TAP CHI KHDA HDC - SD I B / Z D l ?
BAI THO ONGDOCm VU OINH UEN - NHIN TlJ GOC DO KJ HIEU HOC VAN BAN
Le Nguyen Can Truang Dai hoc Suphgm Ha Noi
Totn tSt: Bai viet vdn dung cdch thuc phdn tich vdn bdn vdn hoc tir goc do ki hieu hgc vdn bdn di chi ra cdi bi gdn vdi mgt thi he trong budc chuyen minh cua lich sir, dugc tdt hien trong bdi tha "Ong do" noi tieng ciia nha tha Vit Dinh Lien
Tic khoa: Vii Dinh Lien, Ong do, ki hieu hgc van ban
1. MO DAU
Moi tac ph^m van hgc, cd the dai co the ngan, cd the la mgt bai tho vai ba cau, cd the la mgt tidu thuyet nhiSu tap... nhtrng deu dugc coi la mgt van ban dugc viet ra theo each thuc nghe thuat, ham chiia tinh chat nghe thuat, theo mdt khudn thiic hay mdt md hinh sang taonghe thuat dac thit ciia ngdn ngG, tuan thii cac dac trung ciia ngdn ngu:, dugc gan ket theo cac qui tac ngii phap, dugc to chiic theo trat tu cii phap va dap img each thiic sir dung ngdn tir theo ngii dung hgc. Trong van ban ay, cac tir ngii, cac cau triic ngir phap, cac hinh anh hinh tugng, cac Idi ndi, cac each thirc dien dat qui udc... deu la nhiing ki hieu van ban, gan lien vdi van ban va lam sang to thdng diep van hda ma van ban mudn chuyen tdi, ddng thdi cac ki hieu nay, ngoai nghla tu than cdn cd nghla phai sinh hay chuyen ddi sang nghia khac ma day chinh la sue manh nghe thuat ciia ngdn tir, tao ra su da nghTa, da ngdn, da dang, da hinh, tao ra 7/8 phan chim cua tang bang nhu each ndi ciia E.Hemingway.
Nhu vay, ki hieu hgc van ban, mgt mat la hinh thiic chuyen tai thdng tin theo y do cua tac gia. mat khac, la su sang tao thdng tin, qua cac nghla mdi - cac nghia tao sinh bang chinh sy ket hgp xay ra giiia cac ki hieu, duge tao sinh bdi nang lire sang tao nghe thuat CLia tac gia, thudng vugt ra ngoai y dd chit quan ciia tac gia. Ngi dung thong tin do ngoai nghTa eu the thay ngay edn cd nghla ham an. chiia dung eac tang nghta khac nhau trong van ban van hgc va phan tich van ban van hgc chinh la lam sang td hay lam Id ra cae ting
Nhan bai ngay 19 4 2017; gin phan bien, chinh sira va duyet dang ngay 20 6.2017 Lien he tac gia. Le Nguyen Can; Email.lenguyencan'Syahoo com.vn
6 II T R U d N G BAI HOC T H U B 6 J H A N g i
nghla nay va dgc van ban tiic la tim hilu ngi dung eac tang nghta dugc sinh ra trong ban. Trong y nghla nay, ta dg dang thdy, tha chinh la cai nSm ngoai nhiing gi dugc dgc qua sy tao hinh va qua am thanh ciia cac con chii, ndi rgng la ngi dung cua tac pham van hgc nghe thuat vugt ra ngoai khuon khd ciia tac p h ^ van hoe nghe thuat da dgc hay thudng thtie. NghTa cua tac ph4m van hgc la cai tao ra sue sdng ban vimg cho tac pham van hgc qua kha nang ggi md lien tudng, kich thich tri tudng tugng va nang luc tri tue, kich thich kha nang ngdn ngir cua con ngudi, theo each tir ggi ra tir, ki Ore ggi ve ki tic. Cach hieu nay se duge van dung de phan tich bai tho Ortg do eiia Vu Dinh Lien.
2. N Q I D U N G
Cai nhin bao quat toan bd bai tho, cai nhin tao ra y tho va tii tho la ca/ nhitt hoai niem.
Xac lap diSu nay la rdt quan trgng, bdi vi diem nhin nghe thuat ciia chii the trii tinh trong tho hay ciia ngudi kk chuyen - ngudi tran thuat trong van xuoi, se chon ra cae ki hieu tao thanh van ban va qui dinh each thirc sir dung phii hgp cac ki hieu van ban de tao nghta. Cai nhin hoai niem d day duge trai ra tren true thdi gian qua cac tir ngii hay ki hieu chi thdi gian hay ghi lai sy cam nhan dau an ki niem cua thdi gian: Mot nam - lai thdy/ nhung - moi nam moi vdng - ngieai viet thiie nay ddu/ nam nay - khong thdy.
