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Y . 2014 .TheAnalysi sof Code-SwtichingPhenomenainA irsan !and s e i v o M 2 ! n a s i r
A .Yogyaka tra :SanataDharmaUniverstiy
. d lr o w e h t n i s e ir t n u o c l a u g n il it l u m e h t f o e n o s i a i s e n o d n
I Indonesian
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d The mulitilngua l society in Indonesia involve s a d o c d e m a n n o n e m o n e h p c it s i u g n il o i c o
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ii v K A R T S B A a n i V , a n a il u
Y .2014 .TheAnalysi so fCode-SwtichingPhenomenai nA irsan !and s e i v o M 2 ! n a s i r
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s -kode .Ailh-kodemerupakan suatuproses a r a c i b m e p a n a m i
d mengailhkans uatubahasakebahasal ain(Wardhaugh ,2010 .)
a t o k i d a m a t u r e t , a i s e n o d n I i d a t o k k a y n a b i
D -kota besar ,bahasa I nggri s
a i s e n o d n I g n a r o n a k a y n a b e K . a i s e n o d n I t a k a r a y s a m h e l o n a k a n u g i d k a y n a b n a r a j a l e p a t a m n a k a p u r e m s i g g n I a s a h a b a n e r a k s i r g g n I a s a h a b n a g n e d r a il i m a f r e P h a g n e n e M h a l o k e S k a j e s b ij a
w tama . Kondis i in i menyebabkan
h il a n a k u k a l e m k u t n u a i s e n o d n I t a k a r a y s a m n a g n u r e d n e c e
k -kode dar ibahasa
.s i r g g n I a s a h a b e k a i s e n o d n I h il a a n e m o n e f a s il a n a g n e m i n i n a it il e n e
P -kode d iflim Indone isa yang
h a u b a u d t a p a d r e T . 2 ! n a s i r A n a d ! n a s i r A l u d u j r e
b pertanyaan yang akan
h il a e p it ) 1 i n i n a it il e n e p i d b a w a ji
d -kodeapa saja yangt erdapa tdif limArisan ! h il a n a s a l a n a n i k g n u m e k ) 2 ? 2 ! n a s i r A n a
d -kodeapa saja yang t erdapa tdif lim ? 2 ! n a s i r A n a d ! n a s i r A n i n a it il e n e p n a k u k a l e m k u t n u n a k a n u g i d g n a y e d o t e
M iadalah anailsi s
k it s i u g n il o i s o
s (Holmes ,1992) ,peneilitan kualtiait f(Denzin & Lincoln ,2005) , ( n e m u k o d u a t a n e t n o k s i s il a n a d n
a Fraenkel and Wallen ,2008).. Instrumen a
m a t
u nya adalah penuilsnya sendiri .Penuil s juga menggunakan observaiton t s il k c e h
c ay ng dikembangkan dari t eor iHolme s(1992) dan McCromick (1994)
h a k g n a l a p a r e b e b n a k u k a l e m s il u n e P . a t a d n a k l u p m u g n e m u t n a b m e m k u t n u , m li f p ir k s n a r t t a u b m e m , m li f h il i m e m u ti a y , i n i n a it il e n e p n a k u k a l e m k u t n u t a m il a k a t a d n e
m -kailma tyang mengandung ailh-kode ,mengis ichecklsi tjeni s h
il
a -kode ,mengis icheckilst kemungkinan alasan ailh-kode ,menganailsa hasi l . n a l u p m is e k t a u b m e m n a d , n a it il e n e p h il a 0 4 1 n a k u m e ti
D -kodedif limArisan !dan352ailh-kodedif limArisan ! h il a s i n e j n a k u m e n e m s il u n e P .
