1320
ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ هزﺎﺗ ﯽﻠﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻫ
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻪﻄﺑار ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود ﮓﯿﻟ دﺮﻣ نارﺎﮐ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود رد ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﯽﻧﺎﮐدرا ﯽﯾﺎﻗآرﻮﭘ اﺮﻫز ،1
يﺮﻬﻣ ﺮﺑﺎﺻ يﺪﺣﻮﻣ غوﺮﻓ ،2
3
،ﯽﺋﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رﺎﯾدﺎﺘﺳا .1
،ﯽﺋﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد .2.3
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
ﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ رﻮﺼﺗ ﺐﻠﻏا داﺮﻓا ،ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا ﺲﭘ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ،ﺪﻧروآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨ
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﻣ ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ار ﺮﮑﻔﺗ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا ،ﺪﻨﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ هﺪﻨﯾآ رد ار رﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧزﻮﻣآ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ ياراد ﻪﮐ
ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﮏﯾ و (عﺎﺟرا ﺮﮕﯾد و عﺎﺟرا نوﺪﺑ عﺎﺟرا دﻮﺧ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ) ﻼﺧ) ﺮﮑﻔﺗ
ور ﻊﻗاو ف
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ( .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ يﺎﯿﻧد ﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﺸﯾﻮﺧ ﻂﺑاور رد داﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺪﯾﺎﻘﻋ و ﺎﻫدرﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﮥﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ
،ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮑﯿﻣ هدﺎﻣآ ار دﺮﻓ و ﺪﻫﺪﯿﻣ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﯽﻧاور ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ .ﺪﻨﻨﮑﯿﻣ زاﺮﺑا ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﺪﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻨﮐاو ﯽﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ و نآ شﺮﯾﺬﭘ .
تﺰﻋ ﻪﻄﺑار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﻖﻘﺤﻣ فﺪﻫ
لﺎﺳ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود ﮓﯿﻟ رد هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ دﺮﻣ نارﺎﮐ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود رد ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ شور .دﻮﺑ 93
نﺎﯿﻣ زا نﺎﯿﻣ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ عﻮﻧ زا ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود ﮓﯿﻟ هﺪﻧود118
ﻖﺒﻃﺮﺑ ،
نﺎﮔرﻮﻣ لوﺪﺟ و92
ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ود زا ﺎﻫ هداد يروآ ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا رﺎﮑﺷزر
) ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ثداﻮﺣ ياﺮﺑ CTNES
) ﺖﯿﻤﺳا ﺮﭘﻮﮐ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ و ( و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (1967
زا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ فﻮﻧوﺮﯿﻤﺳا فﺮﮔﻮﻤﻠﮐ نﻮﻣزآ
ندﻮﺑ و ﺎﻫ هداد ﻣزآ
ﺐﯾﺮﺿ نﻮ
و ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ نﺎﯿﻣ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ نﻮﯿﺳﺮﮔر و نﻮﺳﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﮕﺘﺒﺴﻤﻫ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا .دراد دﻮﺟ و طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و ﻮﺧ و ﻖﻠﺧ ﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا و رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار (عﺎﺟرا دﻮﺧ) ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑ
ﺪﻧراد . ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ يدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ،مرﻮﻧ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ،ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ :هژاو ﺪﯿﻠﮐ
1321 ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ناور و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر
The relationship between self-esteem and counterfactual thinking in athletics
Zahra Pooraghaei Ardekani1, Saber Mehri2, Forough Movahedi 3
1.PhD. In Motor Behavior, Assistant Professor, University of Allameh Tabataba’i, Tehran, Iran.
2,3. Student of M.Sc in Sport Psychology, University OF Allameh Tabataba’i
a b s t r a c t
Counterfactual thinking is the comparison of a factual situation to a simulated alternative one. When people think about how things could have been different, they tend to mentally undo the last occurrence in an independent sequence of antecedents to an outcome. In attempts to understand characteristics of individuals’ counterfactual thinking researchers have typically examined the direction, structure, and content of counterfactual thoughts.
The purpose of this study investigated the relationship The relationship between self-esteem and counterfactual thinking in athlete participating 93 athletics premier leagues. 92 athletes (Mage=24.26, SD=5.36) were selected According to Morgan table from 118 athletes.In order to assess of variables of research, we use Cooper Smith inventory and the sixteen-item Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale (CTNES). To analysis data we use pearson correlation coefficient test. Findings shows that self-esteem related to the direction and magnitude of person of counterfactual.
