From the tables above, we can see the number of modals used in each article. All
the numerals if we change into percentage of overage classification of modals, we
will obtain the following result (Junaidi and Suwono, 2004:40).
The formula:
X = the percentage of each modals
Y = the total number of each modals
N = the total number of modals
The percentages of demonstrative adjectives in the eight articles can be seen
through the following table.
Table 2: The percentages of Modals
No. Modals Percentage
1. Can 10,61 %
2. Could 9,73 %
3. May 4,42 %
4. Might 1,76 %
5. Shall 0 %
6. Should 5,30 %
7. Will 37,16 %
8. Would 28,31 %
9. Must 2,65 %
10. Ought to 0 %
The table above shows the overall figures of the use of modals. Modals ‘will’
shows the highest percentage with the figure of 37,16 %. The second highest
percentage is the use of ‘would’ which show 28,31 %. Modals ‘can’ and ‘could’
stand at the figures of 10,61 % and 9,73 %. Modals ‘may’ and ‘might’ show 4,42
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions
Departing from the description in the previous chapter, it can be concluded
that modals are commonly used in the news articles. Modals are the verbs that
combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. Also known as a modal
auxiliaries. Modals are one of the important things to study. We can use modals
for daily communication when we want to need help someone like permission,
request, suggestions, etc. Modals not only have one meaning, it has many. In the
articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper, modals has the different meaning and the
different position.
There are 113 modals found in the articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper.
They are 23 modals “can” and “could”, 7 modals “may” and “might”, 6 modals
“shall” and “should”, 74 modals “will” and “would”, and 3 modals “must” and
ought to”. Modals “will” is the most dominant modals with percentage 37,16 %.
The second dominant is modals “would” with percentage 28,31 %. Modals “shall”
and “ought to” are the least dominant modals with percentage 0 %.
4.2 Suggestion
Based on the data above, I am as a writer this paper realize that there are
parts of auxiliary verbs which has important to study especially modals. This topic
needs continue reserarch to make easier for readers or another use of modals
because there are many similiarity of function that it can make people confused.
I hope, the readers especially students have to learn in using modals because
it often appears in the reading text or articles. I hope also by teachers do not forget
to teach the students about grammar because the teacher seldom give it by detail.
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