2 -kode terbanyak d iflim Arisan !dan Arisan !2 h
a l a d
a diglossia dan single-word code-swtiching . Penuil s menemukan h il a k u t n u r a s e b r e t n a s a l a n a n i k g n u m e
k -koded i2f limt ersebu tadalahperubahan . n a a r a c i b m e p k i p o t g n u k u d n e m t a p a d e d o k h il
A maupun menghamba tprose spembelajaran . s i r g g n I a s a h a
b A hil -kode dapa t mendukung pembelajaran bahasa Inggri s a
li b a p
a ha -il kodetersebu tmengandungbahasaI nggri syangt epat .Pelaja rdapa t h il a n a k u k a l e m g n a y g n a r o i r a d t a p e t g n a y s i r g g n I a s a h a b r a j a l e
b -kodedengan
h il a , a y n k il a b e S . r a n e b g n a y s i r g g n I a s a h a b a t a t n a d , a t a k a s o k , n a l a f a l e
p -kode
a
d pa tmenghamba tprose spembelajaran apablia pelaja rbelaja rbahasa Inggri s h il a n a k u k a l e m g n a y g n a r o i r a
d -kodedenganbahasaI nggri syang itdakt epa.t
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4 R W r e n t r a p r e e
x i
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T S
E G A P E L T I
T ... i E
G A P L A V O R P P
A S ... ii A
T
S TEMENTOFWORK’SORIGINALITY ... iv
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ...........................................v T
C A R T S B
A ... vi
K A R T S B
A ...............................................................................................................v i i S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ...v i ii S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi S
E L B A T F O T S I
L ... ix i A
F O T S I
L PPENDICES ...x ii i
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H C
.
A ResearchBackground... 1 .
B ResearchProblems ... 4 n
o it a ti m i L m e l b o r P .
C ... 4 .
D ResearchObjecitves ... 4 s
ti f e n e B h c r a e s e R .
E ... 5 s
m r e T f o n o it i n if e D .
F ... 6
I I R E T P A H
C . REVIEWONRELATEDLITERATURE
n o it p ir c s e D l a c it e r o e h T .
A ... 8 .
1 Mulitilnguailsm ... 8 .
2 Biilnguilsm... 01 .
3 Code-Swtiching ... 11 .
a TheNatureo fCode-Swtiching ... 11 .
b TheType so fCode-Swtiching... 31 e
d o C r o f s n o s a e R e l b i s s o P e h T .
c -Swtiching ... 8..1 k
r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T .
x
I I I R E T P A H
C . METHODOLOGY
.
A ResearchMethod ... 24 .
B ResearchSubjects... 25 C .InsrtumentsandDataGatheirngTechnique ... 27 D .DataAnalysi sTechnique... 28 F .ResearchProcedure ... 32
V I R E T P A H
C . RESEARCHFINDINGSANDDISCUSSION
.
A TheDistirbuitono ftheType so fCode-Swtiching...............................................34 .
1 Meaning-BasedSwtiching ... 36 .
a Diglossia ... 36 .
b Stiuaitona lCode-Swtiching... 38 .
c Metapho ircCode-Swtiching ... 04 .
2 Srtuctural-BasedSwtiching ... 2....4 .
a Conversaitona lCode-Swtiching ... 34 .
b Single-WordCode-Swtiching ... 45 d
r o w n a o L d e t a r g e t n I .
c ... 47 .. g
n i h c ti w S c it a m e l b m E r o g a T .
d ... 84
e h T .
B PossibleReasonsf o rCode-Swtiching ... 50 .
1 TheChanginginParitcipan tFeatures ... 51 .
2 TheChangingi nTopic ... 53 .
3 Quo itngSomeone’ sWord ... 55 g
n il e e F g n i s s e r p x E .
4 ... 56
s g n i d n i F r e h t O .
i x
V R E T P A H
C . CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
A .Conclus s ion ... 95 B .Recommendaitons ... 61
S E C N E R E F E
R ... 63 ....
S E C I D N E P P
ii x
S E L B A T F O T S I L
e l b a
T page
e l b a
T 3.1 .TheObservaitonCheckils toft heType so fCode-Swtichingi nArisan!
