Representation Of The Police In tempo Article Entitled "Exposing Manipulation": A text Analysis.

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iii Maranatha Christian University

ABSTRACT

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya mengambil sebuah artikel mengenai kasus Bibit-Chandra dari majalah Tempo tanggal 3-9 November 2009 yang berjudul

“Exposing Manipulation” sebagai sumber data untuk dianalisis. Metode penelitian

yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan buku-buku teks dan internet sebagai bahan rujukan. Adapun tujuan dilakukannya penelitian yang dituangkan dalam Tugas Akhir ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana polisi direpresentasikan dalam majalah Tempo.

Dalam menganalisis artikel ini, saya menggunakan beberapa teori dari Van Dijk mengenai teks, representasi, dan menghadirkan orang lain atau kelompok lain secara negatif yang tergantung pada aspek semantik, leksikon, sintaksis, pengutipan, dan elemen-elemen grafologis. Dengan menggunakan teori-teori tersebut, saya dapat menunjukkan bagaimana representasi polisi dalam artikel ini.

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ii Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is widely known that Indonesia has a bad reputation as the most corrupt

country in the world. It is confirmed by the statement that Indonesia is in the first

rank in corruption cases in Asia (Famega Syavira). It is caused by many cases of

bribery and corruption which are practised in Indonesia today. Bibit Samad Rianto

and Chandra M. Hamzah’s case is one of the cases of bribery and corruption

which happened in Indonesia recently. Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M.

Hamzah are the chairmen of Corruption Eradication Commission. They are

accused of having repealed the ban toward Anggoro Widjojo, the director of PT

Masaro Radikom, a corruption suspect in the procurement of the Integrated Radio

Communication System at the Forestry Department.

Bibit Samad Rianto and Chandra M. Hamzah’s case is widely discussed

in the media. The National Police Chief General, Bambang Hendarso Danuri, and

Attorney General, Hendarman Supandji, have repeatedly tried to convince the

public that there is no falsification by Anggodo Widjojo towards the two leaders

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2 Maranatha Christian University Hamzah. However, in other media, the journalists report that the case

against Bibit and Chandra is clearly engineered by Anggoro Widjojo’s younger

brother, Anggodo Widjojo, who has been sent by Anggoro to bribe Bibit and

Chandra through Ari Muladi. Anggodo does it in order to help his brother

in solving the illegal procurement of the Integrated Radio Communication

system at the Forestry Department, the police, and the Attorney General

(Sandro)

Bibit and Chandra are considered to have repealed the ban toward

Anggoro Widjojo. Therefore, the police investigators conduct an investigation

into Bibit and Chandra’s case. The investigators, however, think that Bibit and

Chandra are trying to complicate the investigation by leading the public opinion

through their statements in the media and discussion forums, whereas through

their statement in the media and discussion forums, Bibit and Chandra want to

reveal the truth that they do not take bribe from Anggoro. It can be proved from a

recording which contains a conversation between Anggodo Widjojo, several

high-ranking attorney generals, and several officials from the police department who

falsify Bibit and Chandra’s case to make Bibit and Chandra the suspects of the

bribery case. The police do not collect the proofs before finding out who is

responsible for this bribery case, but they arrest the people before looking for the

proofs. It can be proved from how the police investigation has been inverted (Arry

Anggadha).

As mentioned before, different media has reported the case differently.

However, in my opinion, Bibit and Chandra suffer from injustice which is done

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3 Maranatha Christian University magazine, one of the media whose opinion is in accordance with mine, as my

data. The article is entitled “Exposing Manipulation”. It was published in Tempo

magazine dated November 3-9, 2009. I choose the article because I want to know

how Tempo represents the police in this cover story, and I can find enough data

that I can analyse by using Van Dijk’s theory in this article. In this article, it

seems that Bibit and Chandra, in a way, are the good figures and the police are the

bad one. Tempo seems to side with Bibit and Chandra in reporting the conflicts

between KPK, in this case Bibit and Chandra, and the police. Thus, I would like

to analyse how Tempo presents the representation of the police in one of the

articles in Tempo English, the edition of which is entitled Special Report Survival

of the Fittest. By doing the study, I hope to find out how a text which appears in

mass media represents a powerful institution.

In my thesis, text analysis will be applied as the major approach of my

analysis. I choose text analysis in order to show the representation of the police in

the case of Bibit and Chandra. Since the practice of representation uses language

as its medium (Eriyanto 116), I choose to analyze the language use in a written

text, which is a semantic unit and a social exchange of meanings (Halliday and

Hasan 2).

To elaborate my analysis, I will use Van Dijk’s negative

other-presentation and positive self-other-presentation. I will analyze quotes, lexicon or

choice of words, as well as the syntax, semantics, and graphological elements

used in the data. In lexicon, there are rhetoric, which is hyperbole, metaphor, and

register. In syntax, there are nominalizations and passive sentences. Besides, in

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4 Maranatha Christian University specificity, modalities, and evidentiality. In addition, graphological element

includes bold capital and quotation marks. The analysis of how the strategy is

applied in the text will help in revealing the explicit and implicit meaning of my

data. At last, hopefully, those who read my thesis can get an idea of how a text in

a media can create representation of a powerful figure in the society.

(824 words)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

I am going to find out the answers to these following questions:

1. How are the police represented in the article?

2. What linguistic devices are used in creating the representation?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

In writing this thesis, I want to show:

1. how the police are represented in the article.

2. the linguistic devices which are used in creating the representation.

METHOD OF RESEARCH

I began the research for this thesis by finding my data in Tempo magazine.

