Results of the present study revealed that the construction history of this city can be traced back to the Sasanian Empire

Historical Developments of Natanz City Based on the Written Sources and Architectural Evidence

Seyedeh Sara Mohammadi¹& Hassan Karimian²& Mohsen Javeri^2F3

(53-81)

Abstract

As it appears from historical texts, the favourable bioclimatic conditions of the Natanz region and its location in the communication network of Iran’s central plateau, have provided the ground for the formation of numerous settlements, as well as diverse and yet valuable architectural works. Presence of pre-Islamic ancient sites (Such as Arisman ancient site, fire temple, castle, karezes) and also monuments from the Islamic era in Natanz (Such as Juma Mosque, Sheikh Abdul Samad Complex and collections of public, commercial and residential monuments), have turned this city into one of the most valuable ancient settlements in the country; highlighting the importance of the region from prehistoric up to the present century. According to published sources, Natanz's socio-political developments in early-Islamic centuries were influenced by the changes that occurred in the cities of Isfahan and Kashan. Also, the brilliant effects of the historical monuments of Kashan and Isfahan cities have caused the neglect of the monuments of the city of Natanz by tourists and historians of different periods. Neglect that has also affected archaeological, urban, architectural and historical research.

The authors have tried to determine the evolution of the city of Natanz, relying on the written sources, in order to identify the factors and events that have influenced the formation and development of this city. Results of the present study revealed that the construction history of this city can be traced back to the Sasanian Empire. Moreover, it became clear that Natanz’s location on the communication network of Iran’s central plateau and It has been one of the centers of caravans crossing and trade and the Central Plateau of Iran, and also its geographical location, environmental conditions and the special defensive function of the natanz city Its importance in different historical periods, especially the Ilkhanid and Safavid periods it has figured.

Keywords: Historical developments, Natanz, historical texts, architectural evidence.

1. Ph.D. Candidate in Islamic Archeology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

2. Corresponding Author Email: hkarimi@ut.ac.ir

Professor, Department of Archeology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3. Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

10.22059/jarcs.2020.308552.142916Print ISSN: 2676-4288-Online ISSN: 2251-9297https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir

Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 1, Vol. 14, Serial No. 29 / Spring 2022

Received: 31, August, 2020; Accepted: 20, June, 2022

Introduction:

Architectural works and human settlements are born in nature and they evolve over time.

The Central Plateau of Iran contains many traces of civilization, each of which was the habitat of a group of human communities in ancient periods. Among these, famous cities have emerged that have played an irreplaceable role in the history and civilization of this land. Despite the large number of ancient cities in Iran, research related to their history and developments is very limited.Surprisingly, even the historical fabric of ancient cities, where life is still alive, is being destroyed by negligence by researchers. Natanz is one of the most famous cities that has played a key role in the historical developments of the Central Plateau of Iran .As it appears from historical texts, the favourable bioclimatic conditions of the Natanz region and its location in the communication network of Iran’s central plateau, have provided the ground for the formation of numerous settlements, as well as diverse and yet valuable architectural works (Yaghoubi, 1969:275 ; Hamavi, 1994:287.8 ; Samani, 1965: 564 ; Honarfar, 2008:8 ;Razmara, 1953:501). Presence of pre-Islamic ancient sites (Such as Arisman ancient site (Fig. 8), fire temple, castle, canals) and also monuments from the Islamic era in Natanz (Such as Juma Mosque, Sheikh Abdul Samad Complex and collections of public, commercial and residential monuments), have turned this city into one of the most valuable ancient settlements in the country .The advent of Islam caused many physical changes in the structure of the cities transferred from the Sassanid to the Islamic era. According to historical sources, the political situation and social developments in Natanz in the first centuries of Islam were affected by the changes in Isfahan and Kashan. However, in the early Mongol period, due to its geographical location, this region was partially protected against the raids and destruction and even it has been considered especially in the time of Holako and valuable architectural works and architectural decorations (Juma Mosque, Monastery and the tomb of Sheikh Abdul Samad) have remained from that period (Jami, 1987:428 ; Kashani Natanzi, 1946:17).

During the Safavid period, Natanz became an independent province and its rulers were appointed directly from the capital. The Safavid kings paid special attention to this region and they turned Natanz into a summer capital by building two palaces on both sides of this city and made it their special province(Chardin, 1994:742 ; Qomi, 2004:65). Despite the importance of this city from the Ilkhanid period to the present day and the relative health of its architectural spaces, no archaeological research has been done so far to clarify its spatial organization and social structure in the mentioned periods. In this regard, questions about the process of formation and development of the city in the Islamic era can be asked. The research tries to answer the questions. The study of the past architectural and urban spaces plays an important role in understanding the political, administrative, social, economic and cultural structure of the societies establishing them.

As mentioned before, despite the importance of the city of Natanz from pre-Islamic era to the end of the Pahlavi period, there is very little archaeological information for specifying the evolution of the city's spaces during the Islamic period. Therefore, it is necessary to study the developments of this city based on the archeological evidence and historical documents. Obviously, these studies can be referred as a context for planning related to the preservation and revival of the historical fabric of the city. Undoubtedly, consideration of the capabilities of Natanz will increase tourism usage, establishing research bases and introducing the cultural milestones of this historic city of Iran. The main purpose of the research that the results have been mentioned in the present article, was to study the developments of the spaces of the city of Natanz during the Islamic era.

In fulfilling this goal, other secondary goals were achieved that studying the geographical and historical contexts of the formation and development of Natanz city, investigating the defense facilities and communication network in order to achieve the research goals regarding the effective factors and events in trend of shaping and development of Natanz and it tried to answer all questions. In order to answer the research question and to achieve its goals in the first stage, it was tried to collect all written sources and historical, geographical texts, travelogues, conquests, endowments, inscriptions in the studied works

55/ Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 1, Vol. 14, Serial No. 29 / Spring 2022

and information about the research and historical background of the region. Next the historical monuments data in the historical context of the city were collected and registered in special forms in a systematic way. Then the collected data were entered in related software (such as SPSS-GIS) for performing analysis. In field studies, two methods of remote measurement and field survey (selective) were used and the required cultural materials were collected by non-probable sampling method. The results of the studies mentioned in this paper showed that the specific geographical and climatic location of the city of Natanz has played a key role in shaping and sustaining its life. In Iranian cities, construction of defensive fortifications and castles has been considered as one of the main infrastructures in the construction and establishing the security of city residents. Although the city of Natanz was surrounded by the Karkas and Siah Kuh mountains, construction of these fortifications was not necessary, however, during the Sassanid era, defense fortifications were built on one of the Karkas Mountains, which is mentioned in the texts as a fortress and castle that had been used in historical times as a castle and a place of government treasuries. At that period, other castle (Baghbad Castle) was constructed in Afoshteh neighborhood, which was used until the Qajar period. In addition, in the Safavid period, another castle called Koohab Castle was constructed near Shah Abbas Garden which was only used to protect the Shah harem. According to the texts of the third century AH, Natanz was one of the important resorts of Rey-Isfahan main road. During the Seljuk period, with the importance of Isfahan as the capital city, the role of the Isfahan-Kashan road through Natanz as transportation route was increased, but the importance of Natanz road was almost lost during the Ilkhanid period due to the diminishing attention of the Ilkhanids to the city of Isfahan.In the Safavid period and re- election Isfahan as the capital city, the transportation and connective route through Natanz became very important and attracted many tourists to this city. According to the historical sources and the studied archaeological evidence, there is no doubt that the time of formation and the history of settlement in the city of Natanz can be related to the Sassanid period. As mentioned, in the historical periods, Natanz was an independent province, but based on the architectural evidence presented in this paper, the eighth century AH was the period of the migration of religious scholars (because of safety of Natanz before attacks and destruction) and the construction of valuable architectural works that can be considered the first time of its prosperity in the Islamic era. In the Safavid period Natanz was considered by the kings due to its pleasant climate and suitable hunting places and was used as the special province of Shah Abbas and other Safavid kings. Several buildings were constructed in this region by the order of the Safavid kings. In Qajar period, due to the fact that Natanz was annexed to Kashan, the importance of that city was reduced and it was relatively isolated.

ﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺎﮑﺗا

بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ و

يﺪﻤﺤﻣ ارﺎﺳ هﺪﯿﺳ

يﺮﺘﮐد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ

ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ .ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ و مﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺣاو ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود

نﺎﯿﻤﯾﺮﮐ ﻦﺴﺣ

1

هوﺮﮔ دﺎﺘﺳا نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

يروﺎﺟ ﻦﺴﺤﻣ

دﺎﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ رﺎﯾ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ .ناﺮﯾا ،نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ،نﺎﺷﺎﮐ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 30 / 04 / 1398 رﺎﺗ ؛ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 30 / 03 / 1401

ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ـ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ

هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

نآ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ نﻮﺘﻣ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ

ﯽﻣﺮﺑ ﺪﯾآ ، ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﯽﻤﯿﻠﻗا ﺖﺴﯾز بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ بﻮﻨﺟ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﮑﺒﺷ رد نآ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ،ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

تﻼﻓ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ ا ﺮﻬﺷ ود نﺎﻬﻔﺻا و نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳ ﻪﮐ

زا ﯽﮑﯾ هﺎﮕﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ـ ير هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ ﻢﻬﻣ هدﻮﺑ

وﺎﻫﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ دﻮﺟو .ﺖﺳا هدروآ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار يﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا و عﻮﻨﺘﻣ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺛآ و دﺪﻌﺘﻣيﺎﻫهﺎﮔراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﯽ ﯾﺑﺎ ﻞﮑﺷيﻪﻨ ﯿﻣز ي رد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا راودا رﺎﺛآ و (ﺎﻫﺰﯾرﺎﮐ ،ﻪﻌﻠﻗ ،هﺪﮑﺸﺗآ ،نﺎﻤﺴﯾرا ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﺳ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ) مﻼﺳا زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ) ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ

و ﺪﻤﺼﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﺦﯿﺷ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ،ﻪﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ

ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ يﺎﻫﺎﻨﺑ زا مﺎﻋ

ﻪﻌﻔﻨﻤﻟا ،(ﯽﻧﻮﮑﺴﻣ و يرﺎﺠﺗ ، ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

دﻮﺟو ِيﺰﮐﺮﻣ رازﺎﺑ رد دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫزاﺪﻧارﺎﺑ و ﺮﺒﮐاﯽ ﻠﻋ ،يرﺎﻔﻏ ،بﺎﻫﻮﮐ يﺎﻫاﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐﺮﯿﻈﻧ) دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫهﺎﮕﺘﻣﺎﻗا و لزﺎﻨﻣ ،(ﺮﻬﺷ

ﻧآ ﻦﻤﺿ ار ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ،دراد ﺖﯾﺎﮑﺣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ نﺮﻗ ﺎﺗ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ زا ﺶﯿﭘ راودا زا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ و ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا راﺮﻤﺘﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮑ ﻪﺑتﻻﻮﺤﺗ ،ﺪﻧراد ﺖﯾﺎﮑﺣ بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣﻪﮑﻧﺎﻨﭼ نآ .ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑيﺎﻫهﺎﮔراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻦﯾﺮﺗﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا زا ﯽﮑﯾ

ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﺪﺳ

ﺎﻫ ي زا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﺮﮔد

ﻧﻮﮔ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺷﺎﮐ و نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺖﺸﮔ .

،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

هﻮﻠﺟ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺧرﻮﻣ و نادﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا و نﺎﺷﺎﮐ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ رﺎﺛآ نﺎﺸﺧرد هرود

ﺎﻫ ي رﺎﺛآ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ

ﻪﮐ ﯽﺘﻠﻔﻏ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ ار ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ،يزﺎﺳﺮﻬﺷ ، ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ دﻮﺧ زا

ﻧ .ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ شﻼﺗ نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕ ﺎﮑﺗا

ﻪﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ و ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ار ﺮﻬﺷ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺪﻧور ،بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﺪﻧور رد ﯽﯾﺎﻫداﺪﯾور و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﻞﮑﺷ

دﻮﻤﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻔﯾا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺪﻧ

ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ؟

ار ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ثاﺪﺣا ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ

ناﻮﺗ ﺮﮔﺮﺑ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ رد يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺸﮔ مﻮﻠﻌﻣ هوﻼﻌﺑ .ﺪﻧاد

و ﻓﻌﺪا ﺗﺖ ﻌﯿﻮﻗ ﻣ وﯽﻌﺒﯿﻃﻂﯾﺮاﺷ ﻦﻨﯿﭽﻤ ﻫ و دهﻮ ﺑنﺮا اﯾيﺰﮐﺮ ﻣتﻼ ﻓﺪﺘﺳو اد د وﻫﺎناورﺎﮐ ﯽﻗﻼﺗ و رﻮﺒﻋ ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ

ﯽ . ﺖﺳ اده زﻢﻗ ر راي ﻔﻮﺻ وﯽﺎﻧﺨﯾﻠ ه اور دﮋهوﯾﻪ ﺑ وﯽﺨرﯾ ﺗﺎﻒﺘﻠﺨﻣ ار دو ر ا دن آﺖﯿﻤﻫ ، ا ﻨﺰ ﻧﻄﺮ ﻬﺷ ﮋهوﯾ

او هژ يﺎﻫ :يﺪﯿﻠﮐ

ﻻﻮﺤﺗ ت

،ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

، نﻮﺘﻣ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ .يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ،

1.

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻓﺮﮔ و ناﺮﯾا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ تروﺎﺠﻣ رد ﻦﺘ زا يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ

بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ياﻮﻫ و بآ دﻮﺟو ﺰﯿﻧ و1

هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ

يﺎﻫﺮﺛﺆﻣ يﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﯾا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ تﻼﻓ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ رد ³ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ﺐﺒﺳ ²ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻔﯾا رد ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻦﯾا ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ .ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ تﻼﻓ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ

رﻮﺸﮐ

، ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﺎﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .ﺖﺳا كﺪﻧا رﺎﯿﺴﺑ نآ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﻞﮑﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺮﺑ

نآ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ

ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي

،بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺎﺗ لﻮﺤﺗ ﺮﯿﺳ

رود رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺨﯾر ة

ار ﯽﻣﻼﺳا

درﻮﻣﻦاﯾﻪ ﺑﺦﺳ ﭘﺎﯽ ﭘ در د دﺮﮔﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ رﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ رد نآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ،ﻊﻗاورد .ﺪﻨﻫد راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﭘﺮ ﺳ ﺶ ﺑ ﻮ د ﮐ ﻪ ﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﻪ ﺳ ﮑ ﻮﻧ ﺖ د ر ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ﻧﻄ ﻨﺰ ﺑ ﻪ ﭼ ﻪ زﻣ ﺎﻧ ﯽ ﺑ ﺮﻣ ﯽ ﻪﭼ و ددﺮﮔ ﯾﺎﻫداﺪﯾور و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﺮﺑ ﯽ

ﻞﮑﺷتﻻﻮﺤﺗر د ﻨﺰ ﻧﻄ ﻪ ﻘﻄﻨ ﻣﻢ ﻠﯿ اﻗ وﯽﻓﺮاﮔ ﭘﻮ ﺗﻮﻪ ﮐﺪدﯾﺮ ﮔض ﻓﺮ ؟ ﺪاﻧهدﻮﺑراﺬﮔ ﺮﺛا ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ﻧﻄ ﻨﺰ

