6 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
2.1 Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is defined as a study which connects language and society and how language has functions in communication of society. It is also studied about human conduct. Dittmar in Wardhaugh (2006 : 19) argues that “speech behaviour and social behaviour are in a state of constant interaction and that ‘material living conditions’ are an important factor in the relationship.” Sociolinguistics can help us understand why we speak differently in various social contexts, and help uncover the social relationships in a community.
Holmes in Adhalina (2011:6) says that sociolinguistics is an attempt to explain the relationship between language and society, why we speak differently in different social contexts, so it is easy to identify the social function of language and how language is used to convey social meaning such as relationships, situation, topic, and so on. Examining the way people use language in different social context provides a lot of information about the way language works as well and about social relationship in a certain community.
7 From all the definitions above about sociolinguistics, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics is a study about the relationship of language and society. The way of performing communication, using style of language, and different word choice are studied in sociolinguistics. That is why, the writer used sociolinguistics as a basic knowledge in analyzing language style in the movie which reflects the use of language in real life in the society.
According to Wardhaugh (2006 : 18) there are several possible relationships between language and society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior. Certain evidence may be adduced to support this view: the age-grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from older children and, in turn, children speak differently from mature adults; studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their gender; and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements.
The basic notion underlying sociolinguistics is quite simple: Language use symbolically represents fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction. The notion is simple, but the ways in which language reflects behavior can often be complex and subtle. Furthermore, the relationship between language and society affects a wide range of encounters-from broadly based international relations
to narrowly defined interpersonal relationships.
8 tells us quite a bit about how we organize our social relationships within a particular community.
2.2 Style of Language
Language contains a great deal of variety. People in society can be successful in their sociality if they can make a good deal with their speaking to others. But it also can be complicated if they make mistakes in it. So, we have to pay attention to certain aspect of language variation of styles of language to achieve successful and fluent communication. People can make a great achievement with the style of language they use. But they also can make a big mess when they use language at random thing. The users of language should know the rules to talk with one another to make a good communication in society to make a good relationship.
Wardhaugh (2006:51) says that we can speak very formally or very informally, our choice being governed by circumstance. A similar opinion was also expressed by Holmes in Adhalina (2011:11) who says that styles are analyzed along a scale of formality. Wardhaugh and Holmes’ statements are clear enough that when we talk to others, the selection of words should be suitable to the circumstances surrounding environment, both in formal and informal situations.
When a person interacts with others, it must occur a communication. Their communication will be influenced by the circumstance or the social context in which they may have different styles of language depending on situation and condition of its social context.
9 be in different way we talk to a younger siblings at home over the breakfast table to talk with a public figure we meet at a ceremonial dinner.
It has each way to talk. We will use different variety of language in different situation. And we also consider with whom we talk to. It is impossible for us to talk in the same way in different situation and different person.
Wardhaugh (2006: 51) also says that people may try to relate the level of formality chosen to variety of factors: the kind of occasions; the various social, age, and other differences that exist between the participants; the particular task that is involved, e.g., writing or speaking; the emotional involvement of one or more of the participants; and so on. It could be argued that the level of formality in language variation (style) in communication is also influenced by the level of social diversity, age, and anything else that related to the speakers.
Language can make people know how to identify a person based on the language they used. We will know a person is a polite or impolite person when they talk to someone who is older or having a higher position than him or her. People also will know the characteristics of a person based on a variety of language someone uses in a situation. Such as like what Wardhaugh (2006:7) discusses about how many different ways we can ask someone to open a window or seek permission to open the window yourself because the room you are in is too warm. We have to choose one of many variants way to talk with others.
10 means “this monkey is so clever”. In this context, the grandfather doesn’t mean to create a taboo sentence but in order to appreciate his grandson. So when a speaker says something to the hearer, she or he has to know the context of the sentence which is told by the speaker. And this sentence is categorized as casual style because it is influenced by dialect.
