PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in Department of English Education
by
ARDHI RUSETYAWAN A320100102
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS
OF VERB PHRASE FOUND IN LINGUISTICS ACROSS CULTURES
INTO LINGUISTIK DI PELBAGAI BUDAYA
by
Ardhi Rusetyawan A320100102
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
ardhiruset@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research. The research purposes to classify the translation variation of verb phrases and to describe the translation equivalence of the translation of verb phrases found in Linguistics Across Cultures and their translation. The data of this research are verb phrases in clauses, sentences, and their translation. The data source are “Linguistics Across Cultures” into “Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya” book and informant. The writer uses documentation as the method of collecting data in this research. The writer uses data source triangulation by using documentation and combines documentation with open-questionnaires in the data validity. The results of the research shows that: first, there are 6 types of translation variation of verb phrases. They are: 1) 521 data or 73,25% belong to verb phrase is translated into verb, 2) 24 data or 3,35% belong to verb phrase is translated into noun, 3) 61 data or 8,50% belong to verb phrase is translated into adjective, 4) 1 datum or 0,25% belong to verb phrase is translated into adverb, 5) 5 data or 0,75% belong to verb phrase is translated into preposition, and 6) 99 data or 13,90% belong to verb phrase which is not translated. Second, there are 677 data or 95,20% belong to equivalent translation, and 34 data or 4,80% belong to non-equivalent translation.
A. INTRODUCTION
Language is a mean of communication to build an interaction with
other people, to ask and give an information, express the feeling, request,
promise, and others. Communication can not be limited only in a certain
area or community but people in all over the world need to communicate
each others.
Translation is not as simple as most people think. It‟s more than
just ability in speak in the target language and understand it. A translator
has to know and understand the language not just semantically and
grammatically, but also the culture of where the language is used.
The writer‟s reason to choose Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya’s book are because (1) the writer is interested in the content of this book, (2) the book has 49 pages to
analyze so the writer thinks it will be interesting, (3) in analyzing the
text, the writer can learn more about the content of this book.
In the book there are so many verb phrases found which translated
into different kinds of phrases like verb phrase translated into verb and
verb phrase into verb phrase too, for example:
1. Source Language (SL): He may be asked to evaluate before
they are adapted for use.
Target Language (TL): Dia bisa diminta untuk menilai
bahan-bahan pelajaran sebelum
bahan-bahan itu dipakai.
From the datum above, the verb phrase may be asked to evaluate is
translated into verb phrase bisa diminta untuk menilai. The verb phrase
are adapted for use is translated into verb dipakai.
2. Source Language (SL): The answer is to compare a specific dialect of the native language with a
specific dialect of the foreign
language.
Target Language (TL): Jawabnya ialah kita harus
dari bahasa ibu dengan satu dialek spesifik dari bahasa asing.
From the verb phrase to compare is translated into verb
membandingkan. In this process of translation, shift occurs from verb
phrase into verb.
In case is truth conditional of utterance. Translation as Catford
(1965:1) said that translation is the replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
Transferring the message and expressing into the target language with
considering the style of language is a part of translation process that
cannot be separated each other. The process of translation needs to be
understood by translator in order to get the stages which important in
doing his job. According to Nida (1975) in Sutopo (2001:9-11) there are
three steps of the process of translation. Those steps are: (1) analyze, (2)
transfer, and (3) restructuring.
Equivalence is involved in any theory of translation which can be
understood by the comparison of various texts linguistically. To reach it, Catford (in Nababan, 2004:38) states that “by „shift‟ we mean departures from formal correspondences in the process of going from SL into TL”. Catford (1965:80) identified the translation shift into two major types of shift are identified: „level shift‟ and „category shift‟. Level shift is total network of relations entered into by any linguistic form. Level shift,
however, can only occur between the level of grammar and lexis. This restriction is due to Catford‟s understanding of translation equivalence, which, from his structuralize point of view, is not based on the sameness
of meaning. Category shift is a departure from formal correspondence in
translation. It occurs if the source language (SL) has different forms from
the target language (TL).
Verb phrase in English, according to Biber, Conrad, and Leech
(2002:41-44)verb phrase has a lexical verb or primary verb as their head.
verbs. Kosur (2013:1) termed verb phrases are formed by one or more
verbs and any number of objects, modifiers, complements, particles,
infinitive markers, and auxiliaries. Verb phrase in Indonesian, Alwi (2003:157) states that verb phrase is a language unit that is formed from
two or more words with averb as its core but it does not form a clause.
The main of verb phrase and the word or words of others who support
them. The position of support word is fixed so it cannot be freely
changed to another position.