، ﺷ ﺒ ﮑ ﻪ ار ﺗﺒ ﺎ ﻃ ﯽ و ﺗ ﺄ ﺳ ﯿ ﺴ ﺎ ت د ﻓﺎ ﻋ ﯽ آ ن ﻧ ﻘ ﺶ ﻣ ﺆﺛ ﺮ ي د اﺷ ﺘ ﻪ ا ﺳ ﺖ . در اﯾ ﻦ را ﺳ ﺘﺎ

، ا ﻃ ﻼ ﻋﺎ ت

ﻣﻨ ﺘ ﺞ از ﻣ ﺘﻮ ن ﺗﺎ رﯾ ﺨ ﯽ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﭼ ﻬﺎ ر ﻋﻨ ﻮا ن اﻗ ﻠﯿ ﻢ و ﺟ ﻐ ﺮا ﻓﯿ ﺎ،

ﺷ ﺒ ﮑ ﻪ ،ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫ ﺴﯿﺳﺄﺗ

تﺎ و ﯽﻋﺎﻓد لﻮﺤﺗ

1 . :لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار

hkarimi@ut.ac.ir

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 14

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 1،

رﺎﻬﺑ 1401 57 /

راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ يزﺎﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ

.ﺪﻧا ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ ي تﻻﻮﺤﺗ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﺮﻬﺷ تﻼﻓ

ناﺮﯾا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ،

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي

،ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ

نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا كﺪﻧا

بﺎﺘﮐ رد ﯽﻔﻗاو ﻢﻈﻋا .ﺖﺳا

» ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ثاﺮﯿﻣ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

« ﻨﻄﻧ رﺎﺛآ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺰ

ﯽﻔﻗاو)

، 1396 .(

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ،ﯽﻠﺳﻮﺗ

» ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺷ يﺎﻫﺎﻨﺑ

ﺦﯿ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ رد ﺪﻤﺼﻟاﺪﺒﻋ «

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﯾا ار ﯽﺒﻫﺬﻣ

ﺖﺳا هدﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ

،ﯽﻠﺳﻮﺗ) 1372

ﻼﯿﺷ (.

بﺎﺘﮐ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﻠﺑ

» رد ﯽﻧﺎﺨﻠﯾا يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

« هﺪﯿﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ

ﺦﯿﺷ راﺰﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار ﺪﻤﺼﻟاﺪﺒﻋ

،ﺮﻠﺑ) 1387

ﺮﺛا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

ﯽﻔﯿﻟﺄﺗ رﺪﺑ ﯽﻘﺗ هداز ﺎﺑ يرﺎﺼﻧا

ناﻮﻨﻋ

» زوﺮﻣا و زوﺮﯾد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ «

) ﯽﻘﺗ هداز ،يرﺎﺼﻧا 6831

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ (

اﺳ ﺖ . در ز ﻣﯿ ﻨ ﻪ ي ﻣ ﺮﻣ ﺖ آﺛ ﺎر و ﺑﺎ ﻓ

ﺖﺑﻄ راﯽﺳ ﺮر ﺑ ـ ﻨﺰ ﻧﻄﻪ ﻌﻤﺟﺪ ﺠﺴﻣﻪ ﻮﻋﻤﺠ ﻣيﯿﺎﺣ احﺮﻃ وﺖﺧﻨﺎﺷ » ان ﻨﻮ ﻋ ﺑﺎﯽﺸ وﻫ ﭘﮋﺰ ﻧﯿ ﻨﺰﻄ ﻧﯽﺨرﯾﺗﺎ ﻪ

دو ﺳ ﻮﯾ ﻪ ﻣ ﺴ ﺠ ﺪ ﺟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻪ و ﻣ ﺤ ﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ زا ر در ﺑﺎ ﻓ ﺖ ﻣ ﺮ ﮐ ﺰ ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ

)ﻗ ﺼ ﺒﻪ

ﻧﻄ(

ﻨﺰ

« ﺑﻪ اﻧ ﺠ ﺎم ر ﺳ ﯿ ﺪ ه و در آ ن ﻃ ﺮ ح ا ﺣ ﯿﺎ ء

ﻣ ﺴ ﺠ ﺪ ﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻊ ﻧ ﻄ ﻨﺰ ار اﺋ ﻪ ﮔ ﺮ دﯾ ﺪ ه ا ﺳ ﺖ

)ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺪ ﮔﺎ ر،

1 9 3 1 (.

2 . بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

و بﻮﺘﮑﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ

هﮋﯾو نﺮﻗ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ مﻮﺳ

ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ يﺮﺠﻫ ،ﻪﯿﻘﻓ ﻦﺑا ،ﯽﺑﻮﻘﻌﯾ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا

ﻦﺑا ﻪﺑدادﺮﺧ ﻦﺑا ،يﺮﺨﻄﺻا ،ﻪﺘﺳر ﻦﺑا ، ﺣ

ﻮﻗ ﻞ

، ﻣﻘ ﺪ ﺳ ﯽ

، ﯾﺎﻗ ﻮ ت ﺣ ﻤ ﻮ ي و ﺣ ﻤ ﺪا ﷲ ﻣ ﺴ ﺘﻮ ﻓ ﯽ ﻣ ﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮًا

ازﻫﺎﺮﻈﻨ ﻣ از ان ﺗﻮﯽﻣ ار رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣتﺎﻋﻼﻃا ؛ﺪﻧاﻪﺘﺧداﺮ ﭘن آﻒﯿﺻ ﺗﻮ ﻪ ﺑ و دهﺮم ﺑ ﻧﺎ ﻨﺰ ﻧﻄ ه ﺪ ﺑﻠ و ﯿﻪﺣﻧﺎ ي ويﺪﻨﺑﻪﺘﺳد ﯽﻋﺎﻓد تﺎﺴﯿﺳﺄﺗ و ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﻢ،ﯿ اﻗﻠ و ﺎ ﻓﯿﺮاﻐﺟ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﻞﯾذ حﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ

.داد

2 - 1.

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ يﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ﻢﯿﻠﻗا ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ

ﻦﯿﻟوا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ هژاو

و يﻮﻤﺣ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻢﺠﻌﻣ بﺎﺘﮐ رد رﺎﺑ نﺮﻗ رد

7 .ﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ق

،يﻮﻤﺣ) 1373 : 8 / 297

، (

ار ﻪﯿﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﯾا نآ زا ﺶﯿﭘ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾذ

» نﺎﺳﺎﻗ دﺮﺳ

« ﻪﯿﺣﺎﻧ ،

» هﻮﮐ ﺲﮐﺮﮐ

«

و اﺮﻐﺟ تﺎﺑﻮﺘﮑﻣ زا ﻪﮑﻧﺎﻨﭼ نآ .(244 :1365 ،ﺞﻧﺮﺘﺴﻟ) ﺪﻧاهدﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ «هﻮﮐ هﺎﯿﺳ» ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نﺎﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﯽﻓ

ﯽﻣﺮﺑ ﺪﯾآ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ،

(نﺎﺳﺎﻗ)

ﻪﯿﺣﺎﻧ ود ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯽﻣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ نﺎﺳﺎﻗ مﺮﮔ و نﺎﺳﺎﻗدﺮﺳ

ﺷ ﺪ ه ا ﺳ

4 ﺖ

)ﯾ ﻌﻘ ﻮﺑ ﯽ

،

4 7 3 1 : 5 7 2

.(

اﺑ ﻦ ﺧ ﺮ دا دﺑ ﻪ در ﻣ ﺴ ﺎﻟ ﮏ اﻟ ﻤ ﻤﺎ ﻟ ﮏ ﺑ ﻪ ﺗﻮ ﺻ ﯿ ﻒ رو ﺳ ﺘﺎ ﻫﺎ ي ﮐ ﺎ ﺷ ﺎ ن و ﻧ ﻄ ﻨﺰ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﻋ ﻨﻮ ان