Bai tho ed nam kho tho, moi kho bon cau tho, moi cau tho nam chii. Hinh thiic tha nam chir nay eung thuc hien chtic nang tao khae an tugng, vita la de tai hien vita de ghi lai, vira minh dinh mgt an tugng, vira md ra mgt suy tu. Hinh thirc tho nam chir diit khoat, lanh liing, ranh rot, moi ehti ed sue nang rieng ciia nd, ed kha nang truyen cam dac biet ctia nd, cd trat ty khong the dao ngugc, dien ta eai da qua khdng trd lai, khong the niu giii. Su kien eiia bai tho chi la an tugng ve ong do gia ban chii ehiie phiic liic nam het tet den ma sy kien nay dugc ghi lai bang net dgc dao d Viet Nam: do la hoa dao nd vao dip tSt d^n xuan ve, llic cai ngheo dugc phd ra, cai giau eung co dip tha siic khoe minh, nhung giira cai ngheo va eai giau deu cd chung niem vui chia se va khi khdng con xay ra sy chia se diim hoc thi tat yen bi kich nhan sinh xay ra. Cai bi kich do cung chinh la bi kich mang tinh lieh sir cua mgt thdi ma tac gia - nha tho VQ Dinh Lien la mgt chung nhan.
Khd tho dau mang tdi mdt thdng bao, lien quan tdi sy kien tao ra earn xiic eho nha tha lien quan tdi an tugng tao ra tu tho cho bai tha: su kien ve mgt ong dd ban chii treo tSt Cau "Moi nam hoa dao n&" bieu thi tinh thdi gian rat ddc dao. vira la thdi eian bSne nam thang lich bieu {Moi nam) vira la thdi gian eiia ca\ cd chi thj miia {hoa dcto ~ n(r\ "Tir
"moi" di lien vdi tir "nam" cho thay tinh chat lap lai, tinh chat chu ky, nhime ban th" ti'r
"md/" edn tao ra gia tn ddng qui, mang tinh chat ddng qui, tao diem nb^n dd su " '" ' hoa dao xuat hien. Tir "nam" la don vi do thdi gian, la mgt dai lugng thdi gian man T t' h
TAP CHI KHDA HOC - BD 1S/2D17
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chit chu ky, tuAn hoan. Nlu dung chii "hang" (hang nam) thi nghla ciia tir du khong thay d6i nhung tinh ch4t ddng qui khong con, vi tu "hang" vdi thanh huyen cua no tao ra sir dan trai tan xa menh mong, chii khong mang tinh qui tu ve mot diem.
"Hoa dao" la loai hoa dac biet, chi no vao thai didm dac bilt, thdri dilm chuySn miia cudi dong ddu xuan va cung chi no duy nhat mot lan trong nam, cho thay tinh chat dac thii cua thdi gian, d day, gSn vdi mot su kien dac bidt, mot thdi gian dac biet de tao thanh kieu thdi gian hoai niem thdi gian cua ki tic. Viec chgn "hoa dao" cung rat dac biet boi le hoa dao mang trong no mot gia tri van hoa Viet: hoa ciia mua xuan, hoa cua xuan ve tet den, hoa ciia sy sang trang chuyen minh, nhimg la loai hoa hiiu sac vd huong.