M eo vi ... 92 e
l b a
T 3 ..2 TheObservaitonCheckils toft heType so fCode-Swtichingi nArisan! 2 M eo vi ... 92 .
3 e l b a
T 3 .TheObservaitonCheckils toft heReasonsf o rCode-Swtichingi n
! n a s i r
A M eo vi ... 03 .
3 e l b a
T 4 .TheObservaitonCheckils toft heReasonsf o rCode-Swtichingi n
! n a s i r
A 2 M eo vi ... 03 e
l b a
T 4 .1.Numbe ro fMeaning-BasedSwtichingPhenomenai nArsian!and
2 ! n a s i r
A Movies... 53 e
l b a
T 4 .2.Numbe ro fSrtuctural-BasedSwtichingPhenomenai nArisan!and
2 ! n a s i r
A Movies... 35 e
l b a
T 4 .3.Numbe ro fPossibleReasonsf o rCode-Swtiching i nArisan!and
2 ! n a s i r
ii i x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L x
i d n e p p
A page
f o s n o it p ir c s n a r T : 1 X I D N E P P
A SomeScene so fArisan!andArisan !2Movie s e
d o C n i a t n o C h c i h
W -SwtichingPhenomena ... 66 e
d o C f o s e p y T f o t s il k c e h C n o it a v r e s b O e h T : 2 X I D N E P P
A -Swtichingi nArisan!
d n
a Arisan !2Movies ... 09 f
o t s il k c e h C n o it a v r e s b O e h T : 3 X I D N E P P
A PossibleReasonsf o rCode -n
i g n i h c ti w
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
r e t p a h c s i h T . c i p o t n e s o h c e h t f o n o it c u d o rt n i e h t s n i a t n o c r e t p a h c s i h T r e v o
c s the research background ,research problems ,problem ilmtiaiton ,research .s
m r e t f o n o it i n if e d d n a , s ti f e n e b h c r a e s e r ,s e v it c e j b o
.
A ResearchBackground
Biilnguailsm a nd mulitilnguailsm are the socioilnguisitc sreailites in the s
y a d a w o n d lr o w l a r u l
p .S irdha r(1996 i n McKay & Hornberger ,1996 )proposes e
v a h s n o it a n t s o m t a h
t mulitilngua lspeaker sandhundred so fmliilon so fpeoplein e
s u y l e n it u o r d lr o w e h
t o fmoret hanonel anguagei nt hei rdaliy ilves .Inbiilngua l d
n
a mulitilngua lcommuniites ,peoplet endt ousemoret hanonel anguagei n t hei r )
9 8 9 1 ( n a e j s o r G . s e v il y li a
d a sctied i nBhaitaandRtichie( 2004)notestha tal lo f g
n a l s 'r e k a e p s l a u g n il it l u m
a uage sare simutlaneously acitvated wheneve rthe r
e k a e p
s speaks , even in case s where form s from only one language are .
d e r e t n u o c n e
, n o it i d n o c s i h t o t g n i d r o c c
A biilngua lor mulitilngua lpeoplearepossible d
n o c e s r i e h t o t e g a u g n a l t s ri f r i e h t m o r f h c ti w s o
t o r thrid language . Thi s
e d o c s a d e ll a c s i s e g a u g n a l e h t g n i h c ti w s f o n o n e m o n e h
p -swtiching . Code
-e t a t s ) 2 1 0 2 ( k r e H s a , g n i h c ti w
s s i ,“ sa common phenomenon when people who r o ( s e g a u g n a l ) e r o m r o ( o w t e s u d n a r e h t e g o t t e g e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e r a h s
) s e d o
n e h
w people atlernatebetween atl eastt wo l anguage sor l anguage vaireites i n a
e l g n i
s conversaiton acros s sentence so r clause boundaires . A s swtiching the
s r e k a e p s e h t , e g a u g n a
l arenoitcablet hatt heyuset heelement so fmoret han one
n i h ti w e g a u g n a
l ones entenceorf romas entencet oanothe.r
Mulitcutlura lcommuniite sin Indonesia a irse sva irou slanguage sused in
) 4 8 9 1 ( n a b a b a N y b d e tr o p p u s s i tI . y t e i c o s e h
t w ho say sIndonesia i soneoft he
s e ir t n u o
c tha thasqutiecomplexsocioilnguisitc scondiiton duet o ti smulitcutlura l
s e it i n u m m o
c . Nababan (1984 ) argue s tha t i t i s a common phenomenon o f
s a h c u s , e t a c i n u m m o c o t e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m g n i s u e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I
e g a u g n a l l a n o i g e r d n a n a i s e n o d n
I s . sA a resul to fIndonesian biilnguailsm and
il a u g n il it l u
m s ,m therea remanyIndonesianpeoples wtichingt heril anguages.