)ر ﺳ ﺘﺎ ق

ﺳ ﺮ د ﻗﺎ ﺳ ﺎ ن و ﺟ ﺮ م )ﮔ ﺮ م(

ﻗ ﺎ ﺳ ﺎ ن

ﭘﺮ(

دا ﺧ ﺘ ﻪ اﺳ ﺖ

)اﺑ ﻦ ﺧ ﺮ دا دﺑ ﻪ،

1 7 3 1 : 4 2

. ا(

ﺑ ﻦ ﻓﻘ ﯿ ﻪ ﺿ ﻤ ﻦ ﺑ ﺮ ﺷ ﻤ ﺮ د ن ر ﺳ ﺘﺎ ق يﺎﻫ

ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ زا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ

» نﺎﺳﺎﻗ دﺮﺳ

« ﺖﺳا هدﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ

،ﻪﯿﻘﻓ ﻦﺑا) 1981

: 362

. (

ﻦﺑا ر ﺳ ﺘ ﻪ اﺻ ﻔ ﻬﺎ ﻧ

ﯽ هﺪﺷ ﻦﮐﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﯽﻧﺪاﻤﺣ ﻪ ﺑﯽﻮﺑ ﻌﻘ ﯾﺪ ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻫ، نﻬﺎﻔ اﺻيﻫﺎﺘﺎﺳو رﯽﺮﻓ ﻣﻌ ﺑﺎ هدﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا نﺎﺳﺎﻗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد

5ﺖﺳا

ﻦﺑا) ر ﺳ ﺘﻪ

، 1 7 3 1 : 2 8 1 (.

ﺮﺑ نﺎﺳﺎﻗ مﺮﮔ/مﺮﺟ سﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا

نﺎﺷﺎﮐ) (ﺮﯿﺴﻣﺮﮔ

نﺎﺳﺎﻗ دﺮﺳ و ﯽﻧﻮﻨﮐ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ

ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﺖﺳا

ﻞﮑﺷ) 1

رد ﯽﻓﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﷲاﺪﻤﺣ ،يﻮﻤﺣ تﻮﻗﺎﯾ زا ﺲﭘ .(

ﺖﻫﺰﻧ بﻮﻠﻘﻟا نآ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ زا

ﯾ هدﺮﮐدﺎ :ﺖﺳا هدروآ و ...»

زا ﻪﯾد هرﺎﭘ ﯽﺳ ﺐﯾﺮﻗ و ﻂﺳو يﺮﻬﺷ .ﺖﺳا مرﺎﻬﭼ ﻢﯿﻠﻗا زا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ نآ ﻊﺑاﻮﺗ

نﺎﻣﻮﺗ هد نآ ﯽﻧاﻮﯾد قﻮﻘﺣ .ﺖﺳا ﺖﺳا رﺎﻨﯾد ﺪﺼﻧﺎﭘ و راﺰﻫ ود و

«6

،ﯽﻓﻮﺘﺴﻣ) 1831

: 213 .(

ﺳ ﯿ ﻦﺴﺣﺪ

اﻟ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺤ لﺎﺳ رد

875 .ه ق ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻔﻗو رد :ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ار ﺰﻨﻄﻧ دﻮﺧ

...»

ﻊﺑاﻮﺗ زا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﻪﻨﯾﺪﻣ

نﺎﻬﻔﺻا نﺎﻣﻻاراد «

،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻔﻗو ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﺨﺴﻧ) 85

(ق.ه

ﯽﻨﯾرﺎﺘﻨﮐ ﻮﯿﺳوﺮﺒﻣآ.

لﺎﺳ رد7

) 1474 ـ يدﻼﯿﻣ 879

(يﺮﻤﻗ

مﺎﻧ و ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا زا ار نآ

ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ

) سﻮﻄﻧ

8(

نآ ﯽﻏﺎﺑ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ًﺎﻀﯾا و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﺒﺛ

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

ﯽﻨﯾرﺎﺘﻨﮐ) ، 1361 : 129

ﻢﻫد نﺮﻗ زا (.

ﺎﺑ يﺮﺠﻫ ﻞﮑﺷ

ﮔ ﯿﺮ ي رﻮﺗاﺮﭙﻣا ي ﻂﺑاور ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻪﯾﻮﻔﺻ

ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﯾدزﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﺣﺎﯿﺳ و نادﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ ،ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ نآ

ﺲﮑﯾﺎﺳ .ﺪﻧا بﺎﺘﮐ رد 9

ﺤﻣ زا ﺪﯿﺠﻤﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ناﺮﯾا رد ﻞﯾﺎﻣ راﺰﻫ هد :ﺖﺳا هدروآ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﯽﻏﺎﺑ تﻻﻮﺼ

...»

ﺎﯾﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ رد

هدﻮﺑ ﺎﺒﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ًﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﯽﺷﺎﮐ زا ﯽﻀﻌﺑ و

ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ًﻼﻌﻓ نﻮﺘﮕﻨﯾﺰﻨﮐ ثﻮﺳ هزﻮﻣ رد نﺪﻨﻟ10

هراﻮﯾد زا ﺖﺳا هﺪﻨﮐ نآ يﺎﻫ

ﻦﯾا ﺪﻧا

لﺎﺳ رد ار ﺪﺠﺴﻣ 715

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺮﺠﻫ ﺪﻧا

«

،ﺲﮑﯾﺎﺳ) 1336

: 211

ﭘ .(

زﺎﻣﻻودﺮ نﺎﻣز رد

ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ نﺎﻄﻠﺳ هﺎﺷ

ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ :ﺪﺴﯾﻮﻧ

» ﻦﯿﻣز نآ ﯽﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر ﯽﻟو زا طﺮﻓ ﯽﺑآ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ

ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ زا هﻮﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺪﯾآ و نآ ار يرﺎﯿﺑآ ﯽﻣ هﻮﯿﻣ و بﻮﺧ مﺪﻨﮔ ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ بﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻫد .«

) ،زﺎﻣﻻودﺮﭘ 1370،77

نژوا.(

11ﻦﺑوا زوﺮﻣا ناﺮﯾا بﺎﺘﮐ رد

) 1906 ـ 1907

ﺣﺮﺷ (

ﯽ هداد ﻪﺋارا ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا نﺎﻨﮐﺎﺳ و ﻢﯿﻠﻗا ،ﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ زا

21ﺖﺳا

ﻦﺑوا نژوا) ،

1931 : 282 .(

:ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ترادﻮﺘﺳا

...»

نآ فاﺮﻃا و ﺖﺳا ﻊﻗاو ﻪﭙﺗ ود ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﮑﯾرﺎﺑ رد ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻄﻧ

غﺎﺑ زا ﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ تﺎﻫد ار ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا ﺖﺧرد و هﻮﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ

...

« ترادﻮﺘﺳا)

، 1339 : 67 .(

ﻞﮑﺷ 1 ﮐوﺮﮐ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ . زا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﮏﯿﺗﺎﻤﺷ ﯽ

بﺎﺘﮐ ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا لﺎﺳ ، 287 يﺮﺠﻫ يﺮﻤﻗ (نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ)

Fig. 1: Drawing a schematic sketch taken from the book Al-Baladan, 287 AH (authors) 2 - 2.

ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫ

لﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﺘﺴﺨﻧ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﻪﺑ ناﺮﯾا ﻪﺑ مﻼﺳا دورو يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻬﺟ ﻊﻗاو نﺪﺷ زا نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ و ير ﺮﯿﺴﻣ رد ﺖﯿﻤﻫا

،ﺪﺷ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ا ي اﺪﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ نﺎﻧ نﺎﻣز نآ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ياﺮﺑ

ﻊﻗاو هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ قاﺮﻋ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ رد

هدﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ زا نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ قاﺮﻋ و ير ﺪﻧا

،ﻪﺘﺳر ﻦﺑا) 1371

: 190 ، ﯽﻧﺎﻬﯿﺟ ، 1368 : 156 ﻞﻗﻮﺣ ﻦﺑا ؛ ،

1366

: 142 ﯽﺳﺪﻘﻣ ؛ ، 1361 : 721

ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا .(

بﻮﻨﺟ و لﺎﻤﺷ و هﺪﺷ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻢﺸﯾﺮﺑا هار ﯽﻋﺮﻓ

ﺒﺗرا ار ناﺮﯾا طﺎ

ﻣ ﯽ هداد ﺖﺳا

ﯽﺿﺎﯾر) ، 1384 : 54

راودا رد .(

ﻨﺑ ﯽ ﻣا ﯿ ﻪ و ﻨﺑ ﯽ سﺎﺒﻋ تﺎﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ

ﻢﺠﻋ قاﺮﻋ گرﺰﺑ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نﺎﯾاوﺮﻧﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﺴﻣ هﺮﻣز رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ،نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ و 13

ﺖﻓر

ﺪﻣآودﺮﮐ رﻮﺒﻋ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا زا نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﻓر هار رد ﺰﯿﻧ (ع) ﺎﺿر مﺎﻣا تﺮﻀﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧاهدروآ و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺪﻧ

نﺎﯾﺮﻔﻌﺟ) ، 1387 : 467

لزﺎﻨﻣ حﺮﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ ،ﻪﺴﯿﻔﻨﻟا ﻖﯾﻼﻋا بﺎﺘﮐ رد ﻪﺘﺳر ﻦﺑا يﺮﺠﻫ مﻮﺳ نﺮﻗ رد .(

هدﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ دﺎﺑ و ،نﺎﮐد ،ﻪﻫﺎﻔﺻا ،قﺮﻃ لزﺎﻨﻣ زا ،ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ و ير ﺎﺗ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد ﯽﮕﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ14

ﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﺪ

،ﻪﺘﺳر ﻦﺑا) 1371

: 223

ﻦﺑا .(

ﻪﺑدادﺮﺧ آ ﻦﻤﺿ ﮏﻟﺎﻤﻤﻟا ﮏﻟﺎﺴﻣ بﺎﺘﮐ رد

ﺎﺗ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا لزﺎﻨﻣ زا ﻪﮑﻧ

ير مﺎﻧ هدﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﺰﯿﻧ ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ـ دﺎﺑ ،ﻪﻓﺎﻌﺿا ،زرﺎﺒﻧا لزﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ،

) ﻦﺑا ﻪﺑدادﺮﺧ ، 1371 : 43

ﻦﺘﻣ رد زرﺎﺒﻧا لﺰﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ نﺎﯾﺎﺷ .(

ﻦﺑا ﻪﺑدادﺮﺧ ﻦﺑا ﻦﺘﻣ رد قﺮﻃ نﺎﻤﻫ

ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺳر ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﯾد هﺎﮕﻟﺰﻨﻣ زرﺎﺒﻧا ؛ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﻮﺑ قﺮﻃ تازاﻮﻣ

ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد ود ﺮﻫ

ﯽﺨﺳﺮﻓ ﺞﻨﭘ

) 30 (ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ

راﺮﻗ مود لﺰﻨﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاد

ﺪﻧا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ؛ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ﯽﮕﻨﺳ طﺎﺑر

30

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 14

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 1،

رﺎﻬﺑ 1401 59 /

.دراد راﺮﻗ يزوﺮﻣا قﺮﻃ تروﺎﺠﻣ و نﺎﻄﻠﺳ طﺎﺑر يﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا طﺎﺑر ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ

دﻮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ ﺮﺼﻋ ه

وﺮﯿﺳ) ، 1370 : 117

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ،(

ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ زرﺎﺒﻧا نﺎﮑﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﮔ

ﯽﻋﺎﻓد تﺎﻣﺎﮑﺤﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ هرود رد ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ

ﺎﻫ ي فاﺮﻃا

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﮕﻨﺗﺎﮕﻨﺗ ﻪﻄﺑار نﺎﻬﻔﺻا

يﺪﻤﺣا و نﺎﯿﻤﯾﺮﮐ) ،

1387 : 81

مرﺎﻬﭼ نﺮﻗ رد .(

.ﻫ هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ لزﺎﻨﻣ ق

ﺎﺑ ير ـ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا لزﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣﺎﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ يﺮﮕﯾد مﺎﻧ

ﯾ هﺪﺷدﺎ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد

مﻮﺳ نﺮﻗ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ نﺮﻗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد . 5

و 6 هار ﻪﺑ يﺮﺠﻫ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﯽﻤﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ هرﺎﺷا ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ يرﻮﺒﻋ يﺎﻫ

زا نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺮﯿﺴﻣ نﺎﮐﺎﻤﮐ نﺎﻄﻠﺳ طﺎﺑر ،ﯽﮕﻨﺳ طﺎﺑر رد ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ رﺎﺛآ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻟو ﻖﯾﺮﻃ هار زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ دوﺮﻬﻗ رد گرﺰﺑ طﺎﺑر ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ فﺮﺷ

ﺪﻟا ﯾ ﻦ

ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ ﺮﺠﻨﺳ نﺎﻄﻠﺳ ﺮﯾزو ﯽﻤﻗ ﺮﻫﺎﻃﻮﺑا

ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﯽﺸﻨﻣ) ،

1364 : 68

ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ و نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ،(

نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺮﯿﺴﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ نآ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺰﯿﻧ يﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺧﺎﺷ ﯽﻗﻮﺠﻠﺳ هرود رد ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ

ﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﺮﻃ زا ن ﻖﯾ

.ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ترﻮﺧ ﻪﭼرﻮﻣ ﻢﺘﺸﻫ نﺮﻗ رد

(ﯽﻧﺎﺨﻠﯾا هرود)

نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﻓﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﷲاﺪﻤﺣ بﻮﻠﻘﻟا ﻪﻫﺰﻧ رد ﻪﮐ

هﺪﻣآ رﻮﺒﻋ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ زا نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﻪﺑ ير هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ ﻤﻧ

ﯽ هدﺮﮐ :ﺖﺳا ...»

ﻪﯾد ﺎﺗ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ زا :نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﯽﻟا نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﻦﻣ

ﮓﻨﺳﺮﻓ ﺶﺷ درﻮﺧ ﻪﭼرﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ وزا و ﮓﻨﺳﺮﻓ ﺶﺷ ﻂﺳاو ﻪﯾدﺎﺗ وزا ﮓﻨﺳﺮﻓ ﺖﺸﻫ دوﺮﻬﻗ ﻪﯾد ﺎﺗ وزا و

ﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﺗ ﻦﯿﺳ زا و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯽﻧادﺎﺑآ ﺎﻣا ﮓﻨﺳﺮﻓ هدزاود ﻦﯿﺳ ﺎﺗ ﻂﺳاوا زا ﯽﻧﺎﯿﻣ هار ﻪﺑ و ﮓﻨﺳﺮﻓ ﺖﺸﻫ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ...ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﮓﻨﺳﺮﻓ رﺎﻬﭼ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا «

ﯽﻓﻮﺘﺴﻣ) ، 1381 : 184

زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ يﻮﻔﺻ هرود رد .(

گرﺰﺑ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ يﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫ دﻮﺑ ﺖﺨﺘﯾﺎﭘ