Cau thu hai md diu bang tir "/a/" co gia tri tao khac tinh chu ky, tinh lap lai, de khSng dinh mgt hanh ddng, mgt sy quan sat, hay diing hen la mgt cai nhin ciia nhiep anh gia: "M th^", nhan manh tinh an tugtig ciia ki niem da dugc khac vao tri nhd va bijrc chan dimg dugc tao ra la mgt "ong dd gid". Chii "lai" chi sy gap g5 cua ki tic cua ki niem, cua mdt su kien chi xay ra mgt Ian trong nam, khong lap lai trong cimg mgt nam, chi ra tinh chat tam thdi, mong manh, tinh khdng bin vung. Cum tii "dug dd gid" mang trong no kha nang gidi thieu hay tai hien nhan vat tu nhieu goc do: tudi tac {gia), gidi tinh {ong), nghe nghiep {ong do) va theo do la dia vi xa hgi {dia vi cua ong do trong xa hoi) tiong mgt hoan canh mdi dugc ggi ra bing ddng tir md ddu cdu thut ba: "bay". Khi lien tuong "bdy" (trong: bay hang hoa, tnmg cac do vat ra, pho ra) vdi "ong do" ta se thay tinh bi kich ciia hoan canh xuat hien, Bdi vi hang hoa ma ong do bay ra d day la mice tdu - gidy do: nhung thii thiing liSng gan vdi thai ki van hda chix Han, thdi ky ma vi tii ciia ong dd dang dugc coi tigng, tiong mgt the gidi neu chua han hoan toan x6 bd thi ciing da khac nhilu: "ben pho dong ngudi qua". "Muc tdu" va "gidy do" gan voi hinh thiic cho chii, xin chii, thinh chit rat thieng liSng tiong van hoa thu phap ma cai thieng lieng do la cai khong thi mua ban. Ngucri ta chi cho chii, chi tang chu chii khong ban chG, nhung 6 day chii da tid thanh ylu td hang hoa, va tir do tinh bi kich ciia thdi ky chuyen doi lich su xudt hien. Cho chii tang chu- con la thii cha tao nhd cua cac bac quan tu, ia the hien tinh chat tam tinh giiia nhiing ngudi co thien luong va cd tdm cam thien luong nhu trong Cha ngudi tu tu ciia Nguyin Tuan.
Tinh chdt hang hoa ciia muc tdu - gidy do con dugc the hien kha ro d cdu md ddu khd thii hai: "bao nhieu nguoi thue viet", so lugtig nguoi duang nhien khong cu thi nhung ciing mang tinh chdt xac dinh bai cdu tnic ngu phap ciia cdu tha: "bao nhieu... thi... bSy nhieu", tai sao cong thuc cdu tnic nay la mang tinh khing dinh, bai vi cai "bao nhieu" do deu qui tu lai d sy ddng nhdt y kien hay thing nhat vl each danh gia: "tdm tdc ngai khen tdi"- mgt su danh gia dugc nhdn len tdng tdng lop lop: "tdm tdc" "ngai" (tiong ca nggi)
"khen" (trong khen nggi), gan vdi nhung ylu to dam bao cho su danh gia cao va tap trung
•^ II T R U d N G BAI HOC THlIl B D H A N g £
do ia "hoa tay" (khdng dinh nang khieu, tai nang dac biet), "thao" "nhirng net" - "nhu phuffng mua rong bay" tire la dat tdi mirc tinh tiiy, kit tinh thanh cai dep cd dien qua tinh udc le ciia hinh tugng rdng-phirang, nghia la cac chir vilt tren td gidy do bang muc tdu ay deu tao ra nhiing gia tri lam thoa man thi hilu cua "bao nhieu ngudi", khien ho thoa man vi cai ma ong dd gia tao ra dap ung thi h i l u cong chimg tieu dung. Vi the, tat ca deu"tdm lac ngai khen tdi". Mgt tir cdn dugc chii y d day dd la "thao". "Thao" la mgt each viet,la loi vilt nhanh nhung la each vilt d i n mirc dieu luyen, la tuyet but, va vdi I6i viet "thao" da tao ra su tinh te, tao ra ve dep hdp ddn dac biet, tao ra linh hdn cua eon chii, tao ra cai "tdi", cai
"hoa tay" eiia ngudi cdm biit, ma ddy la mgt dae d i l m khong the thieu dugc ciia nghe thuat thu phap: chi can ludt but ma tao ra sue sdng cho eon chii, tao ra uy luc ciia chir, tao ra hon ciia chii, va nhiing nha thu phap khi dat dugc trinh do dieu luyen tinh te nhu vay thi dugc coi la ngudi cd than btit. Ong do hien ra a ddy cung co the coi la ngudi dat trinh do nhu vay. Tat ca nhimg Idi danh gia "tdm tdc ngai khen tdi" ciing nhu nhiing net "phuang mua rong bay" do khong lam giam bdt tinh bi kich cua cau chuyen. Tinh bi kich nay nam d cum tii "thue - viet". Ong do trd thanh ngudi ban chii, khong cdn la ngudi sang tao tinh than ma trd thanh ngudi san xuat vat chat. Ong do khong cdn la ngudi day chii thanh hien hay cho chir, tang chir thanh hien nu:a ma phai ban chir dudi hinh thiic viet thue, lam thue de dugc tra tien, cai tai viet chtr "phuang miia rong bay" trd thanh phucmg thiie kiem song cua ong do gia, cung la ciia mgt the he nho sT mgt thdi, thdi ky chuyen tir Nho hoe sang Tay hgc.