h s il g n E , s e it i c g i b n i r e v o e r o m , a i s e n o d n I n i s e c a l p e m o s n
I i scommonly
y b d e s
u many Indonesian people .I ti ssuppo tred by the Ethnologue (2009 in
a it a h
B & Rtichie , 2013) tha t states 94% o f the wo lrd populaiton employs
s e ir t n u o c y n a m n i n e k o p s s i h s il g n E d n a s e g a u g n a l s ’ d lr o w f o % 5 y l e t a m i x o r p p a
y l e d i w e h t g n i e b h s il g n E f o n o it i d n o c s i h T . e b o l g e h t d n u o r
a -usedl anguagei nt he
o f h s il g n E e s u d n a n r a e l o t e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I s t c e f f a d lr o
w rmany reasons ,such
b o j r o f g n i k o o l s
a s ,fuflliilngthej ob r equriements ,planning t o study abroad ,and
i d e t s e r e t n i g n i e
b n t hel anguage tisefl .Moreover ,Engilsh i st aughti n mos toft he
s A . a i s e n o d n I n i s e it i s r e v i n u o t p u s l o o h c s y r a t n e m e l
e a resutl ,Engilshin lfuence s
m o r f h c ti w s o t d n e t m e h t f o y n a m d n a , g n i k a e p s e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I f o y a w e h t
n a i s e n o d n I o d n e tf o o h w e l p o e p f o s p u o r g l a r e v e s e r a e r e h
T -Engilshcode
-n a i s e n o d n I , t s ri F . g n i h c ti w
s -Engilsh codeswtiching moslty happens i n t he well
-ll e w e h t t a h t s i n o s a e r e h T . ) 4 8 9 1 , n a b a b a N ( e l p o e p f o s p u o r g d e t a c u d
e -educated
e m o c e b y e h T . l o o h c s t a d e i d u t s y e h t e c n i s h s il g n E o t d e s o p x e r o t h g u a t e r a e l p o e p
v h s il g n E h ti w r a il i m a
f ocabularyandexpressions ,sotheyareablet ousei n t hei r
. n o it a s r e v n o c y li a
d Second ,Indonesian-Engilsh code swtiching also happen sfo r
k r o w o h w s e n o e h
t in the area which demand sthem to mee tforeigner s o r
a R ( r e ll e s e s i d n a h c r e m d n a e d i u g r u o t s a h c u s t s ir u o t l a n o it a n r e t n
i hardi ,2001 .)
e r e h
T a re some research tha tcan be the proo ftha tIndonesian-Engilsh
e d o
c -swtiching o tfen happensi n t hesociety .Anggraini( 2013 ) ifnd soutt hati na
o d n e tf o s e ir u j e h t , 2 1 0 2 l o d I n a i s e n o d n I d e m a n m a r g o r p V
T Indonesian-Engilsh
e d o
c -swtiching . Indonesian people also o tfen code-swtich the language s in
n e v o r p s i tI . g n it ir
w by Mandri i(2010) t ha the ifnd sou tthereare183 Facebook
e d o c n i a t n o c h c i h w s e s u t a t
s -swtichingi n hi sFacebooknewsfeeddu irng amonth .
