Tap chi K i n h t g - Ky thuAt
CHINH SACH CONG d VIET NAM: THANH TlTU VA MOT SO VAN DE DAT RA
Biti Nghia', Nguyin Thi Hoa", Nguyen Hiru Hoang"' TOM TAT
Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich, ddnh gid nhimg thdnh tuu vd ton tgi, thdch thuc cd tinh cdp bach dd vd dang dat ra cua chinh sdch cong cd trin phuang dien khoa hgc vd thuc tien van hanh cua no a Viet Nam. Tren ca sd do. bdi viit di xuat mgt sd dinh hudng de tiep tuc phdt trien ngdnh khoa hoc chinh sdch cdng day tiim ndng, phdt huy vai trd to lan cua nd trong qud trinh qudn ly, kien tgo phdt trien qudc gia, dja phucmg.
Tir khoa: Chinh sdch cong, thdnh tuu, Viet Nam, vdn di cdp bdch.
P U B L I C P O L I C Y I N V I E T N A M : A C H I E V E M E N T S A N D S O M E I S S U E S P U T I N T H E D E V E L O P M E N T O R I E N T A T I O N F O R T H E N E X T T I M E Abstract: This paper focus on anylizing, appreciatiing the basic echievements and threats also some problems in the past and now of the public policy that are both science aspect and the its reality movement in Vietnam. From that, the paper gives some solutions to encourage the empowerful this science and the role of this in the management proccess and creates the development of the nation, local authorities.
Key words: Public policy, achievement, Vietnam, urgency problems.
I. LU'OC SU" CHINH SACH C O N G , chinh sach cdng da cd Hch sir tuong ddi sang td.
KHOA HQC CHINH SACH CONG VIET Cac nha nghien ciiu va nhilu tai lieu tren NAM the gidi deu thdng nhat cho rang, chinh sach Theo ddng chay Ijch sii, sy xult hien ciia cdng dugc nhin nhan vdi tu each la nganh khoa chinh sach cdng vdi tu each la cdng cu, phuong hgc sau the chien thii II (1945). Khi ay, nganh thiic boat dgng phuc vu gidi chinh tri giai quyet khoa hgc nay mdi d giai doan "pre-paradigamic cac van de ciia qudc gia da xuat hien ciing vdi science"' ("phdi thai", "bat djnh") va phat nen dan chii Hi Lap. Q gdc do khoa hgc, chinh trien manh chii yeu d B I C My va chau Au vdi sach cdng la mgt nganh khoa hgc, tuy cd tudi muc tieu nghien ciru mdi quan he giCra nha ddi kha tre so vdi nhieu nganh khoa hgc khac nude va cdng dan^ Nam 1951, tac phIm "The nhu triet hgc, chinh trj hgc, xa hdi hgc,... song Policy Orientation, the policy science: Recent
* TS. Gidng vien Hoc viin Chinh tri khu vuc II,
" ThS. Gidng vien Hgc viin Chinh tri khu vice II,
"' TS. Giang vien trudng Dgi hgc Thu Ddu Mgt
' VQ Cao Dam (2011). Gido trinh Khoa hoc chinh sdcii. Nxb. Dai hpc quoc gia Ha Ngi, HN. tr.U.
' Ngii>lii Hiru Hai (2014). Chinh sdch cong - Mnmg vdn de ca bdn^ Nxb. CTQG-ST. HN. y.7
Chinh sdch cong d Viet Nam...
Development in scope and method'" cua Daniel Lemer va Harold D. Lasswell dugc xuit ban da danh dau buoc trucmg thanh mai khi khoa hoc chinh sach chinh thtrc tach khoi nhiSu nganh khoa hoc khac nhu chinh tri, hanh chinh cong, tam li hgc, luat hgc, xa hgi hoc,... tro thanh nganh khoa hgc thuc thu.
O Viet Nam, ciing voi dong chay lich sir
dung va gia nuoc hem 4000 nam% chinh sach cong voi ten ggi, trinh do nhan thuc va phat trign CO khac nhau, du dugc sir dung nhu d6i sach, cong cu, phuong thirc khach nhau dS thirc hien su nghiep tri qu6c, phat trien xa hgi hay tro thanh nganh khoa hgc iing dung deu co lich sir ciia minh qua 02 giai doan chinh voi 04 n i c thang phat triSn cu the dugc mo ta bang so d6 sau.
I 2 0 7 T C N I 939 I I 18SS I I 19<S I I I 1975 1986
Bieu d o : Luge su chinh sach cdng d Nhin tdng the, Ijch sir chinh sach cdng nude ta cd the khai quat d hai giai doan sau:
Giai dogn 1: Day la thdi ky "khai thien lap qudc" ma sir sach ggi la thdi dai "thugng cd"
keo dai tir nha nude dau tien Van Lang (2879 - 258 TCN), Au Lac (257 - 207 TCN) ciia nude ta den nhirng nam 70 cua the ky XX (khi nha nude phong kien tap quyen cudi ciing trong Ijch sii sup do, each mang dan tdc dan chu nhan dan do Dang Cgng san Viet Nam lanh dao thang lgi, lap ra nha nude Viet Nam Dan chii cgng hoa (nam 1945), tilp tyc sy nghiep khang chien, kien qudc, xay dung nude Viet Nam thdng nhat).
Trong giai doan nay, nhan thiic ve chinh sach cdng (theo each ggi ngay nay) ciia dng cha
Viet Nam tir thdi ky thuong cd den nay {Ngudn: Nghien ciiu cua tac gia) tir chat phac, chua ranh re "chua thi chi mat dat ten" va tudng tan budc dau dugc hinh thanh, phat trien, dugc iing dung tren thyc te phuc vu cdng viec trj qudc, an dan va xay dyng c h i do mdi. Dieu nay bieu hien d chinh sach, each thiic xay dung td chiic bd may chinh quyen thdi ky so khai va bao ve bd cdi ciia nha nude Van Lang, Au Lac; qua cac giai thoai tir nhirng cau chuyen tmyen thuyet nhu vua Hiing thii 6 dyng chinh sach chieu hien dai sT tim nhan tai danh giac An (truyen thuyet Thanh Gidng), chinh sach bao ve chu quyen qudc gia tir xa, chu ddng (qua cau chuyen Thuc Phan An Duong Vucmg xay thanh Cd Loa-*),... Ddng thdi, "chinh sach" bay gid cdn dugc bieu hien la cac ke sach, sach luge trj ' Trong tac phIm "The Policy Orientation, the policy science: Recent Development in scope and method"
(Daniel Lemer, H.D. Lasswell, 1951) da chi ra 03 dac trung cua khoa hoc chinh sach bay gid la: (i). djnh hudng vln d l can giai quylt, (ii). da nganh; (ni). quy chuan gia Uj va phucmg phap nghien ciiu chii yeu cua nganh khoa hpc nay - "phuang phap xem xet nhimg gi nha nude thyc sy lam cho xa hgi".
' Theo Viet Nam sir luac (Trin Trpng Kim, 2005:17), hch su nuac ta tinh tir thdi hp Hong Bang gan vdi nha nude Van Lang (2879 - 258 TCN) din nay da hon 4000 nam.
^ Sach vilt CO doan: "Hiing Vuong thir 8 cd dam giac ggi la giac An, hiing manh lam. khong ai danh noi. Vua mdi sai sir di rao uong nude dl tim ngudi tai gidi ra danh giac giup nude" (Theo Tran Trpng Kim, 2005:20).
Tap chi K i n h tg' - Ky t h u a t
qudc an dan ciia lanh tu, anh hiing, hao kiet khdi xudng phong trao khdi nghTa danh giac phuong Bac thdi ky Bac thudc, cua cac bac minh quan d cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam nhu Tien Ly, Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le, Ly, Tran, Hau Le, Nguyen,... Dac biet, den dau the ky XX, do la dudng hudng, each thiic xay dung, giac ngd, tap hgp va td chiic lye lugng toan dan thuc hien cugc each mang vd san do Dang Cdng san Viet Nam lanh dao de danh Phap, dudi Nhat, xoa bd che do phong kien, gianh quyen ddc lap, ty chii, xay dung che do mdi. Cac chinh sach ay dugc bieu hien day dii, trgn ven trong Cuong ITnh chinh tri d i u tien 2/1930, Luan cuang thang 10/1930, dudng loi khang chien kien qudc, Tuyen ngdn dgc lap nam 1945, Hien phap nam 1946, Hien phap nam 1959',...
Giai dogn 2: Day ia thdi ky phat trien song hanh giua thuc tien van dgng cua chinh sach cdng va mam mdng ve nen khoa hgc chinh sach cdng da bat dau xuat hien. Khoa hgc chinh sach cdng ciia nude ta di mudn hem the gidi khoang 20 nam, ddng thdi, dugc danh dau trd thanh nganh khoa hgc "phdi thai" khoang nhirng nam 70 ciia the ky XX. Khi ay, cac khai niem nhu
"phiic lgi xi nghiep", "an toan xa hgi", "bao dam xa hdi",... xuat hien ngay cang nhieu trong cdng chung, thdng qua mgt sd bai thdng tin khoa hgc xa hgi, sach dich,... da thiic day sy quan tam ciia gidi nghien ciiu. Dac biet, tai Dai hdi Dang lan thii VI (12/1986), lin diu tien thuat ngu "chinh ' Trong Chanh circmg vln tit 1930 cua Dang Cgng san Viet Nam dugc xem nhu Cuong linh chinh tri diu tien cua Dang do Nguyin Ai Quoc khdi thao da nhac den chinh sach xuyen suot - sgi chi do cua each mang Viet Nam "chit tnrcmg lam nrsdn ddn quyen each mgng vd (ho dia each mang de di t&ixa ligi cong sdn ". ghi ro c6 3 chinh sach tren phuang dien xa hpi, 4 cliinh sach phucmg dien chinh tri va 6 chinh sach tren phucmg dien kinh te. Quyet sach, chinh sach. chien thuat va thang lgi ciia each mang Viet Nam (1930 - din nam 70 cua thi ky XX) suy cho eiing la hien thyc hoa "sgi chi do xuyen sudt"
ciia each mang Viet Nam dugc neu trong Cuoiig ITnh (theo Vu Nhu Khoi, 2010:26)
sach xa hdi" xult hien trong van kien, lam tieu d l cho mgt phIn rieng biet. Sy kien nay danh d i u nac thang mdi trong nhan thirc ciia Dang va Nha nude v l vj tri, vai trd cap thiet chinh sach cdng, nghien ciru chinh sach cdng va cung la thdi dilm danh d i u thdi ky "khdi ddng" cho sy phat trien sdi dgng, manh me ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d nude ta cho nhirng giai doan tiep theo^.
2. T H A N H T U U T R O N G N G H I E N CUtJ VA VAN H A N H C H I N H SACH C O N G O VIET NAM H O N 30 NAM Q U A
2 . 1 . T h a n h t y u ve m ^ t k h o a hgc va hgc t h u a t
De cdng nhan mgt ITnh vyc nghien ciiu trd thanh nganh khoa hgc phai dua tren 03 tru cdt then chdt: (1). Ddi tugng nghien ciiu, (2).
He thdng ly luan khoa hgc va (3). Phuang phap nghien ciiu cd tinh dien hinh. Do vay, khoa hpc chinh sach cdng ciing dugc xem xet, danh gia tren 3 tru cdt ay:
a) Ve ddi tuang nghien cuu
Ljch sir khoa hgc chinh sach cdng tren the gidi va d Viet Nam khdng qua dai. Tuy vay, ddi tugng ciia nganh khoa hgc nay cung dan dugc phac Id va khang djnh mgt each thdng nhat, qua dd dan khang djnh dugc tinh "ty chii" trong nghien ciiu so vdi cac nganh khoa hgc khac cd lien quan nhu chinh tri hgc, xa hgi hgc, triet hgc hay quan ly cdng,...
