NAME : SAHARANI NURLAILA BUAMONABOT NIM : 121711233159
AUSTRALIAN STUDIES
*Article review
Summary of the articles
Introduction Article 1 Article 2 Article 3
a clear
background (bisa dari berita, misal tentang
peningkatan jumlah suatu kasus)
AUSTRALIAN THROWING- STICKS, THROWING- CLUBS, AND
BOOMERANGS' By D. S. DAVIDSON The weapons of the Australian aborigines, as is well known, are char- T acterized by simplicity, both in form and in the manner of their propulsion. Aside from the use of the spearthrower, which is wide-spread but not continental in distribution, all weapons are either thrown by hand or held in the hand for striking. The bow and arrow, the sling, and the throwing-cord, present in nearby Melanesia, are lacking.2 Aside from the most
important weapons, spears, the uses and varieties of which have been considered elsewhere (II), there are a number of other weapons such as throwing-sticks, throwing-clubs, and
Since the foundation of Field Museum of Natural
History in 1893, Australian
ethnological material has been
acquired by
collection, purchase, and exchange.
In the year 1933 a representative collection was installed in Hall Al, which is an annex to the Hall of
Melanesian
Ethnology. The main purpose of this leaflet
is to make the exhibit more interesting and understandable to the general public and to the many students who visit the Museum.
With this purpose in view the leaflet avoids theoretical questions, and is confined to a summary of generally
accepted facts. But a bibliography has been added
to aid those whose interest has been aroused by the
This article is about the wooden
implement.A boomerang is a simple implement that comes in various shapes and sizes, depending on its geographic or tribal origin and intended function. The most recognizable type is the returning
boomerang, a kind of throwing stick that, when thrown
correctly, travels in a curved path and returns to its point of origin. Other
boomerangs are of the non-returning sort, and some are not thrown but used in hand-to-hand combat. Boomerangs are primarily
associated with Australian
Aborigines, but they have also been used by various other peoples of the world.
Boomerangs can be used as hunting weapons, percussive musical instruments, battle clubs, fire- starters, decoys for hunting waterfowl,
boomerangs, and their larger counterparts, the heavy striking clubs. In this paper these weapons of secondary import will be considered.
collections, and the items have been selected with a view to introducing beginners to the facts and problems of Australian ethnology.
and as recreational play toys. Tribal boomerangs may be inscribed or painted with designs
meaningful to their maker. Most boomerangs seen today are of the tourist or
competition sort, and are almost invariably of the returning type.
the relevant literature on the subject
(penjelasan ilmiah tentang kasus tsb)
This paper represents one of the results of a study conducted in the Australian museums
with the aid of a fellowship grant by the Social Science Research Council of New York. The Museums visited and the abbreviations for them used in the references include the Australian
Museum, Sydney (AM), the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (NMV), the South
Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAM), the Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM), the
Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QM), the Tasmanian Museum (TM), and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania (UP).
ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, AND IMPLEMENTS In viewing the exhibits we are at once impressed with the uniformity of Australian culture, but it is apparent that spears, spear- throwers,
boomerangs, shields, and
clubs have specific local forms, and the same may be said of personal ornaments. Each tribe and smaller group has
its own territory, and wanderings and encroachments are discouraged.
Therefore, the natural tendency is toward
the preservation of local types of weapons and other objects
which are characteristic of definite areas, though in some
instances objects are traded far from their
Boomerang
This article is about the wooden
implement. The name boomerang comes from the language of the indigenous
Australian Turuwal tribe of Aborigines who lived south of Sydney, Australia.[1]
The boomerang was also mistakenly referred to as a woomerang, in confusion with the woomera.
places of origin (W. D.
Hambly, 1931).
clear statement of the problem (hal yang belum jelas dari kasus
tersebut dan memerlukan penelitian lebih jauh, misal hubungan antara kasus dengan cara pikir)
Generally speaking, boomerangs as a class can be regarded as a special
form of throwing- stick. They differ from the latter only in their somewhat greater curvature and their bi-convex or semi-oval cross- section. They are used like throwing- sticks for both
throwing and striking in hunting and in fighting. These remarks apply in a general way to all varieties of
boomerangs except that specialized type which has attracted so much attention, the returning boomerang. The latter, which numerically represents an extremely small proportion of the boomerangs of the continent, is usually regarded by the natives as a toy which, with a few exceptions, seems to be
used for neither hunting nor fighting.
A discussion of the question of
relationship between Australian
boomerangs and the so-called boomerangs of other parts of the
Some influence of Malay traders and contacts with
New Guinea must be recognized so far as the north
coast of Australia is concerned (W. L.
