YOGYAKARTA
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiner in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
in English and Educational Department
SRI SETYAN1NGSIH NIM: 113 01 016
Engslish Department of Educational Faculty State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN)
Salatiga
2006
A
'fG
ER
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES Salatiga, March 3^2006
Case : Sri Setyaningsih’s Thesis
Dear,
The Head o f State Islamic Studies Institute o f Salatiga
Assalam u ’alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Sri Setyaningsih’s thesis entitle
“A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING DEMONSTRATED
BY BECAK DRIVERS IN MALIOBORO STREET YOGYAKARTA”, we
have decided and we would like to propose that if it can be accepted by the
educational faculty, I hope it will be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Consultant
Hammam, M.Pd NIP. 150 301 298
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
A D ESC R IPT IV E ST U D Y OF CO DE SW ITC H IN G
D E M O N ST R A T E D B Y B E C A K DR IV ER S
IN M A L IO B O R O STR EE T Y O G Y A K A R T A
SR I SE T Y A N IN G SIH N IM . 113 01 016
Has been brought to the board o f exam iners in M arch, 15th 2006 M / Sofar, 15th 1427 H, and hereby considered to completely fullfillm ent o f the requirem ent for
the degree o f Sarjana in The English and Educational Faculty.
M arch, 15* 2006 M Salatiga,
---Shofar, 15th 1427 H
Board o f exam iners
DEKLARASI
a
LSI
pwW,“!
Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab, peneliti menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini tidak berisi materi yang pernah ditulis oleh orang lain atau pernah diterbitkan. Demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran-pikiran orang lain, kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran orang lain di luar referensi yang peneliti cantumkan, maka peneliti sanggup mempertanggung jawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini di hadapan sidang munaqosah skripsi.
Demikian deklarasi ini dibuat oleh penulis untuk dapat dimaklumi.
Salatiga, 02 Maret 2006 Penulis,
SRI SETYANINGSIH NIM : 113 01 016
Titis tdesis is dedicated to:
prophet Muhammad. Alhamdulillah, everlasting thanks to Allah, the writer must be
deeply grateful to Allah for his blessing, whose without help the writer would have not been able to finish this thesis. Those who ask help to Allah will never feel disappointment.
This thesis is presented to English Department o f State Islamic Studies Institute
( STAIN ) Salatiga in partial fulfillment o f the requirement for the Saijana degree. The writer is aware that she would not have been able to finish her thesis without the help of the following, in particular, to whom the writer is deeply indebted to:
1. Drs. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag, the head o f State Islamic Studies Institute o f Salatiga,
for allowing her to conduct a research.
2. Drs. Sa’adi, M. Ag, the dean o f English Department o f Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga, for his guidance and encouragement.
3. Hammam, M.Pd as the consultant who is always ready to give help in solving her
problem concerning the writing for the finishing o f die thesis. Thanks you very
much for you patience and guidance.
4. All o f the lectures o f English Department, the writer deeply thanks you all for not
only giving knowledge, but also insight.
to me.
6. Special person in my live, my husband who always patiently gives support,
guidance and suggestion.
7. My friends in Pengilon (Vita, Zizzah, Wiwiek, Noeroel, Ema, and Lastri), “ Don’t
forget our togetherness “.
8. All my friends, especially the students o f TBI ’01 (Saroh, Sita, Vita, Nely, and the
others who cannot mention one by one).
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is imperfect. The writer gladly accept constructive criticisms and evaluation to make this thesis better.
Salatiga, 2 Maret 2006
TITLE... i
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES... ii
CERTIFICATION P A G E ... iii
DECLARATION... iv
M OTTO... v
DEDICATION... vi
ACKNOW LEDGMENT... vii
TABLE OF CO NTEN T... ix
C H A P T E R ! INTRODUCTION A. Background o f the Study... 1
B. Statement o f The Problem ... 3
C. Purpose o f the Study ... 3
D. Significance o f the S tu d y ... 4
E. Limitation o f the P roblem ... 4
F. Definition o f the K ey-Term s... 4
G. Objective o f the Study... 5
H. Research M ethodology... 6
I. Thesis O rganization... 8
C. Language and Speech C om m unnity... 25
1. Language... 25
2. Speech Com m unity... 29
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design... 31
B. Instruments o f the Study... 32
C. Subject o f the Study... 33
D. Classified o f Data Collection... 34
E. Technique o f Data Collection... 35
F. Technique o f Data A nalysis... 36
CHAPTER IV SITUATIONAL DESCRIPTION AND DATA ANALYSIS A. Situational D escription... 38
B. Data Analysis... 38
Bibliography
A. Background of the Study
The writer once took a walk in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta when she saw a becak driver having a conversation with foreign tourists. Because o f her
curiosity, the writer then came closer to them. She heard the becak driver
trying to offer his becak to the foreign tourists. Becak Driver :“Becak Sir?”
Foreign Tourist :“Yes”
Becak Driver :“Where to go?” Forreign Tourist :“Kraton, How much?”
Becak Driver :“Ten Thousands” (showing his ten fingers)
Foreign Tourist :“No, That’s too expensive, five thousands Okay?” Becak Driver :(Looking his friends) “Adoh Je. Kraton is far Sir,
ten thousands okay?”
Foreign Tourist :“Okay, Okay” The conversation above surprised the communicate with foreign tourists even thougl
The becak driver knew who he was facing when a foreigner asked me fare for his serv word “Adah''which was put in the sentenc
approximately 480 different language in Indonesia.1 As Indonesian people are
mobile, the interaction between people from one region and people from other region frequently happens. There are also foreign people coming to Indonesia
either for business or having a vacation. Consequently those people mostly switch from one language to another.
A similar situation happens in Yogyakarta, which is the part o f Indonesia. Code switching happens in both formal and informal situation and
one o f the example is the phenomenon which is demonstrated by becak
drivers along the Malioboro Street Yogyakarta as shown in the early part o f this chapter.