s e v o r p ) 8 0 0 2 ( a rt u
P tha t Indones -ian Engilsh code-swtiching happen s in
) 8 0 0 2 ( a rt u P . a i d e m s s a m n a i s e n o d n
I discoverstha tthereare261code-swtiching
e d o c 6 8 2 d n a 3 1 . l o V e n i z a g a M ! i a H n i s e c n e r r u c c
o -swtiching occurrence sin
. 7 3 . l o V e n i z a g a M ! i a H
n a i s e n o d n
I -Engilsh code-swtiching i s also found in some Indonesian
. s e u g o l a i d s e i v o
m The example s o f Indonesian movie s which have many
n a i s e n o d n
I -Engilsh code-swtiching occurrence sa reArisan!(2003 )and Arisan !2
.) 1 1 0 2
( Those movie sare d riected by Nia Dinata .Those movie picture sthe
t s e fi
n a i s e n o d n I y n a m e r a e r e h t ,s e i v o
m -Engilsh code-swtiching spoken by t he actor s
.s e s s e rt c a d n a
e d o c n i a t n o c t o n o d s e i v o m n a i s e n o d n I r e h t
O -swtiching a s many a s
d n a ! n a s i r
A A irsan !2movies. Duet ot heoccurrenceo fmanyIndonesian-Engilsh
e d o
c -swtiching phenomena in those movies ,the wrtie rwa satrtacted to identfiy
e d o c f o s e p y t e h
t -swtiching happensi n t he movie sand also t hepossiblereason s
e d o c f
o -swtiching .A sa resul,t thi sresearch would be able to add informaiton
e d o c t u o b
a -swtiching phenomena in Indonesia into the code-swtiching arleady
. e g d e l w o n k d e t s i x e
.
B ResearchProblems
e r e h
T a retwo r esearch problemsi n t hi sstudy .Ther esearch quesiton sa re
: s w o ll o f s a d e t a l u m r o f
.
1 Howi st hedist irbuitono fthet ype so fcode-swtichinginArisan !andArisan !2
s e i v o
m ?
.
2 Wha taret hepossibler eason sf orthecode-swtiching i nArisan !a dn Arisan !2
? s e i v o m
.
C ProblemLimtia iton
h c r a e s e r s i h
T i s ilmtiedt o ifndoutt het ype sandpossibler eason so fcode
-r e ti r w e h T . s e i v o m e h t n i g n i h c ti w
s eu s s Arisan! a dn Arisan! 2 movies a sthe
t c e j b u s h c r a e s e
h s il g n E o t n a i s e n o d n I m o r f s e g a u g n a
l and Indonesian to the regiona llanguage .
h c r a e s e r e h
T i s ilmtiedt otheI ndonesian-Engilshcode-swtiching.
.
D ResearchObjecitves
h c r a e s e r e h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h
T a reasf ollows:
.
1 To ifndoutt hedistirbuitono ftype so fcode-swtichingi nArisan!a dn Arisan! 2
e i v o
m s.
.
2 To ifnd out t he possible reason sf or code-swtiching i n Arisan! a nd Arisan! 2
e i v o
m s.
.
E ResearchBeneftis
.
1 Eng ilshEduca itonStudyProgramStudents
r o f l u f e s u s i h c r a e s e r s i h
T theEngilsh Educaiton StudyProgram student swho
d e t s e r e t n i e r
a inlearningabou tcode-swtichingi ndepth .Thisr esearchcontain s
e d o c t u o b a e g d e l w o n k n o it a l u m u c c a e h
t -swtiching .Hopefully ,by r eading t hi s
s t n e d u t s e h t , h c r a e s e
r wli lhave more understanding abou t the type sand
s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p f orcode-swtichingi nI ndones ia.
.
2 TheFutureResearchers
e r u t u f r o f n o it a m r o f n i t n e i c if f u s e v i g n a c h c r a e s e r s i h t t a h t s e p o h r o h t u a e h T
e d o
c -swtiching researcher .Thi sresearch i sablet o guidet hef uture ilnguisitc s
e d o c r e h t o e h t t u o d n if o t s r e h c r a e s e
r -swtiching phenomenao rothe rlanguage
.