ترﺎﻬﮐﻻ) ، 1383 : 4

طﺎﻘﻧ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﻬﻔﺻا و (

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ

وﺮﯿﺳ) ، 1370 : 10

زا .(

ﺋﺎﺠﻧآ ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻬﻋ رد ﯽﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ و ترﺎﺠﺗ هﺎﺷ

سﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ

رد ناورﺎﮐ و دﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ يﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،(نﺎﯾﻮﻔﺻ ﺖﺨﺘﯾﺎﭘ) نﺎﻬﻔﺻا و ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ زا يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ يرﺎﺠﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﯽﻫار ناﺮﯾا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ ﻦﯾا زا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ

ﯽﻗاﺮﻧ) ،

1352 :

ﯽﺗرﺎﯾز ﻦﮐﺎﻣا ﻪﺑ مدﺮﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .6(

ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ ،ﯽﻔﺻ ﺦﯿﺷ هﺎﮕﻣارآ و سﺪﻘﻣ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ

دﻮﺑ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا زا هراﻮﻤﻫ مدﺮﻣ روﺮﻣ و رﻮﺒﻋ

اورﻮﮕﯿﻓ) ، 1363 : 77

ﺮﯿﺴﻣ.(

ﺸﮐﺮﮑﺸﻟ ﯽ هﺎﺷ سﺎﺒﻋ ياﺮﺑ

اﺮﻫﺎﺷ ﻦﯾا زا ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﯿﻧﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺎﺑ ﮓﻨﺟ ) هدﻮﺑ ه

ناﺮﯾا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺲﻠﻃا ،

1387 : 118

ءﺰﺟ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ و (

ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﯽﻟزﺎﻨﻣ

هﺎﺷ سﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻢﺸﺣ مﺪﺧ و دﻮﺧ

ًﺎﻤﺋاد نآ زا نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ و ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﮕﯾد و ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﺒﻋ ﻣ ﯽ دﺮﮐ

ﯽﻤﻗ ﺪﻤﺣا ﯽﺿﺎﻗ) ،

1383 : 921

ﻪﮑﻧﺎﻨﭼ نآ .(

نادﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ و نﺎﺣﺎﯿﺳ شراﺰﮔ زا ﯽﻣﺮﺑ

ﺪﯾآ هرود ،

ا ﺮﯿﺴﻣ يﻮﻔﺻ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ و نﺎﻬﻔﺻ

ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻠﺻا هاﺮﻫﺎﺷ ود زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﯽﺣاﻮﻧ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺬﭘ ﯾ ﺖﻓﺮ .

دﻮﺑ ﯽﻫاﺮﻫﺎﺷ ﯽﮑﯾ

،ﺰﮔ يﺎﻫاﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ زا ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ و هدﺎﻘﭼ ،هداﺪﻧو ،ﻪﺳ ،ترﻮﺧ ﻪﭼرﻮﻣ ،هﺎﺷردﺎﻣ

رﺬﮔ دﺎﺑآﺮﺒﮔ و دوﺮﻬﻗ ﻣ

ﯽ دﺮﮐ

،ندرﺎﺷ) 1373 : 92

،ﻪﯿﻧورﺎﺗ ؛ 1336 : 88

،يرﺎﮐ ؛ 1348 : 60

ﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ و(

ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺮ

بآ اﻮﻫو ي درﻮﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﻞﺼﻓ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﮔ ﺮﻓ ﺘ ﻪ اﺳ ﺖ

)د ﯾﻮ ﻻ ﻓﻮ ا،

0 9 3 1 : 6 4 2 ؛ دو ﺑﺪ

،

4 8 3 1 : 9 2

ﺟ (؛

ﺎد ه زﻣ ﺴ ﺘﺎﻧ ﯽ از ﻣ ﺴ ﯿﺮ ﺳ ﺮ د ﻫ ﻦ

، ﻃ ﺮ ق

، ﺧ ﻔﺮ

، ﺧ ﺎﻟ ﺪآ ﺑﺎ د،

اﺑ ﻮز ﯾﺪ آﺑﺎ د ﻣ ﯽ ﮔ ﺬ ﺷ

5ﺖ . ﭘ1

ﺘﺮ و د ﻻ واﻟ

ﻪ ﺎﯾ ﻧﻤﯽ ﻣﯽﺮﻓ ﻣﻌ ر ﮏ زا ﺸﺧ ًﺎ ﻀﻌ ﺑ وﯽﻻﻧﻮﻃ رانآ ، ﻨﺰ ﻧﻄ ه ودﺪﺤ ﻣ ﺗﺎنﻬﺎﻔﺻ اﻦ ﺑﯿلزﻨﺎ ﻣﻒﯿﺻﻮ ﺗﻦﻤﺿ ﺪ

)د ﻻ واﻟ ﻪ،

1 3 4 8 : 1 2 8

ﻓﯿ (.

ﮕ ﻮﺋ ﺮو ا در ﻋ ﻬ ﺪ ﺷ ﺎه ﻋﺒ ﺎ س او ل از ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ﻫﺎ ي ﮐ ﺎ ﺷ ﺎ ن

، ﻗ ﻢ و ﺳ ﺎو ه ﮔ ﺬ ر ﮐ ﺮ ده

، و

در31 ا، ﺮوﻮﺋﮕﯿ)ﻓ ﺖﺳ ا ده ﺑﺮ م ﻧﺎ د( آﺑﺎج ﺗﺎنﻤﺎ )ﻫ د آﺑﺎﺮ ﺟ ﺗﺎترﻤﺎ ﻋ وﺮاﺴ واﻧ ﺎر ﮐ ازنﺎﺷﺎ ﮐ و ﻨﺰﻄ ﻧ ﺗﺎه رال ﺎزﻣﻨ

6 3

:2 3 4

اﺳ (.

ﺘﻮ دا ر ت د ر دو ره ﺷ ﺎه ﻋﺒ ﺎ س او ل ﺑ ﻪ ﻧﻄ ﻨﺰ ﺳ ﻔﺮ ﮐ ﺮ ده ﻧ ﻮ ﺷ ﺘ ﻪ اﺳ ﺖ :

».

..

ﺷ ﺐ ﺑ ﻪ ﻧﻄ ﻦ )ﻧ ﻄ ﻨﺰ ( ر ﺳ ﯿ ﺪﯾ ﻢ.

...

ﺳ ﭙ ﺲ ﺑ ﻪ

ﺳ ﺮ

د

ﻫ ﻦ ) ﺳ

َﺮ د

ﻫ ﻦ ( ﮐ ﻪ ﮐ ﺎر واﻧ ﺴ ﺮا ﯾ ﯽ د ر ﻗﻠ ﻪ ﺗ ﭙﻪ ﺑ ﻮ د ر ﺳ ﯿ ﺪﯾ ﻢ

« )ا ﺳ ﺘﻮ دا ر ت

، 1 3 3 9 : 6 7 (.

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ

ﮔ ﺮﯿﮕﻤﺸﭼ شﺮﺘﺴ رد ﯽﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ و ترﺎﺠﺗ

نآ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ و يﻮﻔﺻ هرود ﻣﺄﺗ

ﯿ ﻦ دﺎﺟ ﺖﯿﻨﻣا و هﺎﻓر ه

دﺎﺠﯾا و ﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷ ﺎﻫاﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ

،يﺰﯾرﺎﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ) 106:1343

ندرﺎﺷ .(

اﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ صﻮﺼﺧ رد يﻮﻔﺻ ي

ﺮﻬﺷ رد ﻪﮐ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

:ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷﺎﮕﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ يرﺎﺠﺗ هار ﺮﯿﺴﻣ

...»

اﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ نآ رد ﺰﻨﻄﻧ ناﺮﮔادﻮﺳ و ﺰﻨﻄﻧ مدﺮﻣ و دوﺮﻓ

ﯽﻣ آ ﺪﻨﯾ آ و ار اﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ ن ﻣﯿ

ﺮ ﻋﺎﻤﺳا ﯿ ﻞ هﻮﻬﻗ ﭼ ﯽ نﺎﻣز رد هﺎﺷ سﺎﺒﻋ ﯽﻣ دوﺮﻓ اﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ ﻪﭽﻧآ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ گرﺰﺑ ﺪﯾآ

ناﺮﮔادﻮﺳ ﯽﻣ دوﺮﻓ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

ﺰﻨﻄﻧ (لﺎﻘﺘﻣ) ﯽﻧﺎﻘﺜﻣ و سﺎﺑﺮﮐ و ﮏﺸﺧ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ و ﮏﺸﺧ ﺰﯾﻮﻣ نﺎﺸﯾا رﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﯾآ

« )

،ندرﺎﺷ 1372 /5

: .( 495 ،

ﻞﮑﺷ 2.

ﻧرﺎﮕﻧ زا حﺮﻃ و ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ) بﺎﻫﻮﮐ ياﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ ﯽﮕﻨﺳ ﻪﺒﯿﺘﮐ (نﺎﮔﺪ

Fig. 2: Stone inscription of Koohab Caravanserai (image and design by the authors)

ﺮﻣﺮﻣ ﮓﻨﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻨﯿﺋﺰﺗ رد ﺮﺳ يﻻﺎﺑ فﺮﻃ ﻪﺳ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا دﻮﺟﻮﻣ

ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو ﻪﺒﯿﺘﮐ

ﺖﻤﺴﻗ

يﺎﻫ :ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ نآ زاهﺪﻧﺎﻣﯽ ﻗﺎﺑ

...»

ﺮﻔﻈﻣ ﻮﺑا ﻢﻠﺳو هﺎﺷ

سﺎﺒﻋ ﻬﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺤﻟا يﻮﻔﺼﻟا ﻦﺑا ﺮﯿﻣ ﺎﻗآ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯿﻬﺸﻟا ﯽﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﻮﺑا ﯽﻫﺎﺷ هﺎﮔرد هﺪﻨﺑ .نﺎﺧ ردﺎ

ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯿﺧ ﻪﻌﻘﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻖﯿﻓﻮﺗ يﺰﻨﻄﻨﻟا ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺤﻟا ﯽﻠﻋ ﻦﺑا ﷲاﺪﺳا 1029

يﺮﺠﻫ و ﺪﯿﻧﺎﺳر مﺎﻤﺗا ﻪﺑ و ﺖﻓﺎﯾ

ﻪﺑ ءﻼﻋ هﺎﮔرد هﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﯾا مﺎﻤﺘﻫا و ﯽﻫﺎﺷ تﺮﻀﺣ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ رﺎﺛآ هﺪﻨﺧﺮﻓ رﺎﮔزور ﻪﺑ نآ باﻮﺛ ﻪﮐﺮﯿﻣا ﮏﻠﻤﻟا

ﯽﻧﺎﺑ

«...

ﻞﮑﺷ) 2

هدﺮﮐﺮﻔﺳ ناﺮﯾا ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﺻ هﺎﺷ نﺎﻣز رد ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟآ دﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ سﻮﯾرﺎﺌﻟوا مادآ.(

ﺎﺑ و زا رﻮﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫاﺮﻤﻫ ﺖﺌﯿﻫ

يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ رد نﺎﺷﺎﮐ و ﻢﻗ ،هوﺎﺳ ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ،ﻪﯿﻧﺎﻄﻠﺳ

ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 1047 ق.ه ﻪﺑ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﯽﻣ ﻨﺳر ﺪ ...» :

ﺑ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪ

ﺰﻨﻄﻧ يﺎﺒﯾز ﯽﻟو و ﻢﯾﺪﯿﺳر

رد ياﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ ﻣﺎﻗا ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ هﺪﯿﺳﺮﻧ ﯽﮔرﺰﺑ

ﻢﯾﺪﯾﺰﮔ ﺖ ﻦﯾا

ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺒﺳ دﻮﺟو بآ

بﻮﺧ زاﯽﮑﯾﮥﻠ ﻗزاﺮﻓﺮﺑﻪﮐﺖﺷادراﺮﻗﺰﯿﺗياﻪﻠﻗ ﺎﺑﺪﻨﻠﺑهﻮﮐودﺖﺳارﺖﻤﺳردوﺮﺑور. ﺖﺳارﺎﯿﺴﺑ رﻮﮕﻧانﺎﺘﺧرد وهﻮﯿﻣياراد ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﺟﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﺢﻄﺴﻣ و فﺎﺻ سأر ﺎﺑ ﺪﺷ

نﻮﭼ ﻪﺘﺴﺧ ﻪﺘﻓﻮﮐو

،ﻢﯾدﻮﺑ زا هﻮﮐ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻢﯿﺘﻓﺮﻧ آ ﺮﯾز رد ﻪﮐ ار ﻪﭽﻧ ﻣ

ﯽ ﻧاﻮﺧ ﯿ ﺪ

زا ﯽﮕﻨﺳ هﻮﮐ ﺰﻨﻄﻧ يﺎﺒﯾز و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ» :ﻢﻨﮐﯽﻣ ﻮﮔزﺎﺑ و ماهدروآ نوﺮﯿﺑ ﻮﻠﺴﻟﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﻧازور تاﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﺮﺘﻓد راﺮﻗ يﺰﯿﺘﮐﻮﻧ

دراد . نﻮﭼ ﺮﺑ زاﺮﻓ ﻗ ﮥﻠ ﯽﮑﯾ زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﺟﺮﺑ هﺪﯾد ﯽﻣ

،ﺪﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺑ ود ﺮﻔﻧ زا ﻢﻧاﺮﮐﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا رﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﮐ رد ،ﻢﻨﯿﺒﺑ ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺰﯿﭼ ﺎﺠﻧآ

ﺘﻓر ﻻﺎﺑ هﻮﮐ زا ﺮﻄﺧ دﻮﺟوﺎﺑ ﻢﯿ

، ﻦﻣ يﺰﯿﭼ ﺰﺟ ﮏﯾ ﺮﺑ ج

» هﺎﺷ سﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻌﻠﻗ ياﺮﺑ ) ، ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ دﺎﯾ ياﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ (

ﯽﺟﺮﺑ

جﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا) دﺮﮐ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺎﭘﺮﺑ زﻮﻨﻫ

( « ﻪﺘﺨﭘ ﺖﺸﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ مﺪﯾﺪﻧ ﺎﺠﻧآ رد ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ

دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ

.

نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�

ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�

، رود ة 14

، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 1،

رﺎﻬﺑ 1401 61 /

ﻞﮑﺷ 3 . :ﺰﻨﻄﻧ صﻮﺼﺧ رد سﻮﯾرﺎﺌﻟوا مادآ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﻔﺳ هرﺎﺷا درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ زا ﮏﯿﺗﺎﻤﺷ ﯽﻤﯿﺳﺮﺗ 1.

ياﺮﺴﻧاورﺎﮐ بﺎﻫﻮﮐ

2.

زﺎﺑﺪﺒﻨﮔ 3.

تﺎﻏﺎﺑ 4 . هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﺒﺼﻗ (نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ زا حﺮﻃ)

Fig. 3: Schematic drawing of the spaces mentioned in Adam Olearius's travelogue about Natanz:

1.Kohab Caravanserai 2.Gonbadbaz 3.Gardens 4.Qasabeh area (design by the authors) ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﯿﺋﺎﭘ جﺮﺑ ﺖﺸﻫ شﻮﮔ دﻮﺑ ﻪﮐ رد ﻻﺎﺑ روﺪﻣ هﺪﺷ و ﻒﻘﺳ نآ ار ﯽﺷﺎﮐ ﺑآ ﯽ ﮓﻧر هﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ دﻮﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا و زا ﺖﺴﻧاﻮﺗ

دور ﻻﺎﺑ نآ .