Equivalence in translation, is the similarity between a word (or
expression) in one language and its translation in another. Translation
equivalence, Catford (1965:27-31) distinguished between translation
equivalence as an empirical phenomeon, discovered by comparing source
language and text language texts; and, on other hand, the underlying
conditions, or justification, of translation equivalence.
As we know that nowdays, the use of foreign language can be a
common thing to spread important science especially in books. For many
books have been translated from one language to another. One of them is
book entitled Linguistics Across Cultureswritten by Robert Lado and it‟s
translation Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya translated by Soenjono
Dardjowidjojo which is very interesting. People from teenager to adult
are interested in reading this kind of education books. This phenomenon
can be seen by looking at a high attention which is many people try to get
the information and the content written in that books.
Based on the explanations and phenomena above, the writer is
interested in analyzing the verb phrases found in sentences of the book
and carries out as a study entitled A Translation Analysis of Verb Phrase
Found in Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya.
The researcher hopes that this research might be used for teaching
translation related verb phrases and also gives clear explanation in
understanding a translation analysis of verb phrase, especially in
Compared with Narulita‟s findings of which to classify the types of
verbs and verb phrases, to describe the translation shifts, and to formulate
the rules of the translation shifts in the novel Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secrets and its translation. The results of the data analysis
show that there are eight types of verbs and twelve types of verb phrases.
There are two shifts of translation namely: category shift and level shift.
From 1099 data found by researcher, there are ten translation shifts
belong to category shift, they are: verb into noun; verb into adjective;
verb into adverb; verb into directive pronoun; linking verb into adverb;
phrasal verb into verb; phrasal verb into adjective phrase; phrasal verb
into adverb phrase; verb into preposition and verb into verb as variation
of translation. There are nine translation shifts belong to level shift, they
are: verb translated into verb phrase; phrasal verb into verb phrase; verb
phrase into verb phrase; verb phrase into verb; verb phrase into
adjective; verb phrase into adverb; verb phrase into adverb phrase; verb
phrase into noun; and verb phrase is translated into preposition. The
researcher also classifies the rules of verbs and verb phrases. The writer‟s
finding does not involve the description of the translaton shifts and the
rules of the translation shifts. Both findings, the writer‟s and Narulita‟s
however have thing in common that is the classification of the types of
verb phrases.
Compared with Wijanarko‟s findings of which to classify
translation analysis shift of verbs and verb phrases, and to describe the
equivalence of translation found in The Adventure of Tintin 2011 movie.
The data source is in The Adventure of Tintin 2011 movie subtitle
containing verbs and verb phrases. The result of the research shows that
there are two kinds of translation shift; they are the translation shift of
verb and the translation shift of verb phrase. From 136 data found by
researcher, there are four-translation shift belong to category shift, they
are: verb translated into noun; verb into adverb; linking verb into
belong to level shift, they are: verb is translated into verb phrase and
verb into yang + addition. Next, the second part is the translation shift of
verb phrase. In the level shift the writer finds the translation shift of verb
phrase into verb; verb phrase into adjective; verb phrase into adverb;
verb phrase into preposition; and verb phrase into verb imperative. The
researcher also classifies the equivalence of translation into two types,
there are 275 data from 284 data of equivalence translation and 9 data of
284 data of non equivalence translation. Both findings, the writer‟s and
the Wijanarko‟s however have thing in common that is the classification
of the types of verb phrases and the description of the translation
equivalence.
The writer uses Nida‟s theory and Catford‟s theory about
translation variation of verb phrase and equivalent translation in
classifying, describing, and analyzing the data.
B. RESEARCH METHOD
This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research. The
research purposes to classify the translation variation of verb phrases and
to describe the translation equivalence of the translation of verb phrases
found in Linguistics Across Cultures and their translation. The data of
this research verb phrases in clauses, sentences, and their translation. The
data source are Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai
Budaya book containing verb phrases and informant. The writer uses
documentation as the method of collecting data in this research. The
writer uses data source triangulation by using documentation and
combines documentation with open-questionnaires in the data validity.
The technique of analyzing data is descriptive technique. In this case, he
identifies translation variation of verb phrase and equivalence of
translation. The researcher has following procedures: comparing the data
between source language and target language, analyzing translation on
classifying the equivalent and non-equivalent of translation, and drawing
conclusion.
C. RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
1. Research Finding
This research presents two findings, the first is the translation
variation of verb phrases, and the equivalence translation of verb phrases
found in Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya
book.
a. The Translation Variation of Verb Phrases Found in the
Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya
The translation variation of verb phrases found in this research
are which are verb phrase is translated into verb, verb phrase is
translated into noun, verb phrase is translated into adjective, verb
phrase is translated into adverb, verb phrase is translated into
preposition, and verb phrase is not translated.
1) Verb Phrase is Translated into Verb
In this research finding the writer found 521 data or 73,25%
from 711 data of verb phrase is translated into verb. This is one of
the examples of the analysis:
No: 045/LAC3/LPB3-4
SL: Commonly, the teacher finds that he is given an assigned textbook that he finds inadequate both as to linguistic and cultural content.
TL: Tidak jarang terjadi bahwa seorang guru mendapat buku yang dia pakai tidak sempurna, baik ditinjau dari segi linguistik maupun dari segi budaya.
Based on the data above is given belongs to verb phrase. Is
given is translated into mendapat in target language. The verb phrase
is given is formed from to be is and past verb given. Is given
functions as a predicate from subject he (the teacher). Verb
a tendency or inclined. So, the translation above is from verb phrase
into verb.
2) Verb Phrase is Translated into Noun
The researcher finds 24 data from 711 data or 3,35% data
belonging to verb phrase are translated into noun. This is one of the
examples of the analysis:
No: 859/LAC49/LPB38
SL: It has been symbolized in many ways. TL: Simbol untuk ini bermacam-macam.
From the datum above, there is a verb phrase has been
symbolized. Here, has been symbolized is a verb phrase that is
translated into noun simbol. The phrase has been symbolized in the
source language is categorized by a verb phrase because it contains
of auxilary have been and verb symbolized. The phrase in source
language is translated into simbol which is categorized as noun. So,
it is made from the word, there is from verb phrase into noun.
3) Verb Phrase is Translated into Adjective
The researcher finds 61 data from 711 data or 8,5% data
belonging to verb phrase are translated into adjective. This is one of
the examples of the analysis:
No: 572/LAC32/LPB38
SL: Two of those levels are describable in terms of words and phrases; their position are fixed for each word.
TL: Dua darinya terdapat pada kata dan frasa; posisi mereka tetap.
From the datum above are fixed is a verb phrase. Are fixed
can be translated literally intotetap that is categorized into adjective.
The verb phrase are fixed in subtitle above is functioned as the
predicate of object their position. The verb phrase are fixed is
derived from to be are and verb fixed. So, the translation above is
4) Verb Phrase is Translated into Adverb
The writer finds only one datum or 0,25% from 711 data of
translation shift of verb phrase into adverb, there is:
No: 152/LAC9/LPB11
SL: It may seem so, but it is quite easy to understand if we realize that there are two kinds of differences in the sounds of a language.
TL: Kelihatannya memang demikian, tetapi ini mudah kita mengerti kalau kita sedar bahwa dalam bahasa ada dua macam perbedaan bunyi.
From the datum above, may seem is a verb phrase is
translated into adverb kelihatannya. Kelihatannya is an adverb that
is formed by prefix ke-, verb lihat, suffix –an, and +nya. So, the
translation above is verb phrase that translated into adjective.
5) Verb Phrase is Translated into Preposition
The next analysis is about the verb phrase is translated into
preposition. The writer finds 5 data of 711 data or 0,75% of verb
phrase is translated into preposition. The following example of
analysis is:
No: 060/LAC4/LPB5
SL: The failure in the use of these lay in disregarding their language content.
TL: Metode ini juga gagal dan oleh hal yang sama pula.
Lay in is formed from the verb lay + preposition in. Lay in
belong to verb phrase is translated into preposition oleh. Oleh in the
TL modifies the noun phrase hal yang sama. As the result, the
translation above is verb phrase that translated into preposition.
6) Verb Phrase is not Translated
The last research finding is verb phrase is not translated. The
writer finds 99 data or 13,90% of the verb phrase is not translated.
The translator uses translation by using an idiom of similar meaning
and form, paraphrasing by omission word. This is one of the
No: 101/LAC5/LPB5
SL: The result will be a more compact, more effective test through selection of words that are representative of the vocabulary difficulties that our student will find and through selection of those features of meaning that will be most revealing.
TL: Hasilnya akan merupakan suatu kumpulan kata-kata yang menjadi problema para siswa.
From the datum above, the verb phrase will find is not
translated. The verb phrase will find as functions predicate of subject
our student and the object selection of those features of meaning. The
verb phrase will find is not translated in the target language and also
the meaning misunderstandable to the reader.
b. Equivalence of Translation of Verb Phrases Found in the Linguistics
Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya Book
The translation of the sentence cannot be separated from correctness,
appropriateness, or equivalence. The equivalence of translation variation
of verb phrases is divided into equivalence and non equivalence. The
explanation of each component will be discussed further into explanation
below:
1) Equivalent Translation
The equivalent translation is important to translator to translate the
source language into target language, so their works acceptable for the that it is different; they say that American coffee is bad.
