목 차
Ⅵ. 보전·관리방안
1. 보전·관리분야
표 Ⅳ-1-1. 가야산 정상부 주변의 기후변화 취약식물 ·············································· 479
2. 교육·홍보분야 3. 탐방·시설분야
그림목차
Ⅰ. 연구개요
1. 연구개요
그림Ⅰ-1-1. 가야산국립공원의 조사격자 ·········································································· 5 그림Ⅰ-1-2. 「2016년 가야산국립공원 자연자원조사」 추진체계 ······························ 6
2. 일반현황
Ⅱ. 연구분야
1. 지형·지질
그림 Ⅱ-1-1. 산지지역의 조사지역별 조사루트 ···························································· 28 그림 Ⅱ-1-2. 다양한 화성암체(김경렬, 2009; 일부 수정) ··········································· 30 그림 Ⅱ-1-3. 조사지역에 발달하는 대표적인 단애 ······················································ 31 그림 Ⅱ-1-4. 가야산국립공원에서 관찰되는 암석돔 ···················································· 32 그림 Ⅱ-1-5. 화강암체 내에 발달하는 수축절리의 형성 ············································ 33 그림 Ⅱ-1-6. 응력에 의해 생성된 공액절리 ·································································· 34 그림 Ⅱ-1-7A. 가야산국립공원에서 관찰되는 각종 절리 ··········································· 34 그림 Ⅱ-1-7B. 가야산 정상부 단애의 생성과 절리 ····················································· 35 그림 Ⅱ-1-8. 토르(tor)의 형성 과정(박 등, 2003 자료 편집) ···································· 36 그림 Ⅱ-1-9. 가야산국립공원에서 관찰되고 있는 다양한 토르지형 ························ 37 그림 Ⅱ-1-10. 가야산국립공원 일대에서 관찰되는 그루브 ········································ 39 그림 Ⅱ-1-11. 상황봉 정상에 발달하는 나마와 물의 유입 경로(우비정) ··············· 41 그림 Ⅱ-1-12. 가야산에 발달하는 절리동굴 ·································································· 42 그림 Ⅱ-1-13. 구조선과 산괴의 발달 ·············································································· 43 그림 Ⅱ-1-14. 애추사면의 발달 모식도 ·········································································· 45 그림 Ⅱ-1-15. 가야산국립공윈 내 발달하는 애추사면 ················································ 45 그림 Ⅱ-1-16. 두리봉 분계령 하단부에 발달하는 암괴류 ·········································· 46 그림 Ⅱ-1-17. 하천지역의 계곡별 조사위치도 ······························································ 47 그림 Ⅱ-1-18. 폭포의 발달 유형 모식도 ········································································ 48
그림 Ⅱ-1-19. 조사지역에 발달하는 폭포 ······································································ 49 그림 Ⅱ-1-20. 폭호의 발달이 미약한 평행후퇴형 폭포 ·············································· 50 그림 Ⅱ-1-21. 폭호가 발달하는 대체후퇴형 폭포 ························································ 50 그림 Ⅱ-1-22. 조사지역의 대표적인 폭호 ······································································ 51 그림 Ⅱ-1-23. 조사지역에 발달하는 소(pool) ································································ 53 그림 Ⅱ-1-24. 하천의 침식작용과 하식애 전경 ···························································· 54 그림 Ⅱ-1-25. 한반도와 주변의 지체구조도 ·································································· 55 그림 Ⅱ-1-26. 한반도의 지체구조도 ················································································ 56 그림 Ⅱ-1-27. 가야산국립공원지역의 지질분포도 ························································ 59 그림 Ⅱ-1-28. 편마암류와 지형특성 ················································································ 61 그림 Ⅱ-1-29. 회장암과 회장암으로 구성된 암봉 ························································ 62 그림 Ⅱ-1-30. 화성암의 산출상태 ···················································································· 65 그림 Ⅱ-1-31. 보웬의 반응계열(김, 2003; 일부 수정) ················································· 66 그림 Ⅱ-1-32. 규산염광물의 결정구조(김, 2003; 일부 수정) ····································· 67 그림 Ⅱ-1-33. 회장암-해인사화강암의 접촉대와 지형 특성 ······································ 68 그림 Ⅱ-1-34. 관입암의 위치와 풍화에 대한 저항도 ·················································· 69 그림 Ⅱ-1-35. 한반도에 발달하는 구조선과 변형작용 ················································ 70 그림 Ⅱ-1-36. 조사지역에 발달하는 구조선의 방향과 지형 ······································ 70 그림 Ⅱ-1-37. 파괴가 발생할 수 있는 암반사면의 두 유형 ······································ 72 그림 Ⅱ-1-38. 탐방로의 부정적 영향 ·············································································· 73 그림 Ⅱ-1-39. 만귀정과 상왕봉의 표석 ·········································································· 74
2. 식생