The example above describes how the becak driver switched from
English to Javanese. The speaker moved to a clause o f another language
during the same conversation. The clause “AdohJe” is a Javanese clause. The writer is interested in this topics because she finds that mostly
becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta are multilingual for a least they master Javanese, Indonesian and knows little English. They use Javanese to talk with their friends, Indonesian used to offer their service to domestic
tourists and have conversation with them and English used to offer their service to foreign tourists.
under title “A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE SWITCHING DEMONSTRATED BY BECAK DRIVERS IN MALIOBORO STREET YOGYAKARTA”.
B. Statement o f the Problems
Based on the phenomena in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta, the writer can formulate the problems, as follow:
1. What are the code switches demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta?
2. What are the conversational function o f code switching demonstrated by
becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta?
3. What are the factors influences for the code switching demonstrated by the
becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta?
C. Purpose of the Study
In accordance with the problems o f the study, the writer formulates the
objectives, as follow:
1. To describe the code-switches demonstrated by becak drivers in
Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
2. To describe the conversational function o f code switching demonstrated by
demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
D. Significance o f the Study
By conducting this research, the writer expects that this study will be useful for the teachers and students in English Department o f Educational
faculty. It can enrich the readers knowledge o f sociolinguistics. Besides she also hopes that this study will enlarge our view on sociolinguistics phenomenon (code switching) in our society.
E. Limitation o f the Problem
In this study the writer will only focus on the code switching which is demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta. The subjects o f the study are only the becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
F. Definition o f the Key-Terms
1. Code Switching :The use o f two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance.2
2. Conversational Function :The function of code switching is in oral
communication. It includes quotation addressee specification, reiteration,
2 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski, Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Course Book,
personalization versus objectifization.3 3. Sosiocultural Factors ; The abstraction from topics o f
communication, relationship between
communicators and locales o f communication in accord once with the
institutions o f a society and the spheres o f activity o f a speech community. It includes participants topics, situation, domain, setting, values, attitudes, beliefs.4
4. Individual Factors : Factors which consist o f individual preference and skill in using a language or
the first language learned by the speaker. 5
G. Objective of The Study
Based on the their level o f proficiency they have learned about o f : 1. To find out the code switches demonstrated by the becak drivers in
Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta
2. To find out the conversational function o f code switching demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta
' Gnmperz, John J, Discourse Strategies, Cambrigde: cambrigde University Press, 1982, p. 75.
4 Saville Troike, Muriel, The Ethnography o f Communication, cambrigde: Blackwell, 1982, p. 75
the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta
H. Thesis Organization
This thesis consists into five chapters:
Chapter I is an introduction, which contains background o f the study, statement o f the problems, purpose o f the study, significance o f the study,
limitation o f the problem, definition o f key-taros, objectives o f the study, research methodology and thesis organization.
Chapter II gives some review o f the related literature concerning language and speech community, code switching and review o f previous
study.
Chapter III discusses the research methodology. It contains instrument
o f the study, subject o f the study, data collection method, technique o f data
collection and data presentation.
Chapter IV analysis o f the data collected. The data are analyzed by the
code switches which are demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta, the conversational function o f code switching which are demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta and the factors which are influence for the code switching demonstrated by the becak
drivers in Malioboro Street-Yogyakarta.
In this chapter, the writer would explain some problems of language and speech community, code switching, review of previous study. In order to get completely understanding, the writer will explain them.
A. Review of the Previous Study
In order to avoid unnecessary replication and to enlarge our knowledge about linguistics the writer reviews the previous study which
has a correlation with this study in terms of problems, research methodology and findings.
This previous research was conducted by Desi Kristina in 1999 titled “A
In her research the writer found that code switching also happens in the church namely Gereja Protestan di Indonesia Bagian Barat PNIEL Surabaya. The language that must be used in the sermon is Indonesian. The situation is formal. However, the code switching still and often
happens. The priests may use Indonesian-Javanese code switching, Indonesian-English code switching, and Indonesian-Hebraic code switching. She presented the data, that is code switching demonstrated by
the priests o f GPIB PNIEL Surabaya, in the form of complete sentence which include the code switching, based on the original context o f the
sermon.
Kristina used Halliday’s in Marasigan’s theory as a framework to analyze the language functions which include regulatory, interpersonal, personal, ideational, representational, and imaginative.1 While Gumperz theoiy in Marasigan were applied in analyzing the conversational functions, which include quotation, message qualification, repetition, addressee specification, interjection, personalization and objectification, facility of expression, and the individual factors of code switching which include individual preferences and skill. 1
1 Kristina, Desi. A Study o f Code Switching Dem onstrated by The Priests o f GPIB
B. Code Switching and Code Mixing 1. Code Switching
We all have known that people live in speech community is
heterogeneous. It is all because people nowadays are so mobile, that they socialize with people from different society, culture, region, or even nation frequently. In this case, the need to master more than one language is unavoidable. For instance, Indonesian people have to know Bahasa
Indonesia besides their regional language. People who master than one language called bilinguals.
In relation with bilinguals, there is an outstanding phenomenon in sociolinguistics study, called code switching. Hudson defines “code switching as the situation in which a single speaker uses different varieties at different times”.2 Gardner - Chloros in Coupland and Jaworski gives another definition that is “Code switching is the use of two or more language in the same conversation or utterance”.3
Hymes in Giglioli states that no normal person no normal
community is limited repertoire to a single variety speak to an unchanging monotony which would produce the possibility of indicating respect, insolence, mock - serious humor, role distance, etc by switching from one code variety to another.4 The effect of code switching occurs in any speech
2 Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. Cambrigde : Cambrigde University Press. 1980. p. 56 3 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski. Op. cit. p. 361
community, especially in bilingual community, in order to cover the different situation in society.
Hoffmann states that:
“Code switching often takes place in either formal or informal situation. In an informal situation, code switching occur quite often in the conversation between people who are familiar with each other, and which have shared educational, ethnic and socio economic background. While informal situation, code switches are usually avoided because of some factors related to prestige, language loyalty and formality. Those factors influence the speaker to concentrate on trying to approximate or keep to monolingual standards.”5
That is why code switching is rarely found in formal situation. People often switch code without any awareness of the fact that they switch with different language in order to maintain the smoothness o f the
conversation, make a topic clear and give information. They constantly and unconsciously code switch, if not from language then from variety to variety, most of the times without serious effort.6 It does not mean that the speakers who switch code always master the second language well.
