329
Relationship between Self-efficacy, Achievement Motivation and Academic Achievement in Students with
Learning Disabilities
Fatemeh Motaharinezhad1, Sepideh Seyed2, Alimohammad Rezaye3, Seyedeh Marzieh Heidarieh2,
Reyhaneh Noruzi4
1 MSc in Occupational Therapy, Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Centre, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 2 MSc in Psychology, Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Centre, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 4 MSc in Speech Therapy, Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Centre, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
(Received July 25, 2015 Accepted, September 30, 2015)
Abstract
Background and purpose: Self-efficacy and achievement motivation are amongst the most
important predictors of academic achievement. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and achievement motivation and academic achievement in students with learning disabilities.
Materials and methods: The research population included 32 students with learning disabilities and the Self-efficacy Scale (Sherer et al) and Herman’s Questionnaire Measure of Achievement Motivation were completed by the participants. The descriptive results of the first semester were considered as a criterion for academic achievement. Data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis.
Results: The participants were 79.4% male and the mean age of students was 9 + 0.899. Most of
them were grade two to five. Self-efficacy and achievement motivation were significantly correlated with academic achievement (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Achievement motivation was the most effective component in academic achievement (P<0.001)
Conclusion: According to these results, self-efficacy and achievement motivation were the main factors affecting the academic achievement of students with learning disabilities.
Keywords: learning disability, self-efficacy, achievement motivation, academic achievement
J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2015; 25(132): 329-333 (Persian).
هرود هرﺎﻤﺷ ﻢﺠﻨﭘ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ 132
يد لﺎﺳ 1394 ) 333 - 329 (
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ طﺎﺒﺗرا يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نازﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد
داﮋﻧ يﺮﻬﻄﻣ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ 1
ﺳ هﺪﻴﭙﺳ
2ﺪﻴ
ﻲﻳﺎﺿر ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻋ 3
ﻪﻳرﺪﻴﺣ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻣ هﺪﻴﺳ 2
يزورﻮﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﺤﻳر 4
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ فﺪﻫ و : ﻢﻬﻣ زا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ .
زا فﺪـﻫ
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا
د رد ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ ﺎـﺑ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ هﺰـﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺶـﻧا
ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﺎـﺑ نازﻮـﻣآ
ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎـﻫ
: 32 ﺶـﻧاد
ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪـﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎـﻳ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﺎـﺑ زﻮـﻣآ يﺎـﻫ
يﺪـﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ
Sherer
و هﺰـﻴﮕﻧا ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ
Hermans
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺪﻧداد . ﺶﻧاد لوا مﺮﺗ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نازﻮﻣآ
. هداد ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﻮﻣزآ
نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر و ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ درﻮﻣ
.
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ : 4 / 79 ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ زا ﺪﺻرد ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺮﺴﭘ .
ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ هدﻮـﺑ ﻲﻳاﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﺎﺗ مود ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ رد ﺪـﻧا
و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ
ﺶﻧاد ﻲﻨﺳ نازﻮﻣآ
889 / 9±
دﻮﺑ لﺎﺳ . ﻲﻨﻌﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺎﺑ يراد
ﺶـﻧاد ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ نازﻮـﻣآ
ﺖﺷاد ) 001 / 0
<
،p
05 / 0
<
(p
. دﻮﺑ نﺎﻧآ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ رد ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا )
001 / 0
<
(.p
جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳا : ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ رد ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﺎـﺑ نازﻮﻣآ
ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ هژاو ﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ :
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ،ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ،يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻲ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻢﻬﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ لﻼﺘﺧا ﻒﻴﻌـﺿ دﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
و هﺪﺷ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ 4
/ 11 ﺶﻧاد ﻞﻛ ﺪﺻرد نازﻮﻣآ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ار ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﺳ دﻮﺷ
) 1
.(
لﻼﺘـﺧا ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ
ترﺎـﻬﻣ زا ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧاﻮﺗ مﺪـﻋ ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ،نﺪـﻧاﻮﺧ يﺎـﻫ
ﺑ تﺎﻴﺿﺎﻳر و ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻧ نﻮﻣزآ سﺎﺳاﺮ
،هﺪـﺷ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘـﺳا يﺎـﻫ
كدﻮــﻛ ﻲــﺷﻮﻫ ﺢﻄــﺳ و تﻼﻴــﺼﺤﺗ ،ﻦــﺳ ﺐــﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 1
ﻲﺗﻼﻜﺸﻣ رﺎﭼد ،لﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ.(
هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ،يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ ناﺪﻘﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻣ نﺎﻧآ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ و ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ دﻮﺷ
) 2 (.
ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ زا ﻲﻜﻳ ،يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﻢﻬﻣ
يﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ رد
ﺮﻴﮔدﺎــﻳ ﺖــﺳا ي . ﺮــﻈﻧ ﻪــﺑ ﻪــﺟﻮﺗ ﺎــﺑ
Tsang
،نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و
ﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ـ
" يﺪ ﻓ روﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ـ ﻣ رد دﺮ ـ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ درﻮ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻒﻟﻮﻣ :
ﺪﻴﺳ هﺪﻴﭙﺳ -
نﺎﻨﻤﺳ : ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻲﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ ﻚﻴﻨﻴﻠﻛ ،سﺪﻗ راﻮﻠﺑ
seyed [email protected] E-mail:
1 . نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻲﺒﺼﻋ ﻲﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣردرﺎﻛ ﺪﺷرا سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ناﺮﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ،
2 . ﺪﺷرا سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻲﺒﺼﻋ ﻲﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ، نﺎﻨﻤﺳ
ناﺮﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ،
3 . رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا
، ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻨﺸﻧاور هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،
ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ و ﻲﺳ
، هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ناﺮﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ،
4 . ﻲﻧﺎﻣردرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ﺪﺷرا سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻲﺒﺼﻋ ﻲﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،
نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ناﺮﻳا ،نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ،
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
2 / 4 / 1394 تﺎﺣﻼﺻا ﺖﻬﺟ عﺎﺟرا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
2 / 4 / 1394 ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
8 / 7 / 1394
داﮋﻧ يﺮﻬﻄﻣ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و
ﭘ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرود نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﺠﻣ هرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﺠﻨ
132 يد ، 1394 331
هﺎﺗﻮﻛ شراﺰﮔ
ا ياﺮﺑ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧ رﺎـﻛ ﺎـﻳ ﻒـﻴﻠﻜﺗ ﻚـﻳ ﺰـﻴﻣآ
"
ﻪـﺘﻔﮔ
ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ
) 3
.(
ﺶﻧاد ﻞـﻴﻟد ﻪـﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎـﻳ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﺎـﺑ نازﻮـﻣآ
يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ زا ﻲﻨﻴﻳﺎﭘ حﻮﻄﺳ ،دﻮﺧ زا تارﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ حﻮﻄﺳ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
) 4
.(
قﺎﻴﺘـﺷا ﺎـﻳ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ رد ﺮﮕﻳد ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎـﻳ رد ﻲـﺳﺎﺳا ﺶـﻘﻧ و ﺖﺳا
دراد
) 4
.(
ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻪـﻄﺑار دﻮﺟو يﺎﻳﻮﮔ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ و ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻦﻴﺑ نﺎـﺸﻧ و ﺖﺳا يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ يﺎﻫ
هداد دﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا يﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا
ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ دﻮﺷ
) 5
(.
ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ حﻼﻄﺻا
بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ رد هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﻳا تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ ﻞﺋﺎـﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ
ﺶﻧاد ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺟرد و ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ نازﻮﻣآ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ دﻮﺷ
) 6 .(
هﺰـﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪـﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﺶـﻘﻧ يﻻﺎـﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ و يو ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ رد زﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد ﻚﻳ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺶﻧاد ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ زﻮﻣآ
يزﻮـﻣآ ﺶـﻧاد زا ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻛ
ﻪﺘﺷاد يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ناﻮﺗ )
ﻲﻳﻻﺎـﺑ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﺎﻣا
ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ( ﻲـﻣ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ زا فﺪـﻫ ،دﻮـﺷ
و يﺪـﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ يﺎـﻫروﺎﺑ طﺎـﺒﺗرا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺶـﻧاد رد ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﺎـﺑ نازﻮـﻣآ
ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
ﺎﻫ شور و داﻮﻣ
ﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲـﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻲ
32 ﺶـﻧاد ﺎـﺑ زﻮـﻣآ
ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ هﮋـﻳو تﻻﻼﺘـﺧا ﺰـﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ لﺎـﺳرد نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ 93
- 92 شور ﻪـﺑ
ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻧﺪــﺷ بﺎــﺨﺘﻧا سﺮﺘــﺳد رد يﺮــﻴﮔ .