O binh dien chung, gidi nghien ciru deu tan ddng khi cho rang, doi tugng nghien ciiu ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng la mgt he thdng bien phap dugc the che hoa bdi nha nude nham thuc hi?n muc tieu nao do trong chien luge phat triln xa hdi'.
Tiep thu quan diem chung cua t h i gidi, d Viet Nam, gan nira the ky nghien ciiu v l nganh Tham khao bai giang: "Chinh sach xa hpi" (Biii Thi Cudng, 2018).
' Diem qua quan diem ve ehinh sach cong cua cac hpc gia hang diu va tien phong v^ chinh sach cong yen the gidi nhu: Thomas Dye (1972). James Anderson (1984), William N .Dunm, Peter Aucoin B.Guy Peter,...
Chinh sdch cong d Viet Nam...
khoa hgc nay, mgt mat cac hgc gia thdng nhIt cho rang ddi tugng nghien ciiu nganh khoa hgc nay chinh la he thdng quyet djnh cua Nha nude ban hanh, gdm muc tieu va giai phap chinh sach nham giai quyet cac van de ciia ddi sdng xa hdi, hudng den thuc day xa hdi phat triln, thjnh vugng. Mac khac, nhilu chuyen gia cung cd can cir khi cho rang ddi tugng nghien ciiu khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d nude ta rdng Hon so vdi ddi tugng nghien ciiu d binh dien chung, bdi le, chiing ta quan niem rang, chinh sach cdng khdng chi la sdn phdm chinh tri cua nhd nude ma hon niia cd the la "cua cdc chit thi chinh tri cd thdm quyin"K Quan diem nay de dang bat gap trong cac quyen giao trinh tai lieu chuyen khao ve chinh sach cdng cd tinh "gdi dau giudng" d nhieu c a sd dao tao cd truyen thdng di dau trong nghien ciiu, dao tao khoa hgc chinh sach cdng nhu Hgc vien Hanh chinh qudc gia, Hgc vien Khoa hgc xS hdi (Vien Han lam khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam), Dai hgc Khoa hgc xa hdi va Nhan van, Hgc vien Chinh sach va Phat triln,... Nhan thiirc chua thdng nhat nay dang d i n d i n sy tranh luan khoa hgc rat sdi ndi, cin thilt tren cac d i l n dan v l chinh sach cdng tai Viet Nam hien nay.
TCr viec xac djnh thdng nhat ddi tugng nghien ciru ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng, cac nha nghien ciiu d nude ta da tam phan chia cac ITnh vuc, khu biet cac ndi dung nghien ciiu ciia nganh khoa hgc nay d cac nhdm sau:
Nhdm 1: Nhung v l n d l ly luan chung ve khoa hgc chinh sach cdng. Trong nhdm nay, cac ndi dung dugc nghien cuu d miic do so luge hay chuyen sau bay theo each tilp can ciia cac nha nghien cim. Tuy vay, v l n cd diem chung la:
- Vai trd ciia chinh sach vdi tu each la cdng cu lanh dao, quan ly cdng ddi vdi phat hien xa hdi.
- Ngi ham cua chinh sach cdng (hoac cd thi xem xet trong tucmg quan vdi chinh sach tu).
' Trin Van Huln, Nguyin Huu Hoang (2018), Khoa hgc lanh dgo: Hdi vd dap, Nxb. Dai hpc qudc gia TP Hd Chi Minh, TP Hd Chi Minh, tt. 212.
- Cau true va phuang thiic, nguyen t i c van hanh ciia chinh sach cdng.
- Chu trinh chinh sach cdng.
- Mdi truimg va cac yeu td tac ddng ciia chinh sach cdng.
- Phan tich chinh sach cdng.
Hay mgt vai van de chuyen biet, cd lien quan nhu the che chinh sach cdng, kien tao xa hdi ciia chinh sach cdng, chinh sach cdng va chinh tri, chinh sach cdng va xa hdi hgc, nang lye chinh sach cdng hay mang ludi phan tich chinh sach cdng,...