According to Hoffman “Code switching does not always indicate that the speaker should master the second language as well as the first language, because code switching has been considered as a sign oh linguistics
decay”.7
5 Hoffmann. Language Study. Cambrigde : Cambrigde University Press. 1991. p. 113 6 Wallwork, J. F. Language and Liunguistics : An Introduction to the Study of Language. New York. McGrawhill, Inc. 1978. p. 6
There are three types o f code switching, namely metaphorical code switching, conversational code switching and situational code switching. Metaphorical switching is a switching where a variety normally used only in one kind o f situation is used in a different kind because the topics is the should which would normally arise in the first kind o f situation.8 An
example is proposed by Bloom and Gumperz in Hudson :
“In the course of a morning spent at the community administration office, we noticed that Clerks used both standard and dialect phrases, depending or whether they were talking about official affairs or not, like wise, when residents step up to a Clerk’s desk, greeting and inquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction is carried in the standard”9
Conversational switching appears when a speaker switches code
within a single sentence and may even do so many times. The clearest cases of conversational code switching are of course those in which the varieties concerned are most clearly different, as they are when they distinct language. The example from William Labov in Hudson is:
“Por eso coda (therefore each....), you know its nothing to be proud of, Porque yo no estoy (because I am not) o f it, as a matter of fact I hate it, Pero vieme y sabado yo estoy, tu me ve hacia mi, sola (but come (I) Friday and Satureday I am, you see me, you look at me, alone) with a aquisolita, a veces que Frankie me deja (here alone, sometimes Frankie leaves me), you know a stick or something...” 10
8 Hudson, R. A. Op. c it p. 56
9 Ibid. p. 56
While situational switching occur when the language change accompanies a change of topics or participants or anytime the situation redefined. For example a Javanese is being a Bahasa Indonesia teacher. She will uses Bahasa Indonesia when discussing things related with school and probably switch into Javanese when discussing family
problems.
Marasigan in Sulistiyaningsih states that code switching is not merely a tool to make the speaker gets closer to her hearer. It is also used to show solidarity, prestige, concealment and also get the obstacles out of message delivering process from the speaker.11 There are three reasons that can be proposed why people do code switching, one o f them is when code switching is viewed from social point o f view. The first social motivation o f switching is accommodation to the linguistic environment, which means people tend to accommodate the diversity in their linguistic environment. People who live in bilingual community for example always try to recognize who the hearer is. This is very important to decide which code they should use during the conversation. Second is the situational norm or other social expectations. This motivation is closely related with the situational norm in a certain areas, one area might be very different with another in term of its implementation. One simple example can be raised in the Javanese way o f speaking. As we know that the Javanese
language has three levels, namely ngoko, bromo alus and kromo inggil. In
11 Sulistyaningsih, Ike. A Study o f Code Switching Demonstrated by The Students o f
English Department of1K IP Surabaya. Unpublished Thesis. Surabaya: IK.IP Surabaya. 1998. p.
producing words a speaker will always consider who the interlocutor is, whether she is younger, the same age or older than her. If the interlocutor is younger or the same age the speaker uses ngoko all the time but if the interlocutor is older but close to her the speaker uses ngoko but usually
switch to kromo alus or kromo inggil slightly. The last one is the influence of the interlocutor. This happens frequently during a conversation in daily life. According to Gardner-Chloros in Goupland and Jaworski, the
influence of the interlocutor is perhaps the most intangible of the three types of motivation above due to the complexity o f speakers reactions to one another and the difficulty of comprehending which aspect of their
identity they are bringing to the fore.12
As one of the sociolinguistics phenomenon code switching is so linked to human being. Many reasons are proposed by the speaker when they do code switching and some of them are mentioned above. Besides the reason above, actually there are conversational functions of code switching namely: quotation, addressee specification, interjection, reiteration, message qualification, and personalization versus objectivization.13 But people usually do not know or realize the functions of code switching they do.
Other things that must be known dealing with code switching are
the factors that influence it. There are three major factors namely social factors, cultural factors, and individual factors. Social factors consists of
12 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski. Op. c it p. 356
participants, topic o f conversation, situation, setting o f conversation, and domain. Cultural factors include values, attitudes, and beliefs about both
society and the language, The last one, individual factors, consist of individual preferences and skills.14
Research dealing with code switching had been conducted by
Pascasio and Marasigan. They observed code switching which occur in Philipines. They found that Philipines speaks English as lingua-ffanca and Philipines as their mother tongue. Philipines often do Philipines-English code switching vice versa in the verbal communication.15
The similar phenomenon also happens in Malioboro Street
Yogyakarta where there are becak drivers who switch code during their activities to get passengers. They sometimes switch from English to Javanese or Bahasa Indonesia-Javanese vice versa. The becak drivers may produce the following code switching:
1) English-Javanese code-switching
It means the code switching is done from English into
Javanese.
2) Indonesian-Javanese code-switching vice versa
It means the code-switching is done from Indonesian into Javanese or vice versa.
14 Sulistyaningsih, Ike. Op. c it p.24
In order to get a better understanding o f code switching, the writer will explain some problems of the conversational function o f code switching and the factors which are influence for the code switching.
1. The Conversational Function of Code Switching
Saville - Troike states that the function o f code switching which may have within a speech community are: group identification, solidarity,
distancing and redefinition of a situation.16 Another expert says that switching language may use not only to soften but also to strengthen a request. Saying something twice in different language may serve either to intensify or to eliminate ambiguity.
Gumperz in his book “Discourse Strategies” proposes three language situations as the examples in order to explore the mechanism by which code-switching conveys meaning and their relationship to grammar and speaker’s and listener’s social presupposition. 17 Those examples are:
The Australian-Yugoslavian border village of formers and laborers where the speakers use Slovenian at home but they are educated in German and live in close proximity to German speaking village and shopping center.