Then I searched the Internet to look for the theory about representation and for

some journal articles which were related to the topic discussed. The articles by

Van Dijk became my primary source as they provided the basic knowledge of text

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5 Maranatha Christian University theories which were used in my data analysis were representation and positive

self-presentation and negative other-presentation.

ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

I divide the thesis into four chapters. The first chapter is Introduction,

which consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of

the Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two

contains the theoretical framework which is used to analyze the data. Chapter

Three is the analysis of the text. The last chapter, Chapter Four, is the conclusion

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26 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

Based on the data analysis in Chapter Three, I find that some linguistic

devices are used in the text to present the police negatively. Those are lexicon,

syntax, quotes, graphological elements and semantics. The text uses the lexicon of

words such as conspiracy, high-ranking police officer, order, decision,

congratulations, sudden, arrest, charged, suspicion, ensure, however, no sign,and

must abide by. Through those words, negative representation of the police can be

seen in which the text implicitly uses the words to make the readers think more

negatively toward the police. By using the phrase high-ranking police officer and

the word conspiracy, the text tries to present the police negatively as the party

which abuses its power. By using the word order, the text tries to present the

police negatively as the party which cannot account for what it does. It can be

seen that the police give an order to detain Bibit and Chandra based on illogical

reasons, and it shows that the police abuses its power. By using the word

congratulations addressed to Bibit and Chandra, whom the police accuse and

arrest, the text implicitly presents the police negatively as the party which abuses

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Chandra. By using the words arrest and sudden, the text tries to present the police

negatively as the party which abuses its power, as seen from the illogical reasons

the police give for arresting Bibit and Chandra. By using the words charged and

suspicion, the text tries to present the police negatively as the party whose deed is

often unreasonable. By using the word ensure, the text presents the police

negatively as the party which is not professional, objective, nor transparent in

doing their job. By using the wordshowever and no sign, the text tries to present

the police negatively as the party which does not have good intention and does not

want to create good relationship with their opposition. From the words must abide

by, the text presents the police negatively as the party which does not obey what

the Constitutional Court orders.

Besides, the text also employs certain syntactic structure in presenting the

police negatively. The text often uses nominalization in which the text often uses

noun to describe the police negatively, as seen from the lexicon explained in the

above paragraph. By using nominalization, the text seems to be neutral.

Moreover, nominalization makes the actor disappear in the text, in this case the

police. Although the text describes the police negatively, the text still limits its

explicitness about the police officers who are represented negatively by using

nominalization. It is known that in Indonesia, the police have high position and

they are powerful. They can do anything they want. An example in the data is that

the police can arrest Bibit and Chandra by abusing their power even though Bibit

and Chandra are not yet proved guilty.

Besides lexicon and syntax, the text also uses semantics in presenting the

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of the actor by giving a detailed and specific description of the actor, in this case

the police. In the data analysis, the text does not defame the police specifically in

all the data, but there is one data in which the word police is mentioned

specifically, that is as high-ranking police officer. In the data, it seems that the text

gives specific description about the rank of the police officer who abuses his

power and who arrests Bibit and Chandra without any credible proof or sensible

reasons. In the data analysis, modalities can also be seen in the word must. It is

seen from the meaning of the word must, as the text forces the police to obey the

Constitutional Court’s orders. In addition, evidentiality can also be found in the

data analysis. The police who charge Bibit and Chandra do not have credible

evidence but they charge Bibit and Chandra based on suspicion only. It means that

the police use their feelings in charging Bibit and Chandra, so in other words, it is

impossible that the police have had the evidence.

Besides, the text also uses quotes and quotation marks by quoting

Hikmahanto’s words directly. In addition, the use of graphological elements, in

which the text tries to present the police negatively, can be seen through the use of

bold capitalized font. By using bold capital in the data analysis, the text tries to

emphasize the word congratulations which is given to Bibit and Chandra, so the

villain, who in this case is the police, is defamed indirectly.

From the analysis, it can be seen that in almost all data the police are

depicted as a party which often abuses its power. However, the text acknowledges

that the police are powerful, as seen in the text that seems to limit itself in

revealing the fact about Bibit and Chandra’s case. Since the police are powerful,

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29 Maranatha Christian University the text is under the police’s authority. If it is seen from the data analysis, the text

seems to side with Bibit and Chandra by defaming the police implicitly. The bad

actions of the police which are presented by the text implicitly can be seen from

the use of nominalization, in which the text uses noun more often in the data

analysis. Even if Tempo tries to impose their belief about the police on people, it

can only do so ideologically as a text is an ideological state apparatus (Modules

on Althusser).

In this paper, the data is taken only from an article in one edition of the

Tempo magazine. The analysis can be developed further by adding other articles

of the same topic to see how Tempo works in bodying the ideology of audience.

The analysis can also be developed by adding articles published in several other

magazines so that the differences in how each text presents the police can be

analysed.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Text:

Anne L. Handayani, Ramidi, Rini Kustiani, and Anton Septian. “Exposing

Manipulation.” Tempo Magazine 1-9 Nov. 2009, pp. 20-24.

References:

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Yogyakarta, 2001.

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London: SAGE Publications, 2002.

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Press, 1995.

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31 Maranatha Christian University Redaksi Kawan Pustaka. UUD 45 & Perubahannya: Susunan Kabinet RI Lengkap

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Van Dijk, T. A. Discourse and Manipulation. London: SAGE Publications, 2006.

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32 Maranatha Christian University <http://www.discourses.org/UnpublishedArticles/Ideology%20an

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Representation Of The Police In tempo Article Entitled "Exposing Manipulation": A text Analysis.

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

_{... i}

... ii

_{... iii}

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY