NGHIEN ClJfU Q
KHUNG NANG LUC CHU CHOT
CUA CHI/0NG TRINH DANH GIA QUOC TE PISA
Giao due cua mdi qudc gia cang ngay cang cd xu t h i bj anh bUdng bdi eae yeu td mang tinh qudc te. Cd nhieu nghidn cUu v l giao due cung di den mdt nhan dinh eho ring "khac bidt qudc gia, ddng dang toan ciu" la mpt van de phd bien cua giao due the gidi bdi vi giao due tuy dupc thuc hidn rit khac nhau d mdi qudc gia nhung v i n ed nhdng van de, nhdng gia trj chung tdn tai trong cac chuong trinh, cac boat ddng giao due d mpi qudc gia, mpi nen van hda. Chinh vi thi, ed rat nhilu nghidn cdu so sanh giao due dupe thuc hidn trdn quy md nhilu qudc gia theo cae tidu ehuan ehung ed tinh qudc te nhim danh gia, xep hang v l chit lupng giao due eua cac qudc gia va dUa ra nhCfng kiln giai cbo cae ehinh phu v l ehinh sach giao diic hoc dudng. Chuong trinh danh gia qudc t l cho hpe sinh Ida tudi 15 cua OECD - PISA - la mdt ehuong trinh danh gia nhu vay.
Chuong trinh PISA la mpt danh gia tieu chuan qudc t l dupe thue hidn bdi cac miu ngiu nhien d Ida tudi 15 trong cae nha trudng (chinh quy va phi ehinh quy). Nd duoc trien khai 3 nam 1 lin, bit dau tU nam 2003 vdi Sli tham gia cua cac nude thanh vidn OECD.
Oilm lam eho PISA ndi tilng nhat la nghidn cdu so
•sanh qudc t l -'nghidn cdu diia tren bing chUng"- idupe thtic hiln thudng xuyen d quy md toan eau va
cd tinh ebu kl. Sd lupng cac thanh vien tham gia vao danh gia PISA ngay eang tang vi ed sU cd mat cua fie nude ngoai OECD. Opt danh gia nam 2000 cd 43 jtude tham gia, nam 2003 ed 41 nUde, nam 2006 cd
>7 nude va nam 2009 cd 67 nudc'. Dan sd cac qudc jia va vung lanh thd tham gia PISA chilm khoang 10% dan sd toan the gidi.
' Cbo tdi nay, PISA la cupc khao sat giao due duy ifihit nhim danh gia nang life etJa hpc sinh dp tudi I t thue giao due bit bupc d biu bet eae qudc gia )ECD va mdt sd qudc gia ngoai OECD. Muc tieu cua ISA la danh gia mCfc dp dat daac nbCmg nang life
^ia hpc sinh dagc chudn bi di'ddp ting nhCing thdch jikcua cudc sdng sau ndy. Ndi dung danh gia eua ySA duoe xae dinh diia tren cdc nang ltic ebu chdt
'in thilt cbo cudc sdng tuong lai, khdng dUa vao '^31 dung cae chuong trinh giao diic eu t h i d tUng
•"jdc gia. PISA goi day la'trinb dp hieu biet/nang ltic"
"teracy). Ket qua eua danh gia nay ed mot tae ddng
PGS. TS. NGUYEN THUY HGNG Trung tam Nghien cOfu Giao iluc Pho Uiong dang k l tdi chinh sach giao due eua eae nude OECD va eae nudc tham gia, giup ehinh pbu va ngudi dan hilu rd "nhdng gi" dang dien ra trong giao due, va"
SUtiln bp trong giao due" cua nude minh ^.
Theo Bd trudng Giao diie OECD "Phat trien ben vdng va g i n kit xa hpi phu thude rat nhieu vao cac nang lue eua tat ea dan sd eua ehung ta vdi eae nang lue hieu la bao gdm kiln thUe, ki nang, thai dp va cac gia tri." ^Vi t h i , mdt trong nhu'ng cd gang cua OECD la xay dung nin ting li thuylt cua vide danh gia cac nang luc - co sd de phat trien mpt loat eae edng eu danh gia cua PISA. Trong khudn khd nhdng nghidn cUu eua minh, OECD da xae dinh va ehpn Itia eae nang liic then chdt can thilt giup ca tre em va ngudi Idn sdng mpt cupc sdng cd trach nhidm va thanh cdng trong mot xa hdi dan chu hien dai, da dang, phan hda, cd xu the toan ciu hda, cd nin khoa hpc cdng nghe thay ddi nhanh chdng va lien tuc. Nhdng nang ltic nay eung giup hp ddi mat dupc vdi thach thUc eua hidn tai, tUPng lai va xac djnh dupc muc tidu tdng the eho hpe tap va lam viec sudt ddi. VI thi, theo eae nghidn eUu eua OECO"nbUng nang luc chu chdt ma mdt ca nhan can cd la nhilu hon chU khdng chi la kiln thUe va ki nang", "nang lue chinh la nhdng gia tri cu t h i , d nhilu linh vifc, hOfu ich va cin thiet cho t i t ei mpi ngUdi, lidn quan den kha nang dap Ung cac nhu ciu phUe tap bang each tao lap va huy ddng ea nhdng ngudn life tam li xa hdi (bao gdm ea ki nang va thai dp) trong mdt bdi eanh cu thl"^ Mdi nang lire quan trpng khdng chitao ndn gia tri cho ca nhan va xa hdi ma cdn giup ca nhan dap Ung cae vin d l eua ddi sdng thuc trong nhilu bdi canh, va do la nhdng gi quan trpng vdi t i t ca eae ea nhan.
Cd 3 cau hdi dupc OECD dat ra d l xae djnh va lua ehpn cac nang life la:
(1) Lua ehpn eae nang life: lido de Itia chpn eae nang life, su van ddng eua cae nang lUe d cac nude hoac trong eae nhdm chinh trj;
(2) xac djnh va khai niem hda cac nang life: cae bdi canh khoa hoe vaii thuylt eung cac gia dinh anh
5 tay PISA. NXB G i i o due Viet Nam, 2010
' The Definition and Selection of Key Competencies, www.oecd.
org/edu/stanstics/deseco
' OECD. Definition and selection competences. Revised December, 2001
* OECD, Definition and selection competences. Revised December, 2001
sti 7 7 - T H A N S 2/2012 • 15
£ Q NGHIEN C i i u .
hudng t h i nao d i n cae nang ltic da dupe khai nidm hda;
t3) Xem xet cac thue nghiem: d o lUdng va s i p xep eae nang lUc va xay dung khung nang life t d cac k i t qua thtic nghidm.
K i t qua nghien ctiu v l m d t khung nang liic chung e i n dat cua hpc sinh phd thdng eae nude OECD dupe bat d i u nghien cUu bdi d u an PISA tCr nam 2000 va cdng tid vao thang 10 nam 2002.
Khung nay dupc van dtjng va d i l u chinh tuy thupc vao d i l u kidn kinh te-xa hdi va van hoa cua mdi qudc gia thupc khdi OECD. Dua tren quan d i l m tich hop, lidn mdn hpc va phan tich d i l u kidn kinh te-xa hpieuaeae nutie thanhvidn,OECDda dua ra cae tieu chi xae djnh khung nang lUe la;
(1) ca nhan hoa tdi da vide hpe tap
(2) Ngudi hpe cd t h i giai quyet va dap Ung su b i l n ddi nhanh chdng ciia xa hpi hidn dai
(3) Nha trudng ed co hpi phat huy y l u t d dan ebu
(4) Cd hidu lUe va kha thi ddi vdi n h i l u bdi canh kinh te-xa hdi
Theo dd, khung nang life eua hpc sinh phd thdng ciia OECD g d m 3 nhdm nang life: Sd diing edng cu mdt each thdng minh; Hanh dpng mpt c a c h t t i c h u , sang tao;Tuong tae boa ddng vdi n h i l u nhdm xa hdi. Trong mdi n h d m lai cd mdt sd nang lUe chu chdt dupc nhin nhan theo each tiep can tdng t b i va tich hpp va cii the hda theo so dd sau ^
ngd, ki hieu d l thu thap xd li va taiyen dat thdng tii SUdiing cdng eij t u o n g tac ddi hdi khdng chi la diin cdng cu hay cd cac ki nang ki thuat c i n t h i l t nhudc van ban, sif dung phan mem... ma cdn la s u t i l p c a vdi thdng tin de phat trien nhan thUc, t h i chat, kin t l , van hda, xa hdi. N h d m nang luc nay bao gdm nang ltic chu chdt la sddung ngdn ngCt, kihiiu, bi4 tagng vd cdc vdn bdn mpt cdch tich cac kiem sodtkie thUc vd thdng tin; su' dung cdng nghe mdi mpt cdc phit hgp. Nang luc sd dung ngdn ngd, ki hiiu, bie tagng vd cdc vdn bdn mpt cdch tich cac lien quan de hidu qua sd d u n g cac ki nang ngdn n g d ndi va vie' tinh toan va eae ki nang toan hpc khae trong nhi^
tinh hudng giao tiep eiia ca nhan trong xa hdi. Nani lue kiem sodt kien thUc vd thdng tin giup cac ca nhSi phat t r i l n t u duy phd phan, phan hdi trude nhOfnt thdng tin thu nhan dupc, tao co sd cho su lua ehoi k i l n thUe, hinh thanh cae y k i l n , dua ra thdng tii va cac q u y l t dinh, hanh d d n g ea nhan. Nang lifcs dyng cdng nghe m d / m o f ccic^ p/iii/ipp n h i m giupci nhan ddi mat vdi nhufng eo hdi mdi d l dap Ung Net qua hon cac t i l n bd cija cdng nghd hidn dai tronj cudc sdng hang ngay. Day la mpt trong nhCfng nanj luc chu chdt quan trpng bdi ngay nay edng ngh«
thdng tin va truyen t h d n g cd kha nang thay ddicaci con ngudi lam vide eung nhau ( b i n g each giimtSit quan trpng cua vi trO, each t m y cap thdng tin (bing each tao ra mdt lupng Idn cae ngudn thdng tin nga) lap tUc cd sin) va t u o n g tae vdi nhdng ngudi khit (bang each tao dilu kien thuan Ipi cbo mdi quan Khung nang life can dat ctia hoc sinh pho thong cac nUcrc khoi OECD
£
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^
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a 1-
SCrdung cong cu tutrng tac
Co kha nang sir dung ngon ngCr, ki hieu, bleu tt/ong va eae van ban mot each tieh ei/e
Co kha nang kiem soat kien thOrc va thong tin Co kha nang sir diing cong nghe moi mpt each phii hpp Hanh dong mot each tiTchu, sang tao
Co kha nang bao ve va khing dinh quyen, loi ieh, trach nhiem, nhu cau ca nhan va nhufng gioi han cho phep
Co kha nang xay dimg va thuc hien ke hoach ca nhan va cac dir an.
Co kha nang hanh dpng hieu qua trong dieu kien, hoan canh thay doi Ti/tmg tac hoa dong vdri nhieu nhom xa hoi
Co kha nang thiet lap quan he vdi ngudi khac Co kha nang hop tac
Co kha nang dieu chinh va hoa giai cae mau thuan
Nhdm nang lire Sti dung cong cu taang tdc daac xac djnh dua tren cac yeu e i u la mdi ea nhan trong xa hdi hidn dai c i n lam chu cae edng cii vat c h i t n h u may vi tinh va cae cdng eu phi vat c h i t n h u ngdn
' Definit:on and Selection of Competencies: Theoretical and Conceptual foundatmn (OECD. 2001)
he qua mang thdng tin ed tinh toan cau mol each t b u d n g xuydn). Oe phat t r i l n cac nang It*
n h u vay, cae ca nhan sd can vupt xa hon cat ki nang co b i n nhi sU d u n g internet gi e-mail... va quan trpng ban la b i l t sd dung car cdng CIJ cdng nghe phi hop vdi hoan eanh « mue tieu ca nhan.