The second is the situation which involves Indian college students from Urban Delhi. All students are native speakers o f Hindi who have had all their secondary education in English. In the last situation, participants are members of a group of Ghicano college students and urban professionals
16 Saville Troike, Muriel. The Ethnography o f Communication. Cambrigde : Blackwell. 1982. p. 32
who were bom in the United Stated and are largely from economically deprived backgrounds. They speak Chicano Spanish especially at home with their elders, but speak English in many of their work and friendship relations. Regarding of the conversational function o f code switching.
Gumperz says:
“Illustrative brief exchanges, just long enough to provide a basis for context bound interpretation, were extracted from tape recorded conversational in three language situations. These indicate that switching serves roughly similar function in all three situations so that a single preliminary typology can be set up which across language situations”.18
Those functions are: a. Qoutation
It means the code-switch passage are clearly identifiable either as direct quotation or as reported speech. The examples is the Hindi
English code switching.
Situation: The conversation among young Hindi speaking college teachers. The speaker is talking about his visit to the doctor. “He says: ye hi medsin kontinyu koro bhai (continue taking this medicine friend)”.19
b. Addressee specification
It means the code switching serves to direct the message to one of several possible addressees. This happens very frequently in the speech community when a speaker turned to someone who stands aside from a
18 Ibid. p. 75
group of conversationalists. The example is the Hindi English code switching.
Situation: A group of Hindi speaking graduates students are discussing
the subject o f code switching.
A: “sometimes you get exited and then you speak in Hindi, then again you go on the English.”
B: “No nonsense, it depends on your command of English.”
B: (Shortly there after turning to a third participant, who has just returned from answering the dour bell)
Kjn hai bai (who is it) :
c. Inteijections
It means the code switching can also server to mark an interjection or sentence filler, the example is Slovenian German code switching. Situation: there is a conversation between Austrian villager where B
replies to A prior continuing in Slovenian.
A: Grta yete (go there (in German)) B: Ya so ist das21
d. Reiteration
In this case frequently a message in one code is repeated in the other code, either literally or in somewhat modified form. In some cases such repetition may serve to clarify what is said, but often they simply amplify or emphasize a message. The example is as follow:
Situation: In a certain conversation between two college students. A: “The three old one spoke nothing but Spanish. Nothing but Spanish.
No hablaban Ingles (They did not speak English).”22
20 Ibid. p. 77
2. T ^ ^ H to rs which are influential for the code s^e pacng
tdying code switching, not only the foi jn S11 the form and the should be comprehended but also tljons tjors that influence
for it^ ^ ^ s ig a n in Sulistyaningsih states that fact* Mara'e are very closely re la t^ ^ H h the speaker’s daily life, they are: ^ ^ 1 factors, cultural fa c to ^ ^ H individual factors.23 In order to get a rs an(j understanding of
s, the writer will explain in the followii. f g ^
3 i ^ m w x o n ,OCiall
are five aspects that appear in ^ere factors namely: p a r ti^ ^ K , topics, situation, domain, and setting, ^ g ^
1) i H ants >artici]
jants here are the people who are t a k i n ^ ^ in the even. It can sither the speaker or the addressee. ^ ^ t
<er and the addressee for a role repjje Sj5hip which can be by how the participant speak, b o ^ g ^ ^ itio n , non verbal mication. For example eye contact, gcsuomrn^tc.
2) o f Conversation fopics
here are also the factors that influencj-0pjc;aker in doing code
ig. One o f the example is when P<sWitcliw^o ^ e joking in se suddenly switch into Indonesian vjavan(me o f their friends
|to discuss about political issues during tstarts ne conversation.
25 , 26 i
I
ingsih, Ike. Op. c it p. 243) Situation
Generally there are two forms of situation, formal and informal. People will always consider whether they are in formal or in informal situation when they speak. It is all because the language used in formal situation will be veiy different from in informal situation. That is why
situation is very important in the code switching. 4) Domain
Fishman in Giglioli state that domain is very cluster of social situations which are typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules. Domain here involves role relations, topics and locales in which
members are involved.27 5) Setting of Conversation
Setting here includes location, time (e.g. day, month, year) and physical aspects of situation for example date birth, place where the event takes place, etc.
b. Cultural factors
Code switching as one of linguistics phenomenon are “learned from other people, they are one part the cultural a whole and as such are likely to be closely associated with other aspects o f the culture that are learned from the same people.”28 Cultural aspects here are beliefs, which
are about who or what are capable of speech and who or what may be
communicated with in the society and values, which mean the quality of being important or useful of something. In this case is the code switching.
The code switching from Javanese into Indonesian by certain people in the speech community viewed from cultural side is considered valuable as it seems like a sign of genius.29 It is all because Indonesian is a cosmopolitan language which symbolizes prestige, elitism and modernity,
c. Individual factors
The individual factors here related to individual preference and skill.30as every individual is different one and another, the frequency of code switching will also be very different. There is a case in which someone will to code switching but not the skill. On the other hand there is someone who has the skill but not the will due to the reason that he wants to keep the purity of the language. It is also the possibility of two people or more who has same skill and will to do code switching.
2. Code Mixing
According to Ronald Wardhaugh, code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extend that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.31
29 Wallwork, J. F. Op. CiL p. 51 30 Saville Troike, Muriel. Op. C it p. 13
Conversational code mixing involves the deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic change. Pfaff in Ronald Wardhaugh provides the following examples of conversational code mixing among Spanish - English bilinguals:
No van a bring it up in the meeting (they are not going to bring it up in the meeting).
Todos los Mexicannos were riled up (All the Mexicans were riled up)
Estaba training para pelear (He was training to fight)
Some dudes, la onda is to fight y jambar (Some dudes, the in thing is to fight and steal).32
The ability to mix codes in this way is now often a source of pride, the ability to use pocho or calo, the names that many Spanish-speaking North Americans give to these varieties. Code mixing may also give way to situational or metaphorical code-switching at any time, use o f the former for an activity always discussed in a particular language, or use of the latter to evoke special feelings.