2.2.1 Description of Five Language Styles
Joos (1962 : 153-155) cited from Lubis (2010 : 12-17) concludes five style of language as follows :
1. Frozen (Oratorical Style)
Frozen style is a style which is used in a very formal setting such as in palace, church ritual, speech of state ceremony, and some other occasions. This style is more elaborated than the other styles. The sequences of sentence are complicatedly related this style requires high skill and almost used exclusively by specialist, professional orators, lawyers and preachers. It is defined as the most formal style and elegant variety that reserved for very important or symbolic moments. It is usually used in the situation which be celebrated with respect and legitimate or formal ceremonies.
According to Joos (1967 : 154) an oratorical style is used in public speaking before a large audience, wording is carefully planned in advance, intonation is somewhat exaggerated, and numerous rhetorical devices are appropriate.
11 style or oratorical style. The people who attend on that occasion are often the person of high level or important figures. The occasion itself is not an ordinary occasion. It means that the occasion seems to give precedence and respect over the hearers and the speakers. Thus, almost exclusively specially-professional orators, lawyers, and preachers use this style.
In spite of the fact, ordinary citizens who attend the court, religious services may demand frozen language because it is not an ordinary occasion and it may be recognized for achievement in their employment. Furthermore, a story or proverbial message used this style. Constitute that languages are immutable, and signal a linguistic event in the culture that is outside ordinary language use. It must not be altered in anyway.
Frozen style usually tends to be monolog, the sentences is usually long and complete. but there are some expressions for this case. It also can be involved in conversation if each member of the interaction has certain of fix verbal role to be played. For example, in court, there are judges, witnesses, juries, and so on.
Example :
The inauguration of the President of the United States.
“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend
the Constitution of the United State”
12 And the occasion itself is not an ordinary occasion. Because of this situation, the data are classified into frozen or oratorical style.
2. Formal (Deliberative Style)
Formal style is a style which deals with one way communication and it is used in formal situation such as in graduation ceremony. The sentence structure are more complex, and varied than in consultative the speaker must plan ahead and frame whole sentence before they are delivered. The highest important thing in formal style is about the intonation while the others is cohesion. In fact formal style is designed to inform and the background information is inserted into the text in complex sentence. Deliberative style is used in addressing audiences, usually audiences too large to permit effectively interchange between speakers and hearers, though the forms are normally not as polished as those in an oratorical style such in a typical university classroom lecture is often carried out in a deliberative style.
We can say that formal or deliberative style is used for important or serious situation. At that level, there is no symbolic or lasting value in this situation. It is usually a single topic oriented and it is related to the fact that formal writing is technical. Thus, most scholars or technical reports use this style. Formal style usually uses standard language. Formal style may also be used in speaking to a single hearer. Example :
A: Dr. White, I’d like to introduce you to Rachel. B: It’s a pleasure to meet you.
13 These data are classified into formal style because they use standart language, such as ‘I’d like to introduce you to...’. Joos said in his theory, using the standart language is one of the characteristics of formal style. The participants in this dialogue don’t use nickname to call each other as this is in formal condition. So, these data are classified into formal style.
3. Consultative Style
Consultative style is a style which is used in semiformal communication situation. It is one type of language which is required from every speaker. It is usual form of speech in a small group. Both participants are active in case when one is speaking, the other will give a short responses. Such, “yes” or “well”
Consultative style is typically a dialogue though formal enough that words are chosen with some care, doctor-patient conversation, and the like are usually consultative in nature. The typical occurrence of consultative speech is between two persons. While one is speaking at intervals the others give short responses mostly drawn from a small inventory of standard signals. There are basic parts of the system essential to its operation. Among them are : yes, no, uhhuu, mmm, that’s right, I think so. Consultative style is typically a dialogue. It is usually form of speech in a small group. Consultative is the style most open to give and take of everyday conversation discussed so far. We make routine request. For information where provide answers to such request in consultative.