그림 Ⅱ-2-1. 가야산국립공원 식생조사 지역 ································································ 80 그림 Ⅱ-2-2. 가야산국립공원 식물군락 단면도(Ⅰ) ····················································· 89 그림 Ⅱ-2-3. 가야산국립공원 식물군락 단면도(Ⅱ) ····················································· 90 그림 Ⅱ-2-4. 가야산국립공원 식물군락 단면도(Ⅲ) ····················································· 91 그림 Ⅱ-2-5. 가야산국립공원 현존식생도 ······································································ 92 그림 Ⅱ-2-6. 관음골습지 현존식생도 ·············································································· 95 그림 Ⅱ-2-7. 관음골습지 군락단면도 ·············································································· 96
3-1. 식물(관속)
그림 Ⅱ-3-1-1. 조사지역 및 격자 ·················································································· 104
그림 Ⅱ-3-1-2. 가야산국립공원의 멸종위기야생식물 ················································ 109 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-3. 가야산국립공원의 적색자료집 식물 ·················································· 110 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-4. 가야산국립공원의 고유식물 ································································ 113 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-5. 가야산국립공원의 식물구계학적 특정식물 ······································ 117 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-6. 가야산국립공원의 귀화식물 ································································ 123 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-7. 가야산국립공원에 분포하는 생태계교란야생식물 ·························· 124 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-8. 가야산국립공원의 기후변화 취약식물 ·············································· 128 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-9. 가야산국립공원의 기후변화 취약식물의 수직 분포(식재종 제외) ··· 130 그림 Ⅱ-3-1-10. 새롭게 확인된 가야산국립공원의 식물 ·········································· 133
3-2. 식물(선태)
그림 Ⅱ-3-2-1. 조사지점 ·································································································· 140 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-2. 현장조사(좌) 및 건조표본(우) ···························································· 141 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-3. 상왕봉 전경(좌) 및 능선부 생육환경(우) ········································ 149 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-4. 하늘이끼(좌) 및 칼잎이끼(우) ···························································· 149 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-5. 홍류동 계곡 전경(좌) 및 계곡부 주변 생육환경(우) ···················· 150 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-6. 산솔이끼(좌) 및 물겉게발이끼(우) ···················································· 150 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-7. 백운동계곡 전경(좌) 및 계곡부 주변 생육환경(우) ······················ 151 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-8. 곱슬이끼(좌) 및 삿갓우산이끼(우) ···················································· 151 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-9. 깃대봉 관음골 습지 전경(좌) 및 생육환경(우) ······························ 152 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-10. 아기들덩굴초롱이끼(좌) 및 아기목걸이이끼(우) ·························· 152 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-11. 석계동 계곡 전경(좌) 및 계곡부 생육환경(우) ···························· 153 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-12. 보리알이끼(좌) 및 참지네이끼(우) ·················································· 153 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-13. 홍류동 계곡 전경(좌) 및 능선부 생육환경(우) ···························· 154 그림 Ⅱ-3-2-14. 대호꼬리이끼(좌) 및 둥근날개이끼(우) ·········································· 154
4-1. 포유류(중·대형)
그림 Ⅱ-4-1-1 조사지점 ··································································································· 163 그림 Ⅱ-4-1-2. 무인센서카메라 설치 ············································································ 165 그림 Ⅱ-4-1-3. 멸종위기Ⅰ급 수달 ················································································ 167 그림 Ⅱ-4-1-4. 멸종위기Ⅱ급 삵 ···················································································· 167 그림 Ⅱ-4-1-5. 멸종위기Ⅱ급 담비 ················································································ 167 그림 Ⅱ-4-1-6. 멸종위기Ⅱ급 무산쇠족제비 ································································ 167