F De ifniitono fTerms
n i d e s u e r e w h c i h w s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d e m o s t n e s e r p o t e k il d l u o w r e ti r w e h T
.s i s e h t s i h t
.
1 Code-Swtiching
s e t a t s ) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a
W thatt het erm‘ code’r eferst o t heparitcula rdialec t
m e t s y s a , s e s o o h c n o s r e p a t a h t e g a u g n a l r
o usedf o rcommunicaitonbetweent wo
. s e it r a p e r o m r
o Headd stha tcode-swtichingi saproces soft hepeoplet oswtich
d o c x i m o t r o r e h t o n a o t e d o c r e h t o m o r
f e seven wtihin someitme svery shor t
o t g n i d r o c c A . s e c n a r e tt
u McCormick (1994 in Asher ,1994 )code-swtiching i s
t
“hej uxtaposiitono felementsf romt wo( o rmore)l anguage sanddialects” .
.
2 Movie
o t g n i d r o c c
A Merriam-Webster’ sAdvanced Learner sEngilsh Dictionary ,
s i e i v o
m arecordingo fmoviei magest hatt ell sastory andt ha tpeoplewatchona
. n o i s i v e l e t r o n e e r c
s (Perrautl ,2008 . ) Moviei st hecommunicaitonmediat hatt ell s
y r o t s
a o rinformaiton through moiton picture sand sounds .Movie ha smany
. s r e w e i v e h t g n it a c u d e d n a , n o it a m r o f n i g n i v i g , g n i n i a tr e t n e s a h c u s s n o it c n u f
e c n e i c s d n a , y d e m o c , n o it c a , r o r r o h , a m a r
D -ifciton are the example so fmovie
.s e r n e g
.
3 Arisan ! ! n a s i r
A i sanI ndonesiadramamoviewhich r eleased i n2003 .Thi smoviei s
d e t c e ri
d by Nia Dinataand the scirp ti sw irtten by Joko Anwar (Dinata ,2003) .
il a i c o s t l u d a f o e l y t s e fi l e h t s e r u t c i p e i v o m s i h
T te group sin Jaka tra who o tfen
r e h t a
e m e h t l a u x e s o m o h s r e v il e
d .Cu tMini ,ToraSudrio ,SuryaSapurta ,AidaNurmala ,
. e i v o m s i h t n i s e s s e rt c a d n a s r o t c a n i a m e h t e r a m a y r a M l e h c a R d n a
.
4 Arisan !2 2 ! n a s i r
A is t he conitnuaiton of A irsan! movie .I twa sreleased i n 2011 ,8
e i v o m t s ri f e h t r e tf a s r a e
y (Dinata ,2011) .A tfer passing eigh tyear ,s t hestory o f
, s r e t c a r a h c e h t s i s e g n a h c e m o s e r a e r e h T . d e u n it n o c s i s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e s o h t
h a q it A , o t n a w e D o i R s a h c u s , r a e p p a s e c a f w e n e m o s d n a , d e tt i m o e r a e m o s
8 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
h c s i h
T apte r consists o ftwo main points , theoreitca l descirpiton and .
k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t Theoreitca l descirpiton presents the descirpiton o f m
s il a u g n il it l u
m ,thedescirpitono fbiilnguailsm,t henatureo fcode-swtiching,t he e
d o c f o s e p y
t -swtiching , and the possible reason s for code-swtiching. T he s
e z i s e h t n y s d n a s e z ir a m m u s k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t al lmajo rrelevan ttheo ire s h
c i h
w assistt hewrtie rtoanswer theresearchproblem.
.