N h d m nang Kn hanh d d n g mdt eachti ehu, sang tao bao g d m 3 nang luc chu chdt: Wi ve vd khdng dinh quyin, lai ich, trdch nhiem, nhi cdu cd nhdn vd nhCtng gidi hgn cho phip; xay diM.
vd thac hiin ke hogch cd nhdn vd cdc da dn; hdti dpng hieu qud trong diiu kiin, hodn cdnh thay d^
Nhdm nang (tie nay duoe d l xuat trdn eo sd xi djnh nhCrng gi ca nhan e i n d l t h a m gia va hoi
16 • KHOA HOC G U O DUC
NGHIEN Cl)U d ddng tdt trong cac linh vUe khac nhau eua cude
sdng g i n vdi sti phat triln eua xa hpi. Vi t h i , ca nhan c i n phAi hanh dpng t u chu sang tao d l nhan ra ban sic ridng, dat muc tidu phat triln trdn co sd hilu b i l t v l quyen va trach nhidm d l tdn tai phu hop vdi mdi trudng sdng cd nhilu thay ddi. Nang life bdo vi vd khdng dinh quyen, lai ich, trdch nhiim, nhu cdu cd nhdn vd nhang gidi hgn cho phep Va mgt nang lUe quan trpng. Nd lidn quan d i n vide tu xae dinh cung nhu mdi quan hd gida quyen Ipi va nhu ciu ca nhan vdi quyln Ipi va nhu ciu cua tap t h i . Thi du, loi ieh rieng eua ea nhan, quyln va nghia vu eua ea nhan trong cae td chdc chinh trj, xa hdi.
Nang life xdy dang vd thac hiin ki hogch cd nhdn vd cdc dt/dn \a mdt trong nhufng nang lue giup cae ea nhan b i l t xae djnh muc tieu, td chdc va thtic hidn cac cdng vide trong ddi sdng hang ngay. Nang life hdnh dpng hiiu qud trong diiu kiin, hodn cdnh thay doi giup cac ca nhan nhan ra each thdc quylt djnh va banh dpng phu hpp vdi bdi cinh ehung cua ddi sdng xa hdi, trdn co sd hilu b i l t phap luat, eae quy tic va chuan mifc xa hdi bat thanh van, cae ma sd dao ddc, each eU xd va giao tiep.