Example:
14 Ricky: Um.. Yes Ma’am, my hobby is playing football. I always feel happy
when I start playing football with my friends.
Teacher: good hobby, Ricky, just don’t forget your time to study! Okay.. Now.. What about you, Tania? What’s your hobby?
Tania: Yes, Ma’am. My hobby is playing violin. (Prastowo, 2014: 37)
These data are classified into consultative style because the relationship of the figures in the dialogue is teacher-students. In this conversation, the teacher asked her students about their hobbies. Consultative style is typically dialogue that words chosen with some care. In this conversation the figures in it have a dialogue in which the teacher asked with some care to her students. So these things can be classified into consultative style.
4. Casual Style
Casual style is a style used among friends. Acquaintances in informal situation, such as outside the classroom, when the students have a chat. It is also influenced by dialect. Casual style is a casual conversation which is between friends or colleagues or sometimes members of a family.
15 in-group relationship. It is used only with insiders, and only members of the group assume it be known, for example, to teenagers or to some clique among adolescents.
Another characteristic feature of casual speech is the omissions of unstressed words, particularly at the beginning of sentences. There most involved are articles, pronouns, auxiliaries, and be. “Anybody home?”, “Car broke down”. “Got a match?”, “Need help?”. Such expressions are a highly diagnostic feature of the casual style; they will generally be interpreted as signaling informality. However, most speakers are not aware either of the phenomenon or of its significances. That is, they do not know what is about an utterance that gives them the impression of informality.
Example :
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
16 5. Intimate Style
Intimate style is a private language developed within families, lovers, and closest friends. Intimate style is one characterized by complete absence of social inhibitions. Talk with family, beloved ones and very closed friends where you tend to reveal your inner self, it is usually in an intimate style. Intimate style is also a completely private language developed within families, lovers, and the closest of friends. It might embarrass some for non-group members to hear them in-group intimate language.
The word that generally signal intimacy such as, dear, darling, and even honey might be used in this situation. On the other names, nicknames might regularly proveembarrassing to hearer as well as speakers outside of intimate situations.Furthermore, intimate language is also characterized by ellipsis, deletion, rapid,slurred, pronunciation, non-verbal communication, and private code characteristics. It isoften unintelligible outside the smallest social units. Intimate style usually there is a shortand un-complete language and unclear articulation.It might embarrass some for non-group members to hear them in group of intimatelanguage.
Example :
Brad: I’m embarrassed to say this but sometimes—maybe more than sometimes—I worry that you’re more important to me than I am to you.
Lisa: That’s amazing to me. You wouldn’t believe how often I’m scared you don’t need me at all—that you’d rather be with somebody else.
17 These data are classified into intimate style. Joos said in his theory that intimate style is a private language developed within families, lovers, and closest friends. Joos also said that it might embarrass some for non-group members to hear them in-group intimate language. The conversation above could embarrass non-group members to hear their conversation as Brad said something intimate to Lisa.
2.3 Relevant Studies
a) Lubis (2009) in her thesis entitled “ An analysis of The Five Language Styles Found in the Movie “The Pursuit of Happiness” found four of the five language styles as frozen was not found in the movie. She said that the relationship between language and society can be seen in the relation of certain language forms that is called variation or style language. She also said to understand the language, the hearer cannot only know the meaning that the
speaker says, but also the situation whether it is public or private, formal or
informal, who is being addressed and who might be able to overhear.
b) Ayunda (2009) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis Of The Language Styles Found in The Movie “Charlie Wilson’s War”” found all of the styles in the movie. Each style has different percentage in her thesis. She said in the conclusion that language as the central means of communication has a potency for making communication successful and establishing social togetherness if it is
used well because most speakers are not aware either of the phenomenon or of its
significances.
18 speaker is speak, whether it is formal or casual, public or private, who will be the listener when we speak, whether it is our friends, our parents or even the person that we never know before.