Nhdm 2: Nhimg phan tich, danh gia chinh sach cdng chuyen nganh
O Viet Nam, gan 10 nam trd lai day, viec img dung tri thiic chung ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng vao nghien cim chinh sach cdng d nhieu chuyen nganh, ITnh vuc cu the ngay cang phd bien. Dieu nay khdng chi phan anh thdng qua luan an, luan van ciia hgc vien chuyen nganh, he thong bai bao khoa hgc, ky yeu hgi thao, xuat ban sach,... ma cdn the hien d viec phan chia cac ITnh vyc nghien cim thyc tien chinh sach cdng chuyen nganh nhu chinh sach xa hdi (chinh sach giao due - dao tao, chmh sach lao ddng - viec lam, chinh sach ddi vdi ngudi cd cdng, chinh sach bao hilm xa hdi,...), chinh sach kinh t l , chinh sach van hoa, chinh sach mdi trudng, chinh sach khoa hgc cdng nghe, tham chi la sy khdi xudng cho nganh khoa hgc mdi gan ket giiia xa hdi hgc va khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam - "xa hgi hgc chinh sdch cdng"...
Day dugc xem la no luc Idn cua gidi nghien cim chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam.
b) He thong ly ludn khoa hgc
Nganh khoa hgc nao cung can trang bj cho minh he thdng ly luan khoa hgc tiep can (khai niem, djnh nghTa. pham trii, ly thuyet, md hinh nghien cim,...). Dii cd mdi quan he gan gui vdi nhilu nganh khoa hgc khac, song hien nay, khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d thi gidi va Viet Nam van dang timg budc hoan thien he thdng Ii thuyit rieng cho minh. He thdng ly thuyit pho quat ciia
Tap chf K i n h td' - Ky t h u ^ t
nganh khoa hgc nay cd the ke den nhu "chinh sach cdng", "chu trinh chinh sach cdng", "cau true chinh sach cdng", cac tri thiic ve dac diem (ban chat), vai trd, nguyen tac, phan loai,...
6 Viet Nam, thdi gian gan day, nhieu nha nghien ciiu da nd luc de ke thira va phat kien nham lam ro cac van de thudc ve he thdng li thuyet ciia chinh sach cdng gan vdi thuc tien ciia ddi sdng chinh sach tai Viet Nam. Chang ban, luan ban ve ndi ham tir "cdng" trong chinh sach cdng tir thyc tien Viet Nam, vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ddi vdi chu trinh chinh sach cdng, chii the chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam hien nay, so sanh chu trinh chinh sach va quy trinh ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat hien hanh d nude ta, tinh "xa hdi" trong chinh sach cdng, "dao diic" ciia chinh sach cdng,
"tham nhung" chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam,...
Cac ket qua nghien ciiu nay khdng nhiing lam phong phii, sau sac tri thirc phd quat ve khoa hgc chinh sach cdng ndi chung ma cdn gian tiep khang djnh sy vuan len khang dinh vj the, ddng gdp cua nganh khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam.
Tuy vay, he thdng li luan khoa hgc chinh sach cdng Viet Nam cung nhu tren the gidi dang diing trudc thach thiic: (1) thieu he thdng ly thuyet tiep can chinh sach cdng, (2). thieu md hinh nghien cim chinh ve sach cdng. Ngoai cac khai niem, djnh nghTa, pham trii nhu da trinh bay d tren, sy thieu vang hai yeu td vira ke cd the xem la thach thiic rat Idn trong nghien ciiu ve khoa hgc chinh sach cong d Viet Nam. Bdi le, mgt nganh khoa hgc khdng cd he thdng If thuyet dac thii, md hinh nghien ciiu tieu bilu,...