These findings carry important theoretical and practical implications with regard to identifying individuals susceptible to experiencing elevated emotional symptoms in response to short-term
stressors.
Keywords: Counterfactual thinking, personality, norm theory, functional model
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ هرﺎﺷا
ﻪﺑ ﻪﯿﺒﺷ يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﻫذ ﻦﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﯿﻌﻗاو ﺖﺳا
. هرﺎﺑرد ندﺮﮐ ﺮﮑﻓ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ
.ﺖﺳا هداد خر ﺖﯿﻌﻗاو رد ﻪﮐ ﻪﭽﻧآ فﻼﺧ و ﻦﮑﻤﻣ يﺎﻫداﺪﺧر
،ﺖﻬﺟ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ :دراد نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ
رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و رﺎﯿﻌﻣ عﺎﺟرا ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ رد
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ زا .ﺪﻧا ﺪﻌﺑ
،ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ فﻼﺧ ﻊﻗاو ود ﻪﺑ عﻮﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ ور ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ
) رﻮﺼﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ
ﺮﺗ زا ﻪﭽﻧآ قﺎﻔﺗا هدﺎﺘﻓا ﺖﻬﺟو ؛ﺖﺳا ور
ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ) رﻮﺼﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺮﺗﺪﺑ
زا ﻪﭽﻧآ قﺎﻔﺗا
رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ؛(ﺖﺳا هدﺎﺘﻓا ﺮﮑﻔﺗ
فﻼﺧ ﻊﻗاو ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ود عﻮﻧ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا) ﯽﺸﯾاﺰﻓا ندﺮﮐ
ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ و
ﺎﻫ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ زا
و (ﻮﻧ ﺎﮐ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ فﺬﺣ) ﯽﺸﻫ زا
يﺎﻫ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ﺲﮑﻋ .( ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ
ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ تاﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا
رد .ﺪﻨﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﯽﻘﻠﺧ يﺎﻬﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ تاﺮﮑﻔﺗ لﺎﺜﻣ ياﺮﺑ .دﻮﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ .دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﯽﻘﻠﺧ تﻻﺎﺣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ تاﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﮑﯿﻟﺎﺣ ،ﺮﻠﯿﻣ و ﻦﻤﻧﺎﮐ) مرﻮﻧ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﻖ
،سور) ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ يدﺮﮐرﺎﮐ لﺪﻣ و (1986 ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﮐﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ رﺎﻬﻇا (1997
رد ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ار ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﺎﻀﺗ رد ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﯿﻟﺎﺣ كرﺎﻣ) دﺰﯿﮕﻧا ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ ار ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﯾ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ
،ﻦﻟﻮﻣ ﮏﻣ و ﻦﻣﺮﺷ ،ﯽﮑﺴﻧاوﺎﮔ ،ﻦﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و كوﺪﻣ ؛1993
.(1995
.ﺪﻨﻨﮑﯿﻣ زاﺮﺑا ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ يﺎﯿﻧد ﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﺸﯾﻮﺧ ﻂﺑاور رد داﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺪﯾﺎﻘﻋ و ﺎﻫدرﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﮥﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﺸﯾﻮﺧ ﺞﯿﺴﺑ ،ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ روﺎﺑ و ﺖﺴﮑﺷ زا ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﺶﯿﺑ و ﻢﮐ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ،هﺪﺷ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو يﺎﻫدرﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ تﺎﯿﺑﺮﺠﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ يﺪﻣارﺎﮐ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ
1322
ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ هزﺎﺗ ﯽﻠﻣ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻫ
ﯽﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ و نآ شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ،ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮑﯿﻣ هدﺎﻣآ ار دﺮﻓ و ﺪﻫﺪﯿﻣ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﯽﻧاور ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻨﮐاو ،يرﺪﯿﺣ)ﺪﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶ (2010
شور ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
دﺮﻣ نارﺎﮐ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود رد ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻪﻄﺑار ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﻖﻘﺤﻣ فﺪﻫ لﺎﺳ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ و ود ﮓﯿﻟ رد هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ عﻮﻧ زا ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور .دﻮﺑ 93
نﺎﯿﻣ زا نﺎﯿﻣ زا ﻟ هﺪﻧود118
نﺎﮔرﻮﻣ لوﺪﺟ ﻖﺒﻃﺮﺑ ، ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ود ﮓﯿ ياﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا رﺎﮑﺷزرو 92
) ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ثداﻮﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ود زا ﺎﻫ هداد يروآ ﻊﻤﺟ CTNES
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ و (
) ﺖﯿﻤﺳا ﺮﭘﻮﮐ فﻮﻧوﺮﯿﻤﺳا فﺮﮔﻮﻤﻠﮐ نﻮﻣزآزا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (1967
لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ نﻮﯿﺳﺮﮔر و نﻮﺳﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﮕﺘﺒﺴﻤﻫ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ نﻮﻣزآ ، ﺎﻫ هداد ندﻮﺑ