4-2. 포유류(소형)
그림 Ⅱ-4-2-1 조사지점 ··································································································· 174 그림 Ⅱ-4-2-2. 생포트랩 설치(좌) 및 포획된 흰넓적다리붉은쥐(우) ···················· 175 그림 Ⅱ-4-2-3. Mist-net 설치(좌) 및 동굴 내 박쥐류 모니터링(우) ··················· 176 그림 Ⅱ-4-2-4. 관음골 동굴(좌) 및 동면중인 관박쥐(우) ········································ 179 그림 Ⅱ-4-2-5. 석항령굴(좌) 및 관코박쥐(우) ···························································· 180 그림 Ⅱ-4-2-6. 토끼박쥐(좌) 및 하늘다람쥐 배설물(우) ·········································· 183
5. 조류
그림 Ⅱ-5-1. 조사지점 ······································································································ 190 그림 Ⅱ-5-2. 가야산국립공원에서 관찰된 조류의 분포율 ········································ 192 그림 Ⅱ-5-3. 가야산국립공원 내 종다양도, 종풍부도, 종균등도 ···························· 193 그림 Ⅱ-5-4. 가야산국립공원 격자별 종수 및 개체수 ·············································· 197 그림 Ⅱ-5-5. 가야산국립공원 격자별 다양도, 풍부도, 균등도 ································ 197 그림 Ⅱ-5-6. 가야산 계절별 종다양도, 종풍부도, 종균등도 ·································· 210
6. 양서류
그림 Ⅱ-6-1. 조사지점 ······································································································ 226 그림 Ⅱ-6-2. 양서류의 종류별 수직 분포도 ································································ 234
7. 파충류
그림 Ⅱ-7-1. 조사지점 ······································································································ 244 그림 Ⅱ-7-2. 파충류의 종류별 수직 분포도 ································································ 251
8. 담수어류
그림 Ⅱ-8-1. 조사지점 ······································································································ 261 그림 Ⅱ-8-2. 가야산국립공원의 어류에 대한 목별, 과별 어종의 구성 ················· 265 그림 Ⅱ-8-3. 가야산국립공원의 각 종별 상대풍부도와 항존도 ······························ 267
9. 곤충
그림 Ⅱ-9-1. 조사지점 ······································································································ 279 그림 Ⅱ-9-2. 조사방법 ······································································································ 282
그림 Ⅱ-9-3. 각 분류군별 출현 종수 ············································································ 284 그림 Ⅱ-9-4. 전체 곤충상 분류군별 출현율(%) ························································· 285 그림 Ⅱ-9-5. 권역별 곤충상 ···························································································· 286 그림 Ⅱ-9-6. 환경부 지정 멸종위기야생생물 II급 ··················································· 290 그림 Ⅱ-9-7. 주요 곤충 ···································································································· 292 그림 Ⅱ-9-8. 미기록 후보종 ···························································································· 293 그림 Ⅱ-9-9. 분류군별 선행조사의 비교 ···································································· 296 그림 Ⅱ-9-10. 분류군별 문헌과 현지조사 미확인 및 추가종 현황 ························ 296
10. 저서성대형무척추동물
그림 Ⅱ-10-1. 조사지점 ···································································································· 304 그림 Ⅱ-10-2. 저서성대형무척추동물의 출현종수에 따른 전체 분류군 구성 ······ 319 그림 Ⅱ-10-3. 저서성대형무척추동물의 출현개체수에 따른 전체 분류군 구성 ·· 319 그림 Ⅱ-10-4. 격자별 저서성대형무척추동물의 분류군별 종구성 ·························· 320 그림 Ⅱ-10-5. 격자별 수계의 저서성대형무척추동물 출현 종수 ···························· 321
11. 진정거미류
그림 Ⅱ-11-1. 조사지점 ···································································································· 335 그림 Ⅱ-11-2. Saitonia kawaguchikonois Saito & Ono, 2001. ······························ 344 12. 고등균류
그림 Ⅱ-12-1. 조사지점 ···································································································· 358 그림 Ⅱ-12-2. 담자균과 자낭균의 발생 비율 ······························································ 362 그림 Ⅱ-12-3. 목별 고등균류 출현종수 ········································································ 362 그림 Ⅱ-12-4. 월별 강우량과 버섯발생량 비교 ·························································· 364
13. 담수조류