Gumperz’s analysis of both choice of language and types of code switching and code-mixing in the community reveals that the situation is quite complex because of the number of possibilities that are available, with the ‘right’ choice highly dependent on the social context and intent of
the speaker.33
32 Ibid. p. 107-108
C. Language and Speech Community
1. Language
Human being is both an individual and a social creature. As social creature all individual will always interact to each other. When people talk about interaction, it can not be separated from communication. Communication will always happen in the human life interaction. The interaction between parents and children, teachers and students, doctors
and patients, becak driver and the passengers are some of the examples. In communication, o f course we need a tool to say things to teach others, namely language.
Every human being possesses language. Language is one of them characteristics which differentiate them from other creatures. Language is so important because it is not simply a means o f communication, it is also very important means of establishing and maintaining relationship with other people. Kristeva states that “there is no society without language,
anymore than there is society without communication”,34 on the other words, language is very important in human life and it stand on the center
of human society ranging from the simple to the complex one. But before starting to study about language, it is better to know what language is because the best way to begin doing something is to fully understand what that thing is,
The first definition is given by Sapir cited by Alwasilah, he defines language as “a purely human and non - instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”.35 36 Bolinger and Sears, another experts, say that “language is a system o f vocal auditory communication, interacting
with the experiences of its users, employing conventional signs composed of arbitrary patterned sound units and assembled according to set rules”.
From the definition above, it can be seen that language has some characteristics, they are:
a. Human; it means language as a system of symbols is only
possessed by human being.
b. Non - instinctive; it means human being has to learn language. As in fact cannot directly speak, he has to learn to speak a certain language from other people.
c. Arbitrary; it means human being uses certain sounds and arranged systematically only by chance. For example the word
“tiger” is defined as a large fierce four legged animal of a cat family. Why people say it is because the other do so.
d. Systematic; it means language has certain pattern or rules which can be seen in a system or sounds and a system or sound
and a system of meaning.
35 Alwasilah, Chaedar. Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung : Angkasa. 1985. p. 7
e. Symbol; it means language is a symbol o f human life which
transmit thought, idea or feeling about abstract or concrete thing in human daily life.
f. As a means of communication; it means language has the main function that is as a means of communication in human interaction.
Looking at the definition above, it is clear that, in general, language function is as a means o f communication. Language becomes the medium for people to interact with other. By using language, people can create various relationships to reach a good communication in speech
community.
Jacobson in Alwasilah, another expert, proposes functions of language use from different point of view, as follow:
a. Emotive speech, which deal with psychological factors of
speaker such as feeling, emotion and attitudes.
b. Fatigue speech, that is speech which has function to keep social relationships and it occurs in a certain occasions.
c. Cognitive speech, which deals with reality that is denotative or informative persuade and to condition thought or a thinking of
attitudes or hearers.
d. Methalingual speech, whose function is to discuss language. It
e. Phoetic speech, which is used in certain form and extra
• 3 7
ordinary esthetics.
There are many phenomena and varieties to be found in society dealing with language. One of them is code switching, which is natural
and common in bilingual or multilingual community. If we are talking about bilingual it cannot be separated from bilingual.
According to Bloomfield in Rusyana, bilingualism is the mastery of two language where the mastery of the second language is the same level as the native speaker. The criteria “same level as the native speaker”
is really difficult to measure as the native speakers are so divergent in the mastery of their language. That is why Wheinrich proposes another definition o f bilingualism, as follows; Bilingualism is the use of two different language alternately. Haugen, another expert, also defines
38
bilingualism as the comprehension of the knowledge of two languages. Bilingualism here covers the use of three languages or more which is
usually known as multilingualism.
About the lowest level o f a person to be considered is bilingual, Haugen says that he has to be able to produce a complete utterance in the second language. This limit is lower than Wheinrich’s that is the use of two languages alternately and Bloomfield’s that is the mastery of the second language as good as the native speaker. From what is said by Haugen, it is clear that a person does not have to master two language 37 38
37 Alwasilah, Chaedar. Op. c it p. 82
equally well to be considered as bilingual. In line with Haugen, Lado states that “The degree of control of the first, second and even the third and fourth languages is not necessarily comparable. When each language has well defined function and its practices in connection with that function, there is a more or less stable bilingual situation”.39
2. Speech Community
One o f the characteristics o f language is “human”. It means language as a system o f symbols, is only possessed by human being. Every normal human being is a member of social group. Every human being depends on the use of language or in other words man always masters language. Fishman in Coupland and Jaworski points out that man is constantly using language, spoken language, written, printed language and
man is linked to others via norms of behavior.40
The fact above leads us to a comprehension that there are a lot of different language in the world and there are groups o f people who possess
the same language which is known as speech community. Fishman in Coupland and Jaworski defines speech community as
“One, all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and the norms for its appropriate use. A speech community may be, as small as a single closed interaction network, all of whose members regard each other in but a single capacity”.41
39 Lado, Robert. Language Teaching. New York : McGrawhill, Inc. 1971. p. 10 40 Coupland Nikolas and Adam Jaworski. Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Course Book.
New York : St. Martin’s Press Inc. 1977. p. 25
Another definition is proposed by Bloomfield in Alwasilah, “A group of people who interact by means of speech is a speech community”.42 Corder in Alwasilah, “A speech community is a group of
people who can all understand each other when they speak”.43
There is a point that can be taken out from the definition above. Speech community is formed from the mutualism, intelligibility of each member o f the community especially because there is a similarity in the aspects of linguistics code, they are : sound system, syntax and semantic.
Becak driver in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta who switch code when they are on duty is assumed as a speech community.
42 Alwasilah, Chaedar. Op. c it p. 2
Related to this research, the writer uses descriptive method in which this method is to describe what actually happens to procedures about method which are useful in research. It will be used as guidance to conduct the research from the beginning to be end of the work. The writer takes a certain procedures and would like to explain in six parts: classified is research design, instruments of the study, subject o f the study, classified o f data collection, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis.