Nhdm nang life taang tdc hod dong vdi nhiiu nhdm xd hpi bao gdm 3 nang ltic ehu ebdt la.- thiet ldp quan hi vdi ngadi khdc; hap tdc tot; dieu chinh vd hod gidi cdc mdu thudn. Nhdm nang luc nay dupc xac dinh dUa trdn mdi quan he phu thude giCra Ipi feh cua ea nhan vdi nhCrng ngudi khac va vdi the gidi xung quanh. Nd dupc coi la ehu chdt bdi tam quan trpng eCia nhdng Ung phd trude mpt mdi trudng tif nhidn va xa hdi da dang, nhilu biln ddng, bdi t i m quan trpng cua suddng cam, cbia sd trong xa bdi hidn dai. Nhdm nang life nay giup ca nhan hpc, sdng va lam vide tdt bpn vdi nhCfng ngudi khae va moi trudng, tuong Ung vdi eae thuat ngCf nbu
"nang ltic xa hdi"; "ki nang xa hdi"; "nang ltic liln kran hda" bay "cac ki nang mlm". Trong dd, nang ltic chu chdt d i u tien - thii't lap quan hi vdi ngadi khdc cbo phep cac ea nhan b i t dau, duy tri va quan li mdi quan he ea nhan vdi ngudi khac theo each tdn :rpng, danh gia eao eae gia trj, tin ngUdng, van hda /a Ijch sif cua nhau de tao ra mdt mdi trudng than :hidn. Quan hd tdt kbdng chi la mdt ydu ciu d l g i n
^et xa hdi ma edn lam gia tang cbo su thanh edng le kinh te va tri tue cam xuc. Nang lue hap tdc tdt 'di nhCtng ngadi khdc ddi hdi mdi ca nhan bilt cam hdng, chia sl, quan li, giai thich cam xuc cua minh -a ngudi khae trdn co sd b i l t can nhic trong cam
;lt cic nhu eiu, mue dich va quyln loi eua ea nhan di nhCfng thanh vidn khae trong nhdm. Cij the la d t h i dua ra y tUdng va ling nghe nhCfng ngudi hac; bilt xay dUng cac lien minh hoac ehiln thuat
b i n vCfng, bilt dam phan; dua ra quyet dinh trudc su da dang eua y kien. Nang lUc chu chdt thU ba trong nhdm la qudn li va gidi quyet xung dot nay sinh tU cac khia canh eua cude sdng xuit phat tU sti khae nhau ve nhu cau, Ipi ich, mijc tieu hoac gia trj ca nhan. Nang lUc nay dat ra van d l la can t i l p can xung ddt theo each ehu ddng quan li va giai quyet nd trdn ea sd xem xdt d l dUa ra giai phap thda thuan dupe Ipi ich va nhu eiu cua ca nhan va nhdng ngUdi khae.
Nhu vay, nhu'ng nang life ehu chdt trong khung nang life chung duoc OECD de xuat la nhdng nang lUc cd tinh chat tdng quat, daac hinh thanh thdng qua cac chuang trinh cua nhilu mdn hpc/llnh vuc hpc trong nha trudng va trong eude sdng hang ngay.
Chung liin quan den cdc khia cgnh cua qud trinh hgc tap cd nhdn vd nguon lac xd hpi, \a kit qua can dat cua ca giao diic ehinh thUc (trong nha trudng) va giao diic khdng chinh thUc (ngoai nha trudng). Cac nang ltic trong khung nang life chung trdn duoc xae dinh bdi cac nang lUc ca nbSn lien quan den nhCrng kien thUe va ki nang, thai dp va gia tri kinh te, chinh trj, xa hdi ed tinh chat toan eau; eae nang life phan tieh tinh hudng, giai quyet van de trong cupc sdng bang ngay; cae ki nang giao tilp; cac nang life ttichu va eudi cung la nang lUc nhan thUe va phan tieh cac gia trj con ngudi.
Khung nang lUc trdn la cP sd de do cac ehi sd d cac linh viic dpc hieu (reading literacy), toan hpc (mathematic literacy), va khoa hpe (science literacy) cua hpe sinh d cac qudc gia tham du PISA.
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
/. Project on competences in the OECD contex:
analysis of Theoretical and Conceptual Foundation, Newchatel, 1999.
2. Definition and Selection of Competencies:
Theoretical and Conceptual Foundation (OECD, Revised December, 2002)
3. Key competencies for a successful life and a well-functioning society (OECD, 2003).
4. The Definition and Selection of Key Compefe/7c;es, www.oecd.org/edu/statistics/deseco
5. Definition and Selection of Competencies:
executive sumary, www.oeed.org/edu/statisties/
deseco
6. Sd tay PISA, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, 2010.
SUMMARY
The author describes 3 groups in the framework of key competences by PISA: smart use of interaaive tools; autonomous and creative actions; interactions with social groups.
sti 77-THikNG 2/2012* 17