그림 Ⅱ-13-1. 조사지점 ···································································································· 378 그림 Ⅱ-13-2. 홍류동 계곡의 전기전도도의 변화 ······················································ 383
14. 경관
그림 Ⅱ-14-1. 능선경관과 전경의 구분 ········································································ 419 그림 Ⅱ-14-2. 산악경관(전경 및 능선) ········································································· 422 그림 Ⅱ-14-3. 산악경관(봉우리 및 계곡) ····································································· 423 그림 Ⅱ-14-4. 산악경관(바위) ························································································· 424 그림 Ⅱ-14-5. 산악경관(바위) ························································································· 425 그림 Ⅱ-14-6. 산악경관(바위) ························································································· 426 그림 Ⅱ-14-7. 산악경관(폭포, 소, 군락, 길) ································································ 427 그림 Ⅱ-14-8. 문화경관 내 마을경관(건축물) ····························································· 428 그림 Ⅱ-14-9. 문화경관 내 사찰·사적경관(사찰 길, 노거수) ································ 428 그림 Ⅱ-14-10. 문화경관 내 사찰·사적경관(사찰전경) ··········································· 429 그림 Ⅱ-14-11. 문화경관 내 사찰·사적경관(사찰전경) ··········································· 430 그림 Ⅱ-14-12. 문화경관 내 사찰·사적경관(사찰전경, 사찰건물) ························ 431 그림 Ⅱ-14-13. 문화경관 내 사찰･사적경관(사찰 건조물, 사적) ···························· 432 그림 Ⅱ-14-14. 제외경관 사진 ························································································ 435
Ⅲ. 종합고찰
그림 Ⅲ-1. 2007년 및 2016년 동·식물 서식정보 비교 ············································ 445 그림 Ⅲ-2. 합천지역의 연평균 기온과 강수량의 변화 ············································ 446 그림 Ⅲ-3. 가야산국립공원의 지형·지질학적 특성과 계곡의 주구조선(동성봉릿지) ·· 447 그림 Ⅲ-4. 가야산국립공원의 식생보전등급 ································································ 448 그림 Ⅲ-5. 가야산국립공원 현존식생도 ········································································ 450 그림 Ⅲ-6. 고도별 생물자원의 분포 경향 ···································································· 451 그림 Ⅲ-7. 신종 및 미기록종 후보의 사진 ·································································· 457 그림 Ⅲ-8. 가야산국립공원내 기후변화취약종(33종, 식물)의 수직적 분포현황 ·· 462 그림 Ⅲ-9. 가야산에 분포하는 생태계교란야생식물 ·················································· 464 그림 Ⅲ-10. 가야산에서 출현한 주요 선태식물 ·························································· 468 그림 Ⅲ-11. Pristiphora sp.의 성충과 유충 ································································· 469 그림 Ⅲ-12. 황다리독나방 유충과 황다리독나방에 기생하는 맵시벌 ···················· 470
Ⅵ. 보전·관리방안
1. 보전·관리분야
그림 Ⅳ-1-1. 가야산 정상부 주변의 기후변화 취약식물의 분포 현황 ·················· 478 그림 Ⅳ-1-2. 무인센서카메라에 촬영된 고양이와 개 ················································ 480 그림 Ⅳ-1-3. 동일 서식지 내에서 확인된 삵과 고양이 ············································ 481 그림 Ⅳ-1-4. 멸종위기야생생물Ⅰ급 수달 배설물 ······················································ 482 그림 Ⅳ-1-5. 서성재의 등산객 ························································································ 484 그림 Ⅳ-1-6. 가야산국립공원 주변 개발현장 ······························································ 484 그림 Ⅳ-1-7. 애기뿔소똥구리 관리방안 ········································································ 486 그림 Ⅳ-1-8. 자원가치가 있는 희귀종 ·········································································· 488 그림 Ⅳ-1-9. 상왕봉, 칠불봉 안내판 ············································································· 489 그림 Ⅳ-1-10. 상아덤, 칼바위 인공시설 ······································································· 490 그림 Ⅳ-1-11. 광풍뢰·자필암·음풍뢰 및 소리길 교량 ·········································· 491 그림 Ⅳ-1-12. 농산정 ········································································································ 491 그림 Ⅳ-1-13. 홍류동 마을과 원치인 마을 ·································································· 492
2. 교육·홍보분야
그림 Ⅳ-2-1. 가야산 인근 주민들이 주로 채취하는 야생버섯 ································ 501
3. 탐방·시설분야
그림 Ⅳ-3-1. 치인야영장 윗굴 전경(좌) 및 안내판(우) ············································ 505 그림 Ⅳ-3-2. 탐방교육에 활용 가능한 야생버섯류 ···················································· 508