A. Research Design
Concerning the research problems and objectives, the writer has designed her study in descriptive - qualitative research toward ahswering
the problems. It means the data are in the from of phenomenon which are observed through process, meaning and understanding gained through words or pictures.1 The analysis is describing the phenomenon the research gained during the process of collecting the data. 1
1 Cresswell, John. W., Research Design Qualitative and Quantitative Approach.
B. Instruments o f the Study
In collecting the data, the writer determines the instruments which help to get the data. She becomes the instruments of the study by coming to Malioboro Street Yogyakarta. She does not take part in the conversation, she just listens and records the conversation between becak
drivers and passengers in the field note. This is known as complete observer type of data collection where researcher observes without participating. This type is useful in exploring topics that might be in comfortable for informant to discuss. In this case, she conduct this type of collecting data in order to record the conversation between becak driver
and the passengers without being known by them. There are several types of field notes. In this study, the writer uses jotted notes to get the data in the field. Jotted notes are written in the field, they are short, temporary, memory triggers such as words, phrases or drawing taken inconspicuously, often scribbled on any convenient item (match book). They are incorporated into direct observation notes but are never substituted for them.2 Besides, the researcher uses form of informant’s identity and list of questions given to the informants in order to get the data which can not be gained in the observation. This form is given to the informants after the researcher observed the phenomenon done by the informants. The form of informant’s identity consists o f name, age, tribe, address, occupation, and signature.
C. Subject of the Study
In order to make the analysis correct easier the researcher needs to employ informant in this research. Samarin states that there is no definite number in revealing the number o f informants.3 In this study, informant can be divided into:
1. Primary informants
Primary informants are informants whose utterances become the main source of data in this study. Primary informants in this research are people who become becak drivers whose passengers are either domestic tourists or foreign tourists along Malioboro Street Yogyakarta. In this study, the writer takes five
informants to be investigated. They have to meet certain criteria, as follows:
1) . The informants must be honest.
2) . The informants have to be intentionally becomes a becak driver
in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta.
3) . The informants must have been becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta for more than five years.
2. Supporting informants
Supporting informants are people who have information related to the research that can be considered as additional data. In this study, the writer does not limit the number of supporting
informants because of the reason that the data obtained are considered to be corrective and additional ones. In this research the informants are not taken randomly. They have to meet criteria which are the same as those for the primary informants.
D. Classified of Data Collection
In general the data collected in this research can be divided into three groups:
1. Basic data
Basic data are the data collected during the time of preparation in the from o f written materials, such as book and study report carried out by previous researchers.
2. Main data
Main data are the data which are gained in the form of notes and records containing the information’s given by the informants and the conversations between becak drivers and the passengers either domestic tourists or foreign tourists. In this study, the main data are only gained in the form of notes. The use of recorder is impossible because if the researcher applies this method the becak drivers as the primary informants will get suspect to the
3. Additional data
Additional data are the data in the form of notes of linguistics phenomenon which might be gained during the research.4
E. Technique of Data Collection 1. Observation
The writer in doing this observation uses complete observer type which means the researcher observes without participating during the observation. The advantage of this type is that this is very useful in exploring topics that may be uncomfortable for informants to discuss.5 In this study the writer only observes without participating herself as a becak driver. This is done to avoid reactive respond from the informants.6
2. Interview
Interview is a dialogue done by the interviewer to get the
information from the interviewee.7 According to Koentjaraningrat, interview can be divided into two groups, they are standardized interview and unstandardized interview.8 Standardized interview always involves a list o f questions prepared and arranged before
4 Suryabrata, Sumadi. M etodologi Penelitian. Jakarta : Rajawali Press. 1992. p. 25 5 Cresswel], John W. op.cit., p. 150
6 Bogdan, Robert C and Sara Knop, Qualitative Research fo r Education : An
Introduction to Theory and Methods. Massachussets. Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1982. p.288
facing the interviewee. The researchers gives some questions to all the informants. For example social background, educational background, etc. In this type, the researcher cannot change the homogeneity of questions because if she does so it might produce a very different response from every informant that difficult to
compare between one and the others, while unstandardized interview is the interview where he interviewer does not prepare the list of questions given to the informants. The questions can be anything, for instance, social background, religion, income, etc. in this study, the writer uses standardized interview, and it is done at
the end the observation. This is because the writer does not want the subject of the study know that they are being observed.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
The data analysis in the form of sentences consisting the conversation between becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta and
the passengers either domestic tourists or foreign tourists. In analysis the data, the writer takes some steps :
1. The data are classified according to the pattern of code-switching (English-Javanese, and Indonesia-Javanese vice versa). The
done by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta (social factors, cultural factors, individual factors).
2. The data are they analysis based on Gumperz theory states that quotation, addressee specification, reiteration, inteijection, message qualification and personalization versus objectification.9
In this chapter the writer attempts to answer those research problems by
classifying and analyzing the data gained before, and during the observation. Here the writer will explain o f the situational description and the data analysis.
A. Situational Description
Malioboro Street Yogyakarta is the main shopping street that runs through the heart o f Yogyakarta from the Tugu railway station at one to the Kraton at the other. This street is surrounded by hotels and losmen as
well as stores. In front o f the stores there are hundreds o f vendors selling souvenirs. At night the "lesehan ”, which is a Yogyakarta tradition where
people sit out at night by gas-light to chat, drink tea, eat snacks and enjoy the cool evening air, is available for the costumers. This special characteristics attract many tourists either domestic or foreign tourists to visit Malioboro Street, especially in holiday.
B. Data Analysis
1. The Pattern o f Code Switches which are Demonstrated by the Becak Drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta
Becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta mostly posses Javanese as the first language. They use Javanese to talk with someone to do something, say something good or bad toward their friends. The reason is that the speakers and the hearers are Javanese that they know exactly the language they use.
Besides, the Javanese is used as a medium to communicate with their friends, the becak drivers also use it to offer their becak to the domestic tourists even though they do not know yet whether the tourists
can speak Javanese or nor. The Javanese words for example ’’monggo
p a k” or “tindakpundi pak? “is a kind o f greeting and also as a tool to test whether the tourists can speak Javanese or not. If the tourists can speak Javanese then the conversation will continue in Javanese while if the
tourists cannot speak Javanese the conversation will continue in Indonesian as a national language. The interview as follows:
The writer M enawi nawakaken becak dateng tiyang Indonesia basa napa ingkang diginakaken ?