Tinh bi kich dugc gia tang d khd ba, bang tir "nhung" - eai tir tao ra budc ngoat hay su diit gay vo phuong ciiu chira bdi su nhan manh bang hinh thiic so sanh tiep dd; "Moi nam moi vdng" qua cdng thirc so sanh tang cap "moi - moi". Su so sanh dd edn duge giai thich bang mdt cau hoi, nhan manh tinh chat bi kich da 16 ra d khd tren: "Ngudi thue viit nay ddu?". Tinh chat lam thue eiia ong dd la khong the chdi cai, nhung lam thue eho ai thi ciing khdng rd (ngudi thue viit nay ddu?), lam thue nhung vo chii, ai ciing cd thi thue ong, nhtrng chang ai chiu traeh nhiem ve sy song edn ciia ong, bdi le eai ong cd, eai "tdi" "thao"
nhung net "phuang mua rt'mg bay" ky khong cdn la thj hilu eua thdi dai nira, khong cdn la nhu eau cua thai dai nira. Tdi luc do ong dd khong cdn ai thue vilt nira, ong cung khong cdn lam thue eho ai duge nira, ong bi loai ra ngoai ddng chay ciia eugc sdng. Cai chii cua ong dd mat gia, sy hgc eiia chtr Nho mdt gia, tdi muc "Gidy do buSn khong thdm/Mitc dong trong nghien sau...". Gidy nhat mye khd. 6 day ed each ehoi chir kha ddt: do \a thdin\ dd de cho tham lai, cang dd thi cang thdm, do va thSm phai quyen vao nhau thi mdi tao ra sinh khi cho con chii, nhung gid day "gidy dd" dy dugc nhan hda trong trana thai tinh cam "biion" dan tdi mau dd phai di, td gidy do khdng con ihdm nua, tinh chdt "biiSn"
eua id "gidy do" dirge cgng hudng them bdi ndi ".sau" cua nghien muc. Nlu "bud " la trany thai tinh earn bgc Id ra ben ngoai, thi "sdit" la ndi dau lan vao ben trong la n"' K •
TAP CHI KHQA H D C - SD 1S/2017 || 9
Ciia nhan thuc suy tu, ciia sy cam nhan cai mdt mat tror^ chieu sau tam kham, la noi dau nhdn tinh thi thai. Cd "gitiy" va "nghien" diu dugc nhan hoa, deu mang noi buon nhdn smh, ndi budn ciia thoi thi sang trang, ciia nhdn tinh chuySn ddi, ciia cai tai xua cii, cai tai da timg lam "vang bong mot thdi", nay khong con ch6 diing tiong dong chay ciia cugc doi.
Cau ma ddu ciia kho thii tu cho thay su hien dien cua ong do: "Ong do vdn ngoi day"
vdi each nhdn manh bang hinh thiic lap lai "vdn", theo cong thiic "A vdn Id A", noi tieng vdi truyen ngu ngon "Meo vdn hodn meo" tian day tinh mia mai, miet thi. Nhung ddy la sy hien dien vo hon, la sy hien dien ciia cai thira trong dong chay lich su, bdi nhdn vdt bi qui dinh bai cong thiic "A vdn la A". Thixa, bdi khdng ai cdn ong nGa, boi ong ciing chang con can cho ai, ong chang biet nhap vao ddu, chang biet huong ve ai. Khi rai vao trang thai ay, con ngudi tid thanh con ngucri thira, trd thanh con nguoi vo duyen va het siic cd don. DiSu nay dugc khang dinh mgt each phii phang: "qua dudng khong ai hay". Van c6 ngudi di qua ddy, van con dien ra canh "ben pho dong ngudi qua" day, nhung gid thi chang ai quan tam tdi ong niia. Tat ca chi con lai la nhung khach qua dudng, cai bi dat khien ta nho lai "khach qua duong de hiing hd chang Tieu". CJ day, xuat hien mot each chai chii kha dat: "La vdng rai tren gidy" cho thay gidy bdy gia khong con mau niia, cho dii qua tir "vdng" ta thay co sy so sanh ngdm, cho thdy ddu do mau ciia giay van la mau do, nhung "vdng" thi co ma
"do" thi khong, ciing giong nhu la cay mau xanh bdy gia ^ hoa thanh la vang rung xuong, tao thanh dau hieu bao trudc cai chet. La vdng rai tiong canh: "ngoai trdi mua bui bay".