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ يﺎﻫ ﮏﺒﺳ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ هدﺎﺳ نﻮﯿﺳﺮﮔر نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يرﺎﻣآ يﺎﻬﺼﺧﺎﺷ :ﮏﯾ هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو
كﻼﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ
ﻦﯿﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ R
SQUARE B
β Std.error
T
ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ عﺎﺟرا نوﺪﺑ
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ راﺪﻘﻣ 586
/ 0 /146 -17 --- /132
3 /475
-5
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ
/651 0 /765
**0 /078 0 /323
8
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ عﺎﺟرا ﺮﮕﯾد
ﺖﺑﺎﺛ راﺪﻘﻣ 196
/ 0 /147
4 ---
/878
3 /069
-1
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ
/335 0 /443
**0 /097 0 /461
3
او فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ دﻮﺧ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗ
عﺎﺟرا ﺖﺑﺎﺛ راﺪﻘﻣ
42 / 0 /055
31 ---
/354
3 /26
9
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ
/499 -0 /648 -0
**
/084 0 /954
-5
يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ و ﺚﺤﺑ
ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا .دراد دﻮﺟ و طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و ﻮﺧ و ﻖﻠﺧ و ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ نﺎﯿﻣ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار عﺎﺟرا ﺮﮕﯾد ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ
رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﻄﺑار (عﺎﺟرا دﻮﺧ) ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ هﺮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا و رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﻧﺎﺳ) ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ .ﺪﻧراد 1996 ،
) ﺎﻧﺎﺳ .ﺖﺳا ﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻤﻫ ( ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد (1996
دﻮﻤﻧ نﺎﻋذا دﻮﺧ
ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣدﺮﻣ و ﺪﻧراد يﺮﺗ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،ﯽﻨﯿﺒﺷﻮﺧ زا ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ و ﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا و ﯽﯾر .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ رﺎﮑﻓا ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،ﯽﻨﯿﺑﺪﺑ زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ حﻮﻄﺳ ﺎﯾ و ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ )نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ( 2008
ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ رﺎﮑﻓا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﯾرد ﺎﺑ و ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﻨﯿﺑﺪﺑ و ﯽﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﺎﺑ عﺎﺟرا دﻮﺧ يﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﻋذا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺖﺳا ﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻤﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دراد ﺲﮑﻋ ي ﻪﻄﺑار ﯽﻨﯿﺒﺷﻮﺧ و ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻤﻫ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دراد ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ عﺎﺟرا ﺮﮕﯾد ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑور فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺖﺳا ) ﺎﻧﺎﺳ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . )نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﯾر ؛(1996
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻤﻫ (2008
1323 ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ناور و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر
:ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا مﺎﯿﭘ
زا ﺲﭘ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻊﻗاو فﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ دﻮﺧ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽﻨﯿﺑ شﻮﺧ ناﺰﯿﻣ و يﻮﺧو ﻖﻠﺧ زا ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﺎﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ فﻼﺧ تاﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ و هدﺮﮐ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ نﺎﺷ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ور ﻊﻗاو
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﻨﻣ و از سﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻬﺘﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ رد يو ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ رﺎﮑﺷزرو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮕﯿﻣ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا دﺎﺠﯾا
:ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ 1. Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: Comparing reality to its
alternatives. Psychological review, 93(2), 136.
2. Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & McMullen, M. N. (1993). The mental simulation of better and worse possible worlds. Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 29(1), 87-109.
3. Gilovich, T., & Medvec, V. H. (1995). The experience of regret: what, when, and why. Psychological review, 102(2), 379.
4. Sanna, L. J., & Turley, K. J. (1996). Antecedents to spontaneous counterfactual thinking:
Effects of expectancy violation and outcome valence.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(9), 906-919.
5. Epstude, K., & Roes, N. J. (2008). The functional theory of counterfactual thinking.
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(2), 168-192.
6. Sanna, L. J., Turley-Ames K. J., & Meier. S. (1999). Mood, Self-Esteem, and Simulated Alternatives: Thought-Provoking Affective Influences on Counterfactual Direction.
Personality and Social Psychology Review.