Warner, 1932).
Drums, shell trumpets, and bows and arrows are likely to have originated in New Guinea. The Malays gave the idea of a dugout canoe and an
outrigger (Plate III), also the use of a mast and a sail made of Pandanus fiber. The Malays introduced a form of tobacco- pipe.
Yet, generally speaking, Australia has an indigenous culture with local developments, and foreign elements are not numerous.
Three main areas may be
distinguished: (1) the south,
west, and center of the continent; (2) the northwest and
the north; and (3) the east and southeast.
So far as
possible the objects have been arranged in this cultural grouping, but it has been necessary to make some
Boomerangs may be considered the first heavier-than-air flying machines invented by humans.
Besides being used by the Australian Aborigines, they have been found among groups of people in North East Africa, Sardinia, India, and the United States (Native Americans in
Arizona and southern California). he oldest Australian
Aboriginal boomerangs are 10,000 years old, but older hunting sticks have been discovered in Europe, where they seem to have formed part of the Stone Age arsenal of weapons. One boomerang that was discovered in a cave in the Carpathian Mountains in Poland was made of
mammoth's tusk and is believed, based on AMS dating of objects found with it, to be about 30,000 years old. King Tutankhamun, the famous Pharaoh of ancient Egypt, who died over 3,000 years ago, owned a
collection of
boomerangs of both the straight flying
world has
been given elsewhere. modifications.
Personal ornaments are of a simple kind, including
neck-bands, arm- bands, girdles, forehead bands, and pubic coverings. The substances used are shreds of
bark, fur of the opossum, shells, feathers, brightly colored
seeds, and human hair. Almost
invariably, red ochre is employed for smearing these decorations.
Sometimes
the hair cut from a dead man is made into a girdle with Usually a spear- thrower has a flat surface on which the shaft of the spear may rest, though an exception is to be noted in the rounded spear-throwers from the Mara
and Anula tribes living near the Gulf of Carpentaria. At 40 Field Museum of Natural History the rear end of the spear-thrower is a peg of wood, or possibly the tooth of a kangaroo, fixed in position by
binding with sinew and resin. Inspection of the butts
of spears shows that most of them are slightly hollowed
(hunting) and returning variety.
No one knows for sure how the
returning boomerang was first invented, but some modern boomerang makers speculate that it developed from the flattened throwing stick that is still used by the Australian Aborigines and some other tribal people around the world, including the Navajo Indians in America.
A hunting boomerang is delicately balanced and much harder to make than a
returning one.
Probably, the curving flight characteristic of returning
boomerangs was first noticed by Stone Age hunters trying to
"tune" their hunting sticks to fly straight.
As noted above, some boomerangs are used in combat.
at the butt for the reception of this peg.
The body of the spear-thrower is often narrowed to form a hand-grip, and a secure hold is aided by the addition of a lump of
resin to the part held in the hand.
Boomerangs (Cases 1, 3, and 5) vary considerably in size and shape. The returning
boomerangs, which are used chiefly for amusement, are twisted; that is to say, the body of the object lies in two planes, a fact which is easily
demonstrated by placing the eye at one end of the boomerang. This returning weapon is launched vigorously but smoothly against the wind (Plate XII).
LITERATURE REVIEW
theoretical concept relevant to the topic (ini pasti dari
referensi yang valid dan credible)
in this article the author uses references and credible sources, because it can and can be found several points and credible references and clear sources.the concept in this paper is to use the concept of
historyand there is also bibliography
in this article the author uses references and credible sources, because it can and can be found several points and credible references and clear sources. the concept in this paper is to use the concept of history and there is also bibliography
in this article the author uses references and credible sources, because it can and can be found several points and credible references and clear sources. the concept in this paper is to use the concept of history and there is also bibliography
Review of related studies contains a)
Cape York Peninsula, our information is not so specific, but the
References may be found to native methods of cutting
BOOMERANG Kylie is one of the Aboriginal words for
integrating what others have done and said, b) criticizing
previous scholarly works, c) building bridges between related topics, and d) identifying the central issues in a field. (ini juga harus dari bacaan jurnal credible)
crude
boomerangs found there suggest that they are of recent introductioq from the south and such a conclusion is
supported by linguistic data.66 If our
interpretation of the evidence furnished by distribution and the known
directions of
diffusion is correct, it would seem to follow that both ordinary and returning boomerangs are not only indigenous to the continent but that they have not diffused from
Australia to any other region, for they are lacking in the only areas where foreign influences are known to have
come, the only regions, therefore, which could have reciprocated culture borr~wing.~’ In a culture where throwing-sticks undoubtedly have been
in use for a great period of time we do not have to look far for a possible as well as a most reasonable basis from which boomerangs could have been derived. discussion of the question of relationship between
the body to relieve pain, of burning a wound caused by snake-bite, and of carrying the skull or bones of a dead relative to ward off evil. No organized warfare existed, but rival bands exchanged showers of stones and spears.
the hunting stick used in warfare and for hunting animals.