Becak Driver : Karena kulo niki wong Jawa, nggih saya sapa dengan basa Jawa rumiyin, monggo pak dan sebagainya.
Mangkeh menawi temyata ngangge basa Indonesia
nggih kita ikuti bahasanya.!
The becak drivers realize that Indonesia is a national language.
That is why they need to master it in order to make than easier to 1
1 located in front of the "toko bunga bung Gemuk”, August 13, 2005
communicate with domestic tourists who cannot speak Javanese. This stated by the other informant.
Becak Driver : Bahasa Indonesia, m botm Jawi, lha mangkeh nek kulo Ja m trus niki (penumpang) sanes Jawi trus pripuri?2
Besides, Javanese and Indonesian, most becak drivers also
comprehend English. This is because Malioboro Street as a part o f
Yogyakarta is often visited by foreign tourists. Many o f them want to get around Yogyakarta by riding becak. As most foreign tourists cannot speak either Javanese or Indonesian then the becak drivers need, at least, to comprehend English which is considered as International language. This is
very useful to communicate with foreign tourists for instance to bargain the fares, know the destination, etc. Pay attention to the conversation below :
The writer :”Menawi kepanggih kaliyan tiyang luar, basa napa ingkang diginakaken?”
Becak Driver :“Terutama bahasa Inggris Mbak”.
The writer :“Mboten ngerti niku tiyang pundi nika nggih tetep ngangge basa Inggris?”
Becak Driver “Nggih, kan untuk mengetahui kan niku thok, mengke nek mpun disapa ngangge basa Inggris ternyata dia malah ngangge bahasa Eropa, bahasa Belanda dan sebagainya, kalau mampu ya kita layani”.3
After observing the language used by becak drivers in Malioboro
Street Yogyakarta, the writer found that in using certain language the
becak drivers often switch to other language. The examples follow :
Situation
:“Pak, perpustakaan di Jalan Malioboro itu di mana ya?” :(looked confuse)
:“Nggih, itu ke selatan sedikit trus masuk!\
:“0 ya, makasih ya pak”.4
From the conversation above it can be seen that Becak Driver A switches from Javanese to Indonesian in order to qualify the previous message which the speaker believed would be better understood in the other code. There are another switches demonstrated by becak drivers in
Malioboro Street Yogyakarta, namely Indonesian-Javanese code switching
and also English-Javanese code switching.
The data collected here are recorded in the field notes. Field notes used to record the code switching as demonstrated by the becak drivers in
Malioboro Street Yogyakarta and to record the interview with the becak
drivers. After the data are collected then they can be classified according to the categorization just stated before. The code switches are from English to Javanese and Indonesia to Javanese vice versa.
The data in the appendix are some o f the examples o f code switching demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta. The becak drivers switch from English to Javanese then from Indonesian
to Javanese vice versa.
Code switching is not merely a common phenomenon in bilingual
society. It has conversational functions within it. Most people in bilingual society do not realize that code switching has conversational functions even though they do code switching frequently in their daily life.
2. The Conversational Function o f Code Switching which are
Demonstrated by Becak Drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta
Gumpez in his book “Discourse Strategies’’ states that there are six conversational function o f code switching namely : quotation, addressee specification, interjection, reiteration, message qualification, and
personalization versus objectifications.
Dealing with phenomenon in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta, the writer uses Gumperz theories as presented in chapterll to analyze the data gained before and during the observation. The analysis will be presented
as follow : a Quotation
Frequently the code switching is done in order to quote sentences or utterances directly or as reported speech. The speaker switches code to
reserve the originally o f the message, because sometimes there are words or utterances that cannot be translated exactly the same in the other code. The examples are as follow:
Situation (a) :Two becak drivers had a conversation. They talked about Becak driver’% nephew.
Becak Driver B :“Wis mari kok, ming buset-buset sethitik, Dhe’e ki
In situation (a), the speaker uses Javanese to his friend but he then switch to Indonesian when he quotes his nephew’s sentence. The same
thing can be seen in situation (b) where the becak driver who uses Javanese suddenly switches to Indonesian as he quotes SBY’s sentence,
b. Addressee Specification
In this set o f examples the code switching serves to direct the
message to one o f several possible addressees. It means the speaker switches code in order to specify who the hearer is. One clear example is when speaker turns to someone who stands aside from a group o f
:A passenger bargained the becak fares :“Berapa nih jadinya?”
Becak Driver A
“Piro wingi kang? " (he asked his friend) P iroyo? Nek aku manut pokake”
:“Lima ribu ya bu PP soalnya kalau Cuma pergi saja rugi”
:“Pak, perpustakaan di Jalan Malioboro itu di mana ya ?”
:“Nggih, itu ke selatan sedikit trus m asuk'.
:“0 ya, makasih ya pak”.8 c. Reiteration
In this case frequently a message in one code is repeated in the
other code, either literally or in somewhat modified form. In some cases such repetition may serve to clarify what is said, but often they simply amplify or emphasize a message. The examples are as follow :
Situation (e) : A passenger bargained the becak fares.
Becak driver A :“Lima ribu ya bu PP soalnya kalau Cuma pergi saja
7 Located besides of the “Ramayana”, August 14,2005
Situation (f)
:“That’s too expensive, five thousands okay?”
:(looking at his friend, the becak driver then said)
“Adoh ,/<?, kraton is far Sir, ten thousands okay?” :“Okay okay”10 *
: A becak driver offered a pedestrian a motel :“Mari om losmen, murah”
Mboten”
: “Murah lho om. Cuma dua puluh, estu ming kalih dasa, bisa di luar bisa di dalam”.