ﻦﯾا جﺮﺑ رد ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﯿﺋﺎﭘ ياراد ﺖﺸﻫ مﺪﻗ ﺮﻄﻗ دﻮﺑ و ﻪﺑ ﺐﺒﺳ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﺘﺷاد ،نوﺮﯿﺑ زا هﺮﺠﻨﭘ و رد يدﺎﯾز

ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد نآ نورد ﺪﺷ

، ﺮﺑ زاﺮﻓ هﻮﮐ ﺮﯿﻏ زا ﻦﯾا نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﭼ

عﻮﻧ ﺖﺧرد دﻮﺟو ﺷاد ﺖ ﯽﻤﻧ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻦﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻢﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

، زا

ﭻﯿﻫ ﺐﻌﺻ و فﺎﺻ رود ﺎﺗ ود ﯽﮕﻨﺳ هﻮﮐ ﻦﯾايﻻﺎﺑﻪﺑﻦﯿﺋﺎﭘ زاﻪﺘﺨﭙﻧﺖﺸﺧﻞﻤﺣياﺮﺑﻪﮐﯽﺘﻤﺣزﺰﺟمدﺮﮑﻧﺐﺠﻌﺗﺰﯿﭼ رﻮﺒﻌﻟا

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻣ .

ﻦﻣ ﻪﺳ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﻂﻘﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﻓر فﺮﺻ مدﺮﮐ ﻦﯿﺋﺎﭘ دﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﻄﺧ زا ﯽﻟﺎﺧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﺠﻧآ ﻪﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﻠﺤﻣ زا و

«مﺪﻣآ ﺌﻟوا) سﻮﯾرﺎ

، 1369 : 535 ( ﻞﮑﺷ) 3

ﭘ .(

هﺎﺷ ﯽﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﯿﺋوزژ يﺎﻫﺮﻧﻮﯿﺴﻣ زا زﺎﻣﻻودﺮ

نﺎﻄﻠﺳ هﺎﺷ ﺖﻨﻄﻠﺳ زﺎﻏآ و نﺎﻤﯿﻠﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ

ناﺮﯾا هﺪﻣآ و ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا لزﺎﻨﻣ هدﺮﮐ رﻮﺒﻋ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا زا

ﻦﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺖﺳا هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ار ﺰﻨﻄﻧ

زﺎﻣﻻودﺮﭘ)16

، 1370 : 78

ا ﻪﺑ ناﺮﻬﺗ ناﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ رﺎﺟﺎﻗ هرود رد .(

زا نﺎﻬﻔﺻ

رﻮﺒﻋ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ود ﻣ

ﯽ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا دوﺮﻬﻗ و ترﻮﺧ ﻪﭼرﻮﻣ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﯽﮑﯾ ، ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا يﺮﮕﯾد و

ﭻﯿﭘ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ و دﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺴﻣز هار ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ مود هدﺎﺟ .ﺰﻨﻄﻧ اواﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

ن هﻮﮐ و ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ

) ﻊﻗﻮﻣ نآ رد ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ

ﺖﺳا فﺮﺑ زا هﺪﯿﺷﻮﭘ لﺎﺳ

ﯽﻣ رﺬﺣ نآ زا ناﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ(

ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ

ﺪﺑود)

، 1384 : 29

ﺪﺣ هرود ﻦﯾا ناﺮﻓﺎﺴﻣ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ .(

ﺖﻤﺴﻗ زا ﯽﮕﻨﺳ طﺎﺑر ﺎﺗ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﻞﺻﺎﻓ هرود ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻪﻣادا يﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻧآ هدﺮﮐ رﻮﺒﻋ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا زا يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﺘﻣﺎﻗا و قﺮﻃ هﺪﮑﻫد ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ار دﻮﺧ هار يﻮﻔﺻ مﺎﻈﻧ

دﺎﺑآ يﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭼرﻮﻣ

ترﻮﺧ نآ زا و هدﺮﮐ ﺞﮐ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ

ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟاد) ، 1378 : 489

:ﺖﺳا هدروآ صﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﯾا رد اﻮﻓﻻﻮﯾد مادﺎﻣ (

...»

هار ود

ﻞﺼﺘﻣ قاﺮﻋ ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﺷﺎﮐ ﯽﻧاورﺎﮐ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﻄﻧ ﻪﺑ اﺮﺤﺻ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﻣز هار ﯽﮑﯾ

(ﺰﻨﻄﻧ)

ﻣ ﯽ دور ﻦﯾا رد .

هار ﺮﮕﯾد .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد يﺰﻠﻓ ءﻮﻟﻼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺒﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﺷﺎﮐ زا ﯽﺸﺷﻮﭘ ًﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺪﺠﺴﻣ ﻞﺤﻣ نارﺎﺑ ﻞﺼﻓ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﯽﻣ رﺎﺴﻫﻮﮐ ﻪﻨﻣاد زا ﭻﯿﭘرﺎﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ رﻮﺒﻋ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

ار نآ ﺎﻣ و درﺬﮔ

رﺎﯿﺘﺧا ﻢﯾدﺮﮐ «

اﻮﻓﻻﻮﯾد) ، 1390 : 227

ﺳ.(

ﯿ ﻒ ﻪﻟوﺪﻟا :ﺖﺳا هدروآ

...»

روﺮﻣ و رﻮﺒﻋ هار ﻪﺳود زا نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﻪﺑ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ زا

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ هار و نﺎﻘﺷﻮﺟ و ﺰﻨﻄﻧ زا هار ﮏﯾ ، ﻣ

ﻞﻓاﻮﻗ ﺮﺒﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧآ رﻮﻬﺸﻣ فرﺎﻌﺘ وﺮﻬﻗ هار ﺖﺳا

17د ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ، ﻢﻫ يور ار ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳا ﺰﻨﻄﻧ كﻮﻠﺑ تﺎﻫد زا ﯽﮑﯾ و ﺖﺳا دﺮﺳ ﺶﯾاﻮﻫ ﺪﻧزﺎﺳ

« ﺎﺟﺎﻗازﺮﯿﻣﺪﻤﺤﻣ) ،ر

1364 : 356

حﺮﻃ وا(

ﻫﺎ ﯾ ﯽ از اﺑ ﻨﯿ ﻪ

و ﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺎ ﺎﻫ ﺑﻨﻦ اﯾﺖ ﺮﻣ ﻣ وي ﺎزﺳز ﺑﺎ دره ﺎد ﺘﻔﺳ اﻞﺑ ﻗﺎﻊ ﻨﺎﺑ ﻣ از زه ﺮو اﻣﻪ ﮐ( 4ﻞﮑﺷ ) دهدا ﻪ اﺋ ار ﻨﺰﻄ ﻧﻦﮐ اﻣﺎ ب

ﻣ ﯽ ﺷ ﻮﻧ ﺪ.

د ر ﺷ ﮑ ﻞ ﺷ ﻤﺎ ره د و ﺗ ﻼ ش ﺷ ﺪ ه ﺗﺎ اﯾ ﻦ ﻣ ﺴ ﯿﺮ ﻫﺎ ي ار ﺗﺒ ﺎ ﻃ ﯽ ﺑﺎ زﯾ ﺎﺑ ﯽ ﮔ ﺮ دﻧ ﺪ

) ﺷ ﮑ ﻞ 5 (.