Instead of following a curved flight path, it flies in a straight line from the thrower. They are typically much larger than boomerangs. It can travel very long distances, and due to its size and hook shape can cripple or kill an animal or human opponent.
The word is perhaps an English
corruption of a word meaning boomerang taken from one of the Western Desert languages, for example, the
Warlpiri word karli.
As a related terms
Australian
boomerangs and the so-called boomerangs of other parts of the world has
been given elsewhere
RESEARCH METHOD Explaining the research
chronologically, including research design, research procedures. The description of the course of research should be
supported by references, so the explanation can be accepted scientifically.
(baiknya ada sumber yang menerangkan metode itu)
our information is not so specific, but the crude
boomerangs found there suggest that they are of recent introductioq from the south and such a conclusion is
supported by linguistic data.66 If our
interpretation of the evidence furnished by distribution and the known
directions of
diffusion is correct, it would seem to follow that both ordinary and returning boomerangs are not only indigenous to the continent but that they have not diffused from
Australia to any other region, for they are lacking in the only areas where foreign influences are known to have
come, the only regions, therefore, which could have reciprocated culture borr~win
To assume that a people of elementary hunting culture are rudimentary in all their thoughts is hazardous, as consideration of Australian aborigines has proved. In
Australia an
elementary stone-age culture was noted, but
the kinship system and totemic rites, together with initiation ceremonies, are known to be elaborate and complex (G.
Roheim, 1925a; D.
Porteus). Therefore, the fact that the Tasmanians had so few material
possessions does not warrant an
assumption of mental vacuity. But, so far as the evidence goes, Tasmanians
provide the simplest form of human life which has yet been studied.
Today, boomerangs are mostly used as sporting items. There are different types of throwing contests, including accuracy of return, aussie round, trick catch, maximum time aloft, fast catch, and endurance. The modern sport boomerang (often referred to as a 'boom' or 'rang'), is made of Finnish birch plywood, hardwood, plastic or composite materials and comes in many different shapes and colors. Most sport boomerangs typically weigh less than 100 grams, with MTA boomerangs (boomerangs used for the maximum time aloft event) often under 25 grams.
In 2008, Japanese astronaut Takao Doi verified that
boomerangs also function in zero gravity as they do on Earth. He repeated the same experiment that German
Astronaut Ulf
Meerbold aboard Spacelab in 1992 and French Astronaut Jean-François Clervoy aboard MIR in 1997 both
performed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this section, it is explained the results of research and at the same time is given the comprehensive discussion. Results can be presented in figures, graphs, tables and others that make readers
understand easily.
The discussion can be made in several sub-chapters. (ini hal pembahasan,
biasanya merupakan bagian yang paling panjang.berupa analisis kasus)
THROWINGSTICK S
The most simple form of throwing-stick is shown in Figure la.
This
specimen is from Tasmania where these weapons were typical, but there are others like it from eastern Australia. It is no more than a slightly
curved, pointed, peeled stick, two to two and a half feet long and a little more than an inch in diameter.
THROWING- CLUBS
Throwing-clubs are functionally closely related to throwing- sticks but
differ in form in that they have knobs, bulges, or other protuberances carved in the solid.4 They appear to be lacking in
Ta~mania,~ and in most
of the western and central regions of Australia (see map, fig. 2). Their use is concentrated in the east from South
An early settler (1818) describes the Tasmanian
aborigines at work in their stone pits. He reports that, while chattering noisily, the blacks were breaking stones into fragments either by dashing them on the rocks or by
striking them with other stones. They then picked up the sharp-edged pieces for use. One old fellow, with energy surprising for his years, dashed one stone upon
another, meanwhile leaping high into the air to avoid
the flying splinters.
In this record of primitive Tasmanian life, which was primarily concerned with the food supply and the manufacture of simple
implements of wood and stone, we have a picture that takes the imagination far back into the
life of stone-age man as shown by the Mousterian group in Hall C. Although
oomerangs are primarily associated with Australian Aborigines, but they have also been used by various other peoples of the world.
Boomerangs can be used as hunting weapons, percussive musical instruments, battle clubs, fire- starters, decoys for hunting waterfowl, and as recreational play toys. Tribal boomerangs may be inscribed or painted with designs
meaningful to their maker. Most boomerangs seen today are of the tourist or
competition sort, and are almost invariably of the returning type.
No one knows for sure how the
returning boomerang was first invented, but some modern boomerang makers speculate that it developed from the flattened throwing stick that is still used by the Australian Aborigines and some other tribal people around the world,
Australia to Cape York. Other appearances are found in northwestern North Australia, Melville and Bathurst Islands, and possibly also in northeastern Western Australia BOOMERANGS Boomerangs, as a class, are widely distributed in Australia but are not continental. It is important to note that they are lacking in Tasmania andin all the northern
peninsulas of Australia, the Kimberley coastal country,30
Groote Island, and North Australia approximately north of a line drawn from the Katherine River to the Roper River, and in the Cape York, Generally speaking,
boomerangs as a class can be regarded as a special
form of throwing- stick.
Tasmania is on the opposite side of the world
from Europe, and the Tasmanians had no known racial affinity or contacts with Europe, the Tasmanian
aborigines preserved a type of life which prevailed in Europe 50,000 years ago, and earlier. It is a regrettable fact that the primitive hunters and stone-age men of Tasmania
should have been harried from the world without serious
effort to study the whole of their culture in its natural
habitat.
including the Navajo Indians in America.
CONCLUSION Provide a statement that what is expected, as stated in the
"Introduction"
chapter can
ultimately result in
"Results and
Discussion" chapter, so there is
compatibility.
Moreover, it can also be added the
In a culture where throwing-sticks undoubtedly have been
in use for a great period of time we do not have to look far for a possible as well as a most reasonable basis from which boomerangs could have been
To assume that a people of elementary hunting culture are rudimentary in all their thoughts is hazardous, as consideration of Australian aborigines has proved. In
Australia an
elementary stone-age culture was noted,
Interest in the discipline Long distance boomerang throwing had been considered as the royal
competition in the twentieth century, but with the new materials and
approach being used
prospect of the development of research results and application prospects of further studies into the next (based on results and
discussion).
derived.s8 A discussion of the question of
relationship between Australian
boomerangs and the so-called boomerangs of other parts of the world has
been given elsewhere but
the kinship system and totemic rites, together with initiation ceremonies, are known to be elaborate and complex (G.
Roheim, 1925a; D.
Porteus). Therefore, the fact that the Tasmanians had so few material
possessions does not warrant an
assumption of mental vacuity. But, so far as the evidence goes, Tasmanians
provide the simplest form of human life which has yet been studied.
An early settler (1818) describes the Tasmanian
aborigines at work in their stone pits. He reports that, while chattering noisily, the blacks were breaking stones into fragments either by dashing them on the rocks or by
striking them with other stones. They then picked up the sharp-edged pieces for use. One old fellow, with energy surprising for his years, dashed one stone upon
another, meanwhile leaping high into the air to avoid
the flying splinters.
In this record of
in the twenty-first century, throwing 100 m has become normal, and interest in this category has declined. The following reasons have been given:
Throwing technique: The throwing technique is slightly different and less natural as the boomerang must be thrown almost horizontally lied down but aiming high yet with
maximal power used.
Deceiving exercising: Long distance boomerangs are more difficult to make or to acquire because they must be much more
optimized to achieve good performance which requires more workload. On the other hand they are easy to lose because at 100 m only individuals with good vision still see them clearly and sometimes they do not even make the turn and continue straight forward. It also matters that not all fields are big enough, flat and empty to allow exercising.
Put apart in tournaments: Due to difficulties to
organize competition
primitive Tasmanian life, which was primarily concerned with the food supply and the manufacture of simple
implements of wood and stone, we have a picture that takes the imagination far back into the
life of stone-age man as shown by the Mousterian group in Hall C. Although Tasmania is on the opposite side of the world
from Europe, and the Tasmanians had no known racial affinity or contacts with Europe, the Tasmanian
aborigines preserved a type of life which prevailed in Europe 50,000 years ago, and earlier. It is a regrettable fact that the primitive hunters and stone-age men of Tasmania
should have been harried from the world without serious
effort to study the whole of their culture in its natural
habitat.
in this category the events are often separated from the rest of disciplines and scheduled as the last day of the whole tournament, often a Monday.
On the other hand, as long distance
throwers are few compared to those in other disciplines, they benefit from a family spirit during LD events.
List of articles:
1. AUSTRALIAN THROWING-STICKS, THROWING-CLUBS, AND BOOMERANGS 2. Primitive Hunters of Australia
3. BOOMERANG