دورو رﺎــﻴﻌﻣ
تﻼﻜﺸﻣ دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻬﺒﺷﻮﻫ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧاﻮﺗ مﺪـﻋ ﺰـﻴﻧ و ﻲﻳاﻮﻨﺷ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻴﺑ ،ﻲﺘﻛﺮﺣ ،ﻲﻤﺴﺟ
رد
هزﻮﺣ زا ﻲﻜﻳ دﻮﺑ ﻲﺿﺎﻳر و ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻧ ،نﺪﻧاﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
. لاﻮﺳ ﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻧاد ﻪﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﺑ نازﻮﻣآ
ﻪ ﺪﺷ هﺪﻧاﻮﺧ ﻲﻫﺎﻔﺷ رﻮﻃ .
ﻊﻤﺟ راﺰﺑا هداد يروآ
ﺎـﻫ : يﺪـﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ
sherer
ياراد ،ﻪــﻛ دﻮــﺑ 17
ﻦﻴــﺑ تاﺮــﻤﻧ ﻪــﻨﻣاد ﺎــﺑ لاﻮــﺳ
17 ﺎﺗ 85 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد نﻮﻣزآ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
درﻮــﻣ ــﺳا هدﻮــﺑ لﻮــﺒﻗ ﺖ
) 7
ﺖﻓﺮــﺸﻴﭘ هﺰــﻴﮕﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ.(
Hermans
ياراد 29 ﻲﻣ لاﻮﺳ ﻞـﻛ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻨﻣاد ﻪﻛﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻴﺑ
29 ﺎـﺗ 116 ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ . نآ ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﺎﭘ و ﻲـﻳاور
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ شراﺰﮔ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ
) 8
.(
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧرﺎﻛ ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ هﺮـﻤﻧ
ﺶﻧاد ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نازﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ
) 1 : ،لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ 2
: ﺪـﺣ رد
،رﺎﻈﺘﻧا 3 : و بﻮﺧ 4 : بﻮﺧ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ (
ﺗ رد ﻪـﺑ ،سورد ﻲﻣﺎﻤ
ﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ رد ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ كﻼﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ .
رد
هداد ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ
نﻮـﻣزآ زا ﺎـﻫ يﺎـﻫ
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر و ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ .
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و
7 / 79 ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ زا ﺪﺻرد ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺮﺴﭘ .
ﺶﻧاد نازﻮـﻣآ
هدﻮﺑ ﻲﻳاﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﺎﺗ مود ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ رد ﺪـﻧا
و ﻴﮕﻧﺎـﻴﻣ ﻦ
ﺶــﻧاد ﻲﻨــﺳ نازﻮــﻣآ
889 / 9±
دﻮــﺑ لﺎــﺳ .
هﺮــﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ
ﺶــﻧاد رد ﺖﻓﺮــﺸﻴﭘ هﺰــﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪــﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﻪــﺑ نازﻮــﻣآ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ 90 / 61 و 71 / 81 رﺎـﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا ﺎﺑ 4199
/ 7 و 9686 / 7
دﻮﺑ . ،ﻢﻴـﺴﻳﻮﻨﺑ ،ﻢﻴﻧاﻮـﺨﺑ سرد رد ﻲﻔﻴـﺻﻮﺗ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﻫ و نآﺮﻗ ،مﻮﻠﻋ ،ﻲﺿﺎﻳر ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻤـﺳآ ﻪﻳﺪ
71 / 2 ،
59 / 2 ، 40 / 2 ، 21 / 3 ، 96 / 2 ، 65 / 3 رﺎــــﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮــــﺤﻧا ﺎــــﺑ
8513 / 0 ، 7560 / 0
، 0429 / 1 ، 8321 / 0 ، 6948 / 0 و 6015 / 0
دﻮﺑ . هرﺎﻤـﺷ لوﺪﺟ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ 1
هﺰـﻴﮕﻧا و يﺪـﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ،
ﺸﻴﭘ ـ ﺒﺗرا ﺖﻓﺮ ـ ﻨﻌﻣ طﺎ ﻲـ ﻗ و راد ـ ﺑ يﻮ ـ ﻤﻧ ﺎ ـ ﺗ تاﺮ ـ ﻔﻴﺻﻮ ـ ﻲ
هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ 1
ﻳ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ نازﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧادرد نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر و ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ:
ﮔدﺎ ﻴ ﺮ
ي
ﻣ يرﺎﻣآ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘ ﻢﻴﻧاﻮﺨﺑ
ﻢﻴﺴﻳﻮﻨﺑ ﻲﺿﺎﻳر
مﻮﻠﻋ نآﺮﻗ
ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺳآ ﻪﻳﺪﻫ
يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ 272*
/
** 0 438 / 0 207
/
* 0 282 / 0
**
344 / 0 135 / 0
ﺎﺘﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
007 / 0 222
/ 0 049
/ 0 001
/ 0 043
/ 0 065
/ 0
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ 5**
/
** 0 513 /
** 0 435 /
** 0 511 / 0
**
566 / 0
**
325 / 0
ﺎﺘﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
**
047 /
** 0 047 /
** 0 051 /
** 0 04 / 0
**
044 / 0
**
019 / 0
05* /
<0 وp 001**
/
<0
p
ﺶــﻧاد ﺖــﺷاد نازﻮــﻣآ .
ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ زا ﻲﻛﺎــﺣ دﺪــﻌﺘﻣ يﺎــﻫ
ﻲﻠﻴــﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮــﺸﻴﭘ و يﺪــﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﺖــﺒﺜﻣ طﺎــﺒﺗرا ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 2
، 6،10 - 9
. (
ﻲﻣ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ رد ﺖـﻔﮔ ناﻮـﺗ
ﺶﻧاد ﻲﻳﻻﺎـﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ روﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧازﻮﻣآ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺪـﻧراد
ﺶﻴـﺑ يﺮﻳﺬﭘ فﺎﻄﻌﻧا و ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ فاﺪﻫا ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻞﻴﻟد رد ،ﺮـﺗ
ﺐﻘﻋ ﻲﺘﺣ ﺎﻳ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳورﺎﻳور ترﻮﺻ
،فﺪـﻫ زا ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻧ
ﺖـﺴﻜﺷ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﻴﻣﺮﺗ ًﺎﻌﻳﺮﺳ ار دﻮﺧ يﺪﻣآرﺎﻛدﻮﺧ روﺎﺑ
ﻲـﻣ دﺎﻨﺘـﺳا ﻲﻓﺎﻛﺎﻧ شﻼﺗ ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﺪـﻨﻫد
) 11
ﻢـﻫ.(
ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
رد ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ و ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا هﺪﻴــﺳر تﺎــﺒﺛا ﻪــﺑ يدﺎــﻋ داﺮــﻓا رد و ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺳا
) 2
، 12
. (
ﺶﻧاد رد شﺰﻴﮕﻧا دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻲﻧاﻮﺗﺎـﻧ ﺎﺑ نازﻮﻣآ
نآ شﺮــﮕﻧ ﻲﮕﻧﻮــﮕﭼ زا ﻲــﺷﺎﻧ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎــﻳ ﺪــﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﻪــﺑ ﺎــﻫ
ﺖﺳا يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ
) 13
.(
ﺶﻧاد ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﺎﺑ نازﻮﻣآ
اد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺶﻧ
شﻼـﺗ ﻢـﻫ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ياراد نازﻮﻣآ
ﺶﻴﺑ
ﻲـﻣ نﺎـﺸﻧ دﻮـﺧ زا يﺮـﺗ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ و ﺖـﻗد ﻢـﻫ و ﺪـﻨﻫد
ﺶﻴﺑ شﻼـﺗ ﻦـﻳا و ﺪـﻧراد ﺐـﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ نﺎﻧآ رد ار ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ تﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ دزﺎﺳ
) 12
. (
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ﻪـﻛ داد نﺎـﺸﻧ نﻮﻴـﺳﺮﮔر نﻮـﻣزآ سﺎـﺳاﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ار ﺮﻴﺛﺎـﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ رد
سرد ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ دراد ﺎـﻫ
. ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ رد ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺮـﮕﻳد يﺎـﻫ
درﻮـﻣ ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ و يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ رد شﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻪﺟرد زا ﺮﺗﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ شﻮﻫ
) 13
. (
نﺎﻨﻤـﺳ ﺮﻬﺷ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ مﺎـﺠﻧا ﻲﻳاﺪـﺘﺑا ﻢﺸﺷ ﺎﺗ مود ﻪﻳﺎﭘ رد .
دﺎﻬﻨـﺸﻴﭘ
ﻣ ﻲ
ﻪـﻳﺎﭘ و ﺎﻫﺮﻬـﺷ رد ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ﻦﻳا ،ددﺮﮔ ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ يﺎـﻫ
ددﺮــﮔ مﺎــﺠﻧا ﺮــﮕﻳد .
ﻪــﻧﻮﮔ ﻦــﻳا ﺞﻳﺎــﺘﻧ ﺖــﺳا ﻪﺘــﺴﻳﺎﺷ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ رﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ ﻦـﻳا تﻼﻜـﺸﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺗ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﻳوﺪﺗ و نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ رﺎـﻴﺘﺧا رد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ دﺮﻴﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺰﻛاﺮﻣ آ نﺪﺷ ﺎﻓﻮﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻦﻳا دﻮﺷ ﻚﻤﻛ نﺎﻧ
.
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