A Theoreitca lDescrip iton
Theoreitca ldescirpiton funcitons to give clea rexplanaiton and descirpiton .
s i s e h t e h t f o c i p o t e h t o t d e t a l e r s e ir o e h t e h t f
o Theoreitca ldescirpiton presents m
s il a u g n il it l u m f o n o it p ir c s e d e h
t ,thedescirpiton o fbiilnguailsm, t he nature o f e
d o
c -swtiching ,the type so fcode-swtiching ,and the possible reason sfor code -.
g n i h c ti w s
.
1 Mul itilnguailsm s i m s il a u g n il it l u
M a socioilnguisitc sphenomenon which occurs in the . e t a c i n u m m o c o t s e g a u g n a l o w t n a h t e r o m y o l p m e e l p o e p e h t t a h t y t e i c o s
m d r o w e h t m o r f s e m o c m s il a u g n il it l u
M ulitilngual ,which meansthe knowledge t n e m p o l e v e d c it a m a r d e h t s t c e lf e r h c i h w , s e g a u g n a l e r o m r o e e r h t f o e s u e h t d n a
y t h g i e t s a l e h t r e v
a it a h B ( s e g a u g n a
l & Rtichie ,2013 .) Thi sphenomenon happen sin mos to fthe y b d e tr o p p u s s i a e d i s i h T . d lr o w e h t n i s e ir t n u o
c Bhaita and Rtichie (2013 )a s
: s w o ll o f e h t n i e fi l f o t c a f r o j a m a s e t u ti t s n o c m s il a u g n il ir u l p t a h t t b u o d o n s i e r e h T . y a d o t d lr o
w Plu irilnguailsm i sno tsuch ararephenomenon; t hereare, i n d lr o w e h t n i s r e k a e p s l a u g n il it l u m r o l a u g n il i b e r o m t c a
f than there are
.s l a u g n il o n o
m (p .xx)i
a it a h
B a nd Rtichie (2013 )employ the term o f ‘plu irilnguailsm ’to meniton il it l u m d n a m s il a u g n il i
b nguailsm. The statemen t above is proven by the a it a h B n i 9 0 0 2 ( e u g o l o n h t
E & Rtichie ,2013 )that esitmates more than 7,000 y l e t a m i x o r p p a r o , d lr o w e h t n i s e ir t n u o c 4 9 1 e h t n i n e k o p s e r a ) 8 5 3 , 7 ( s e g a u g n a l . y rt n u o c r e p s e g a u g n a l 8
3 Spolsky( 1998 ,p. 15 )also notes “M to s counrtie shave e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o
m spokenbysigniifcan tporitonoft hepopulaiton ,andmos t ” . y rt n u o c e n o n a h t e r o m n i s r e k a e p s f o s r e b m u n t n a c if i n g i s e v a h s e g a u g n a l f o l a u g n il it l u m , t s ri F . s y a w s u o r e m u n n i e s ir a s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u M e h t o t t c a t n o c o t n i s e g a u g n a l g n ir b o h w s t n a r g i m m i e h t m o r f e m o c s e it i n u m m o c s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u M . ) 3 1 0 2 , e i h c ti R & a it a h B n i 3 1 0 2 , s d r a w d E ( y t e i c o s n i s e v it a n d n a s t n a r g i m m i e h t n e e w t e b t c a t n o c l a r u tl u c e h t f o t l u s e r e h t e m o c e b u m , d n o c e S . y t e i c o s e h
t litilnguailsm i s the resul t o f poilitca l union among , d ri h T . ) 3 1 0 2 , e i h c ti R & a it a h B n i 3 1 0 2 , s d r a w d E ( p u o r g s c it s i u g n il t n e r e f fi d n i , 6 9 9 1 , r a h d ir S ( m s il a i n o l o c d n a n o it a x e n n a f o e m o c t u o e h t s i m s il a u g n il it l u m & y a K c
M Hornberger ,1996 .) Fo rinstance ,the resul to fDutch coloniailsm in d n a , h c t u D , n a i s e n o d n I k a e p s o h w s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il it l u m e h t s i a i s e n o d n I c m o r f s e m o c m s il a u g n il it l u m , h tr u o F . s e g a u g n a l c i n h t
e ommercial ,scienitifc ,and
e h t n o s e g a u g n a l n i a tr e c f o s r e k a e p s e h t f o e c n e d n e p e d l a c i g o l o n h c e
.) 6 9 9 1 , r e g r e b n r o H & y a K c M n i , 6 9 9 1 , r a h d ir S ( s e g a u g n a l r e h t
o A sanexample ,
s t c u d o r p y n a m s tr o p m i a i s e n o d n
I fromEngilshspeaking countire .s Ast her esutl , e g a u g n a l h s il g n E f o e r u s o p x e e s n e t n i e h t o t e u d h s il g n E e s u e l p o e p y n a
m da n the
il it l u
m nguals ocietyinI ndonesiai screated.