:“Mboteri” u
In examples (e) and (g) the becak driver switches from Indonesian
to Javanese in order to amplify and emphasize the phrase. The speak» repeats the message in the other code to make sure that the interlocutor can catch the message. While in example (f), the speak» unconsciously produced a Javanese word “Adoh Je” while he is using English. As the
becak driver is afraid if the foreign» cannot und»stand the meaning, he then repeats the words in English “kraton is far sir”. In this case, the becak
driver switches code in o rd » to clarify the meaning o f words. d. Interjection
In this case, the code switching can also serve to mark an
intojection or sentence fill». As every language has its own interjections, the function o f code switching to mark an interjection is rarely found.
Situation (h) :A becak driver offered his becak to the passeng» Becak driv» :“Dua ribu saja mbak daripada jalan”
Passeng» : “Nggak”
10 Localed of the “pasar sore Malioboro”, August 14,2005
Becak Driver
“Waduh nggak bisa mbak”.12 13
The word “waduh” is a Javanese interjection. Becak driver
produces a Javanese interjection because his mother tongue is Javanese. As this is the language he learned since he was an infant, unavoidably it influences the becak driver when he speaks Indonesian.
e. Message Qualification
This code switching consists o f qualifying constructions such as sentence and verb complements or predicates following a copula. The switching under this category is mainly to qualify the message.
Situation (i) : A becak driver asked his friend where he from? Becak Driver A “Seko ngendi kok klambimu nyetil, jalan-jalan p a V
Becak DriverB :“Biasa, anak muda jam an sekarang ki ya ngene i/d ”n
The Javanese “anak muda jam an sekarang” is used to qualify the phrase “klambi nyetiT’ (wearing fine clothes). Wearing fine clothes in the
past was assumed that someone wanted to go somewhere. But nowadays
wearing fine clothes does not mean someone wants to go somewhere. In fact, this is the sign o f young generation.
12 located in front of the mosque “A1 - Muttaqin” along “taman parkir Malioboro”, August 14, 2005
f. Personalization versus Objectification
In this last, relatively large group o f instances function is rather
difficult to specify in purely descriptive terms. The code contrast here seems to related to such things as the distinction between talk about action and talk as action, the degree o f speaker involvement in all distance from, a message whether a statement reflects personal opinion or knowledge whether it refers to specific instance or has the authority o f generally
known fact.
In this research the writer cannot propose the example o f switches which are demonstrated by the becak drivers in Malioboro Street
Yogyakarta because o f the feet that during her observation she could not find the conversation containing code switching which can be classified
under this category.
3. The Factors which are Influences for the Code Switching Demonstrated by the Becak Drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta
Code switching is a common phenomenon in bilingual societies.
As what as has been demonstrated by becak drivers in Malioboro Street
Yogyakarta, there are English Javanese code switching and Indonesia Javanese code switching vice versa. The becak drivers in doing code switching do not merely because they want. They are factors which are
influences for the code switching namely: social factors, cultural factors
a. Social Factors
There are three aspects o f social factors, namely participants, topics o f conversation, and situation.
1) Participants
The people who are taking a part in the event are called participants. The speaker is the one who delivers message while
addressee is the one who accepts the message. They form a role relationship which can be marked by how participants speak, manage the body position, and produce non verbal communication. This relationship is influenced by the status and the solidarity o f the members.
Status here means a speaker should consider the social status o f the interlocutor, whether the addressee is older or younger than the speaker, from the higher or lower social class or male or female. If the speaker does not do so then he will be considered as arrogant.
Becak drivers in Malioboro Street Yogyakarta in having a conversation with the passengers also consider the aspects above.
Becak drivers may say that they use the same language when they talk to the passengers. Pay attention to the conversation below:
The writer “Ben ten mboten bahasa ingkang diginakaken antarane tiyang setunggal kalih setunggalipun?”
Becak Driver :**Nggih pada mawon nggih, cuman berusaha berpenampilan baik sopan. Arepa enam nggih digawe ngaten niku tuwo nggih sami m awon”14
14
The conversation above looks like evidence that the becak
drivers do not consider the three aspects above. But actually becak
drivers do consider the aspects. They said “podo m aw orf which means “the same as the others” because they just know passengers at that time
that they do not know their passengers social background. This is different when they have a conversation with their friends who they
know well. The status will be the factors that have to be considered when they speak. The example is when a becak driver speaks Javanese in kromo andhap to his friend who is older than him. Another becak
driver keeps using Ngoko even though his interlocutor is older than him. This is because he thinks that he is quite close to him. In this case the becak driver views someone from the degree o f intimacy.
The second aspect is solidarity which is defined according to
the relative degree o f intimacy between the speaker and hearer. From
the example o f conversation between two becak drivers and passenger it can be said that degree o f intimacy plays very important role in producing the code switching.
Situation : A passenger bargained the becak fares.
Becak Driver A :“Wah kalau dua ribu nggak mau bu, jauh e.” Passenger :“Iya bener kemarin dua ribu.”
Becak Driver A :uPiro wingi kang?” (he asked his friend) Becak Driver B P Pir o yo? Nek aku ki maut pokoke.”
Becak Driver A :“Lima ribu ya bu PP soalnya kalau cuma pergi saja
The Becak Driver A switches from Indonesian to Javanese
when he speaks with his friend who is considered as intimate while the use o f Indonesian is because the consumer is considered as non
intimate.
2) Topics o f conversation
Based on the observation and interview done by the writer, it is clear that topics o f conversation are also the factor which is influence for the switching. Most becak drivers switch from one language to
another as there is the change o f topics during a conversation. There is a case where the becak driver suddenly and automatically switches
from Javanese to Indonesian because there is a change in the topics o f conversation.
Situation \Becak driver had a conversation with someone who he just
knew. At first they talked about the condition o f tourism in Yogyakarta, then one o f them started talking about political
issue.
Becak Driver A :”Sak niki jamane SBY niku mboten wonten perubahan kok, kepara malah tambah medhun.”
Becak Driver B Ngomonge “mau memakmurkan rakyat”, ning nyatane. Ha nek kula pilih jam ane Suharto kok wong mbok pripun mawon turis asing sing mriki luwih kathah.”1
The Indonesian phrase uttered by becak driver is not sign that he is arrogant. It is simply because he cannot find or forget the right words in Javanese. Pay attention to the following conversation:
