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Bab VIII. DECISION MAKING AND CONTROLLING

Dalam decision making, seorang marger harus memilih/ menentukan berbagai macam alternatif kegiatan,

sedangkan dalam controlling seorang marger mengevaluasi

hasil yang telah ditetapkan dalam perencanaan atau tujuan dan memutuskan kegiatan (apa saja) untuk dikerjakan.

Bab ini membahas berbagai macam fungsi management

dalam decision making and controling yang digunakan oleh MNC.

Tujuan Bahasan

1.    Contoh-contoh pengambilan keputusan di berbagai negara. 2.    Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi wewenang

pengambilan keputusan yang diberikan pada overseas units.

3.    Direct control dan indirect control.

4.    Perbedaan utama cara MNC melakukan control

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Pengambilan Keputusan Di Eropa

Mercedes, perusahaan mobil baru-baru ini memperkenalkan model-model baru ke pasar U.S

Mercedes dikenal sebagai mobil mahal, namun model

terbaru lebih mahal. Alasan keputusan tersebut agar menjadi lebih melekat pada pesaing dan terlihat sebagai pesaing

melakukan penawaran.

Di Inggris

Sebagiab besar perusahaan Inggris adalah desentralisasi. Alasan banyak manager level atas tidak memahami secara detail

tentang midle manager untuk menangani berbagai pengambilan

keputusan dengan desentralisasi.

Di Prancis

Berdasarkan penelitian manager tidak mempercayai manager menengah, sebagai pengambilan keputusan cenderung

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Di Prancis

Berdasarkan penelitian manager tidak

mempercayai

manager menengah, sebagai pengambilan

keputusan cenderung

sentralisasi.

Di Jerman

MNC Jerman cenderung sentralisasi, autocratic dan

hierarchial.

 

Di Scandinavia

Decision making di scaninavia adalah

codeterminasi

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Factors that encourange/influence

centralizatioan or

decentralization of decision making in

subsidiary operations

.

Encourange centralization

•  Large size

·         Large capital investment

·         Relatively high importang to MNC ·         Highly competitive environ

·         Strong volume to unit cost relationship ·         High degree of technology

·         Strong importance attached to brand name,patent,right,ect

·         Low level of product diversification ·         Homogeneous product line

·         Small geographic distance between HO&subsidiary ·         Fewer highly competent manager in host country ·         Much experience in internasional business.

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Factors that encourange/influence centralizatioan or decentralization of decision making in subsidiary operations.

Encourange decentralization

 

·         Small size

·         Small capital investment

·         Relatively low importance to MNC ·         Stable environment

·         Weak volume to unit cost relationshing ·         Moderate to low degree technology

·         Little importance attached to brand name, patttent right, ect

·         Hight level product diversification ·         Heterogeneous product line

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Controlling/Pengendalian

Controlling involves evaluating results in relation

to

plans or objective and deciding what actioan to

take.

Fungsi pengendalian secara konsep dan praktis

sama dengan

pengambilan keputusan.

Tipe-tpe pengendalian

1. Direct control

2. Indirect control

Direct control menggunakan tatap muka atau

pertemuan secara individual untuk tujuan

monitoring operasi.

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Control Techniques

1.    Financial Performance

2.    Quality Performance

3.    Personal Performance

 

Financial Performance

Evaluasi kinerja keuangan pada foreign subsidiary

biasanya didasarkan pada profit return on

investment (ROI)

 

Quality Performance

Dikenal Quality control circle

sekelompok pekerja

yang bertemu secara regular untuk mendiskusikan

cara

meningkatkan kualitas kerja.

Personal Performance

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