.
2 Biilngua ilsm ( d l e if m o o l
B 1935 ,in Hamers & Blanc ,1983 )deifnesbiilnguailsmast he e
v it a
n -ilkeconrtol oft wo l anguages .Otherwise ,Macnamara (1976 i n Hamers & s e s o p o r p ) 3 8 9 1 , c n a l
B tha ta biilngua l i s anyone who possesse sa minima l r e h t o m s i h n a h t r e h t o e g a u g n a l a n i s ll i k s e g a u g n a l r u o f e h t f o e n o n i e c n e t e p m o c s r e m a H . e u g n o
t a nd Blanc (1983 , p. 6 ) also states tha t “Fo r a biilngua l n a l o w t t s a e l t a e b t s u m e r e h t t s i x e o t y ti n u m m o
c guage scommonlyusedbysome
,) 9 8 9 1 , e n i a m o R n i 8 6 9 1 ( y e k c a M o t g n i d r o c c A ” . y ti n u m m o c e h t f o s r e b m e m r o o w t f o e s u e t a n r e tl a o h w e l p o e p f o p u o r g a t a h t s n a e m y ti n u m m o c l a u g n il i b . s e g a u g n a l e r o
m Thewrtie rsummed up t hose deifniitons ,so t ha tbiilnguailsm i s o w t y o l p m e e l p o e p e h t h c i h w y t e i c o s e h t n i s r u c c o a n e m o n e h p s c it s i u g n il e h t . e t a c i n u m m o c o t s e g a u g n a l , s l a u g n il i b f o s e p y t o w t e r a e r e h t ) 2 0 0 2 ( l l e w k c o t S o t g n i d r o c c A o c d n a s l a u g n il i b d n u o p m o
c -ordinate biilnguals .Compound biilngual shappen i e r e h t n e h
w sa deifntie sequence o f ilnguisitc scompetence (Stockwell ,2002) . s t n e d u t s n a i s e n o d n I t a h t s i e l p m a x e e h
T are born a sIndonesian naitvespeakers , d
n
o c s e t a t s ) 2 0 0 2 ( ll e w k c o t
S -ordinatebiilngual saret hecondiiton t ha tsomepeople . y l e n it u o r n e k o p s e r a s e g a u g n a l e r o m r o o w t h c i h w n i s e il i m a f o t n i n r o b e r a
.
3 Code-Swtiching .
a TheNatureo fCode-Swtiching
Code-swtiching phenomena canno t be separated from the society e
d o c f o y d u t s e h t e c n i s n o it i d n o
c -swtiching i sthe par to fsocioilnguisitcs .The e d o c f o r o t c a f e h t s i s e it i n u m m o c l a u g n il i b d n a l a u g n il it l u m f o e c n e t s i x
e
-w t e r a e r e h t e c n i S . a n e m o n e h p g n i h c ti w
s o o r more language s used in the
s i e r e h t , y ti n u m m o
c apossiblitiyo fcodes wtiching. (
h g u a h d r a
W 2010 )propose stha tcode i s t heparitcula rdialec tor l anguage n
o i s a c c o y n a n o e s u o t s e s o o h c n o s r e p a t a h
t s .He emphasizes tha tpeople may
t e r o