TL: Waktu orang asing dari daerah di mana kopi disuguhkan sangat kental dan tidak pakai gula merasakan kopi Amerika, maka
mereka tidak mengatakan bahwa kopi Amerika berbeda;
This translation belongs to equivalent translation. It is due to the
fact that the message between source language and target language is
same. The verb phrase is served can be translated literally intodisuguhkan
become verb. The verb phrase do not say can be translated literally into
tidak mengatakan become verb. The verb phrase is different can be
translated literally into berbeda become verb. The verb phrase is bad can
be translated literally into tidak ada rasanyabecome adjective. Therefore,
the message in source language can be transfered well into target language
by the translator. In other word, there are no chnage of meaning from
source language into target language. Thus, this data are really relevant
with equivalent translation.
2) Non-Equivalent Translation
After classifying the data, the writer finds 34 data or 4,80% which
belongs to non-equivalent translation. This is one of the examples of the
analysis:
No: 633/LAC36/LPB38
SL: When pitch is used to identify and differentiate words, we call it intonation.
TL: Nada yang terdapat dalam kalimat atau frase kita sebut intonasi.
This translation belongs to non equivalent translation. It is due to
the fact that the message between source language and target language is
different. The verb phrase is used to identify in this utterance is translated
into verb phrase yang terdapat. It makes the reader confuse to understand
the meaning of content. In other word, there is change of meaning from
source language into target language. The suggestion to the translator is
nada digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan membedakan kata, kita
2. Discussion
The discussion presents two tables to show the finding, the first is
table of the translation variation of verb phrases and the second is the
equivalence of translation.
Table 4.1
The Translation Variation of Verb Phrases found in the Linguistics Across
Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya
No Types Translation Number Precentage
1 Verb
phrase that is translated into verb, 24 data or 3,35% verb phrase is translated
into noun, 61 data or 8,50% verb phrase is translated into adjective, 1 datum
or 0,25% verb phrase is translated into adverb, 5 data or 0,75% verb phrase
is translated into preposition, and 99 data or 13,90% verb phrase is not
Table 4.2
Equivalence of Translation found in the Linguistics Across Cultures into
Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya
No Equivalence of Translation Number Precentage
1
Based on the table above the results of the equivalence of translation
is classified into two types, equivalence and non-equivalence. There are 677
data from 711 data or 95,20% of equivalent translation. Beside, the writer
finds 34 data from 711 data or 4,80% of non-equivalent translation.
D. CONCLUSION
This research aims at finding out: 1) what are the types of verb
phrases found in Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai
Budaya? 2) how is the translation equivalence of verb phrases found in
Linguistics Across Cultures into Linguistik di Pelbagai Budaya? This
research was managed to answer the two research problems. They are:
1. From 711 data, there are 521 data or 73,25% belong to verb phrase is
translated into verb, 24 data or 3,35% belong to verb phrase is translated
into noun, 61 data or 8,50% belong to verb phrase is translated into
adjective, 1 datum or 0,25% belong to verb phrase is translated into
adverb, 5 data or 0,75% belong to verb phrase is translated into
preposition, and 99 data or 13,90% belong to verb phrase which is not
translated. This research finding dominated by verb phrase that is
translated into verb, that are 521 data or 73,25%.
2. From 711 data, there are 677 data or 95,20% belong to equivalent
translation while 34 data or 4,80% belong to non equivalent translation.
Based on the analysis, the writer can conclude that the data in the
equivalence translation. The data of equivalence translation are too much
dominating this research.
E. SUGESSTION
The writer noticed several things that should be understood in
translation of text in target language (TL) or equivalence of translation. After
finishing the research, the writer also gives suggestion to:
1. The Translators
The translator has to be more aware of the different systems of SL
and TL to produce a good subtitle (translation). The translator always
realizes the meaning and the message of the text in other to make it
ambiguous.
2. The Students
The researcher hopes that the students are increasing their
knowledge and interest, especially about translation variety of verb
phrases.
3. Other Researchers
Other researchers can analyze similarly with the writer, but in
different data or use the other strategies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwi, Hasan, dkk. 2003. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Biber, Douglas. Susan Conrad and Geoffrey Leech. 2002. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Nababan, Mangatur. 2004. Translation Processes, Practices, and Products of Professional. New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.
Potter dan Kamar Rahasia by Listiana. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Unpublished Research Paper.
Nida, Eugene A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating, with Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Sutopo, Anam. and Candranigrum, Dewi. 2001. Translation. Surakarta:
Muhammdiyah University of Surakarta.
Wijanarko, Septian B. 2013. A Translation Shift of Verbs and Verb Phrases in
Subtitling The Adventure of Tintin (2011) Movie. Surakarta:
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Unpublished Research Paper.
VIRTUAL REFERENCES
Kosur, Heather Marie. 2013. The Functions of Verbs and Verb Phrases in
English.