Mua bui la hinh thiic ciia mua xuan, nhung mua xuan da cu6i mua, vi mua xuan nay chi dl cho cay tnit la, cho nhiing la vang rai, cho su thay ddi khong thi dao ngugc cua dong chay lich su, cho noi buon cang tid nen bdt tan, khong ai se chia vai ong gia tiong khoang tidi tiong vang. "Ong do vdn ngoi do" trd thanh pho tugng chit, pho tugng danh ddu mgt mdc thdi gian nghiet nga, danh ddu sy chuyin doi cua nhan tinh thi thai, cua su vo tmh ciia lich sii, cai lich sii da cuon phang theo no nhiing gia tn van hoa cua qua khii.
Sy hoai niem keo chu the trir tinh tid vl vdi thai kh^c hien tai, bdng mgt su khdng dinh: "Nam nay ddo lai nd". Cai hien tai hien ra sau su hoai niem. Chii "lai" cua khd ddu tien tai hien d kho ket thiic bai tha nhu la mgt each nhdn nhip, kem theo do la hinh thiic van dgng theo chu ky vTnh hdng ciia cay co: "ddo - (lai) - nd", lUiu mot so sanh. C) day xudt hien hinh thiic nghe thudt song ddi quen thugc cua nghe thudt thdi xua: cdnh cu - ngttdi xua. Canh cii vdn dudtig nhu nguyen ven, khong thay ddi, hay chinh xac hon la vdn van dgng theo chu ky {ddo nd -ddo lai nd) con ngucri xua thi khong cdn: "khong thdy ong do xua". "Khong th^" da cho thdy mgt sy dau xot, nhung biln "ong dd gid" thanh "ong dd xua" thi qua thdt het siic nghiet nga. Cai hien tai, hay cai vira mdi ddu do thoi da bi ddy vdo mgt qua khir tuyet doi, ngudi "xua" da tia thanh ngudi "cu" tiong cai bat ngat menh mong
i n II T R U a N B BAI HOC T H C I 0 6 HA NOI
cua thoi gian, cua cliilu dai Ijch su duoi hinh tbiic Ithang djnh: 'mudn nam". CSu hoi dugc dua ra nhin manh hon tinh chit khong hi giam bot cila su nghiet nga: "Nhmg nguai mudn nam cu / Hdn a ddu bdy gioT'. Su hien di$n cua ong d5 biSn mit hay chim han vao chieu sau cua qua Ithu qua sir tinh tiSn ciia thai gian, qua cac tinh tir chi su bien doi Idiong cuSng duoc cua con nguoi trong thai gian: gid - xua - cU, mot 6ng dS gia hoa than vao trong lop lop 'nhiing nguai mudn nam cU" - nhu mot hi day lich sir nhung la lich su cua su quen Iang, nhimg nguoi da vInh viSn tra thanh qua khu (bod gjn voi 'mudn nam"). Than xac ho chang con ma cai tinh tuy cua con nguoi, cai phan "hdn" cua nhiing con nguai ay ciing chang hilt t6n tai hay vit vuong Iang thang phieu dat noi chto troi goc be nao. Diu cham hoi hien ra cuoi bai tho nhu n6i u hoai tran tro, nhu sir thang thfit ban khoan, nhu noi dau hoai niem: 'Hon a ddu bdygiaT.
3. KET LUAN
Cau chuyen cua ong do gid la cau chuy?n mang tinh nhSn sinh gan voi cau hoi lich su can giii lai nhiing gi ctia qua khii, gat bo hay bao ton, da dang hoa van hoa hay gian luge van hoa. Va day chinh la thong diep ma Vii Dinh Lien (mSt trong bon ky nhan da chuyen dich het sure tlianh cong va tai hoa 'Nhimg nguai khon khd" cua V. Hugo) gui gam lai trong thong diep nay, thdng qua noi buon ve nhan tinh the thai cua cac chirng nhan - nhirng nguoi da trai minh qua nhirng bi8n dgng thang trim cua lich sii. Viec phan tich
"Ong do' tir goc do ki hieu hoc van ban minh chung cho nhiing dilu da noi a tr£n./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ngir Van 8, tap 2, Nxb Giao due. Ha Npi, 2008 (Cac trich din trong bai vilt d6u liy tir van ban tha in trong sach nay).
2. Hoai Thanh, Hoai Chan (2006) (Tai ban), Thi nhdn Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoe.
POEM "THE MASTER" BY VU DINH LIEN - FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SEMIOTICS OF TEXT
Abstract: The article uses the analysis of literary text from the perspective of semiotics of text to point out the bind of a generation in the historical transformation thai is reappeared in the poem the Master of Ihe poet Vu Dinh Lien.
Keywords: Vu Dinh Lien, the Master, perspective of semiotics of literature