thi hoac khdng the cd can cir thuyet phyc luan giai cac hien tugng, van de ciia nganh khoa hgc minh hoac khdng the trim tugng hoac khai quat hoa mgt each cd he thdng cac van de thirc tien phong phu, menh mdng ma nganh khoa hgc minh dang hudng den. Hien nay, vc phuang di?n tiep can ly thuyet chinh sach cdng (va chinh sach xa hgi), the gidi cd 03 ly thuyet phd quat
la: Ly thuyit dai dien (representational theory, ly thuyit tai hien, tugng trung, dien hinh) cua Wilensky va Lebeaux (1965), Ly thuyit giai thich/ hay phan tich (explanatory or analytical theory) cua Anne Schneider va Hellen Ingram (1993) va Ly thuyit c h u i n t i c (normative theory, ly thuyit chuIn muc, quy chuan, quy pham) Taylor - Gooby va Dale (1981). Cac md hinh ve chinh sach cdng cd the nhac den nhu md hinh cdng ve chinh sach xa hdi cua Richard Titmuss (nha nghien ciru quan trj xa hdi ngudi Anh)' hay Md hinh chirc nang ve chinh sach xa hdi, Md hinh chinh sach xa hdi phat trien, md hinh gidi tinh hoa, md hinh dinh che, md hinh duy li, md hinh tiem tien, md hinh lua chgn cdng, md hinh li thuyet trd choi,...-.
Mac dii vay, theo tac gia, su "thieu" d day vira hieu la thieu vang cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu cung nhu su It quan tam (neu khdng ndi la it, hoac khdng de cap, ban luan ho^c van dung trong thyc tien van hanh chinh sach cdng) ve van de nay.
c) Phuang phdp nghien ciru chinh sdch Ci mdi nganh khoa hgc, phucmg phap nghien ciiu rat quan trgng, la each thiic de dat muc tieu trong nghien cim va kham phat ddi tugng, ITnh vyc nghien ciru cua minh. Chinh sach cdng ra ddi trong bdi canh cac phuang
' Tham khao: Le Ngpc Hiing (2016), Khoa hgc chinh sdch xa hgi vd thuc tien Viet Nam, bai dSng tren Tap chi Cpng san online, truy cap:
h t t p : / / w w w . t a p c h i c o n g s a n . o r g . v n / H o m e / Nghiencuu-Traodoi/2016/38808/Khoa-hoc-chinh- sach-xa-ho i-va-thuc-tien- Viet-Nam. aspx - Le Ngpc Hiing (2017), Khoa hgc chinh sdch xa hgi: Mo hinh Hep can ly thuyet va thuc tiin Viet Nam. bai dang U-en Tap chi ly luan chinh Uj online.
truy cap:
http://lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/index.php/nguyen- cuu-ly-luan/item/1855-khoa-hoc-ehinh-sach-xa- hoi-mo-hinh-tiep-can-ly-thuyet-va-thuc-tien-viet- nam.html
' Biii The Cudng (2017), Bdi gidng: Cdc md hinh chinh sdch cong. ngay 23 7/2017 tai Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi.
Chinh sdch cong d Viet Nam...
phap nghien ciiu thuc nghiem ciia nhilu nganh khoa hgc khac cd budc phat biln manh me (tam ggi la thdi ky "h$u nghiem") va cd nhilu cdng cu han giup chung ta cd thi lugng hoa, hoac thuc chirng cac thdng tin thu thap trong qua trinh nghien ciiu, giiip gia tang do chinh xac, tin cay ciia kit qua nghien ciiu. Vi vay, khoa hgc chinh sach cdng da cd co hdi ITnh hgi, ke thira va due kit phuang phap nghien ciiu cho nganh khoa hgc ciia chinh minh. Hien nay, quan dilm cua cac nha khoa hgc diu cho rang, chinh sach cdng sir dung phuong phap nghien ciiu khoa hgc lien nganh tham chi la xuyen nganh (bdi trudc hit nd la nganh khoa hgc lien nganh cao), cd kl thira uu dilm ciia cac phuang phap nghien ciru "khoa hgc hau nghiem" d cac nganh khac nhu phuang phap thyc nghiem xa hdi (dilu tra xa hdi hgc, quan sat, phdng vln sau,...), phuang phap diln ngdn - phuong phap nghien ciiu ngdn ngir hgc, phuong phap kiln tao, phuang phap djnh lugng, phuang phap djnh tinh,....
Vdi thanh tyu khoa hgc cdng nghe, nhIt la cdng nghe may tinh, thdng ke hgc,... khoa hgc chinh sach da dan dugc trang bj, tilp can va chiem ITnh cac cdng cu thu thap thdng tin hien dai nhu cong cu SPSS, cdng cu phan tich tien lugng R - Mardown va mgt sd phIn mim chuyen dung khac,...
(3 Viet Nam, khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d nude ta nhin chung chua van dung tich eye, phd bien cac phuang phap nghien ciiu va cdng cu thu thap thdng tin hien dai vira ke tren.
Thang thang thira nhan, phan da cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu khoa hgc chuyen nganh chinh sach cdng chii yeu sir dyng phuong phap nghien ciru djnh tinh vdi cdng cu thu thap thdng tin truyen thdng nhu dgc tai lieu, phan tich, so sanh, dien dich, quy nap,... (tac gia khdng cd y danh gia, phe binh hay chi trich vjec sir dung cac phuang phap nay), ddng thdi, rat ban che hay de dat sir dung phuang phap nghien ciru mdi, cdng cu mdi de lugng hoa cac ket qua nghien ciiu.
gia tang do thuyit phuc, thyc chirng ddi vdi dgc gia. Tuy vay, vira qua, nhilu luan an tiln sT chinh sach cdng, cdng trinh khoa hgc vl chinh sach cap tinh, bg, dl tai nha nude, dy an nghien cim Idn da dan iing dung, su dyng cd hieu qua phuang phap mdi, cdng cu hien dai trong thu thap, phan tich dir lieu nghien cim. Cugc each mang cdng nghiep lin thir 4 tao ra "big data",
"big science",... va trudc ddi hdi mdi ciia thyc tien xa hdi, phan bien xa hdi ngay cang cao, gidi nghien ciiu va nha chiic trach nhIt thilt phai ddi mdi toan dien, trong do cd viec each tan phuang phap, cdng cu nghien ciiu.
d) Ngodi ra. he thdng tu lieu, tdi li$u viet, dich thuat vd no luc cdng bd, gidng dgy
Viec nghien ciiu, cho ra ddi nhilu san phIm khoa hgc cd gia tri ve chinh sach cdng ciia nude ta thdi gian qua da giiip cai biln dang kl nhan thiic xa hdi, phuc vu tryc tilp su nghiep ddi mdi ciia qudc gia. Nhiing thanh tuu nay cd thi hien danh gia tren cac khia canh nhu:
Mgt Id. cdng tac dao tao ngudn iyc chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam ngay cang dugc quan tam md rdng, dap iing nhu ciu xa hgi ngay cang tang. Qua khao sat mgt sd co sd dao tao, ket qua cho thay nhilu co sd dao tao da dugc cap, md ma nganh dao tao dai hgc, cao hgc, nghien ciru sinh ve chinh sach cdng nhu Hgc vien Hanh chinh qudc gia (dai hgc quan ly nha nude, chuyen nganh chinh sach cdng), Hgc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyin (dai hgc chinh tri chuyen nganh chinh sach cdng), Dai hgc qudc gia Ha Ndi, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Dai hgc Fulbright Viet Nam (thac sT chinh sach cdng chuyen nganh phan tich chinh sach va chuyen nganh lanh dao va quan ly), Hgc vien Chinh sach va Phat trien, Dai hgc Kinh te (thac sT chinh sach cdng va phat trien), Dai hgc Bach khoa,... Dac biet, nhieu CO sd dao tao ciia Dang da tirng budc Idng ghep mgt sd mdn. chuyen de, kien thirc va ky nang \ e chinh sach cdng nham dao tao ly luan chinh trj trung. cao cap cho can bd.
Tap chf K i n h t g - Ky thii&t
dang vien, can bd chien luge trong he thdng chinh trj....'. Tir day, ddi ngii cac nha khoa hgc, chuyen gia va nha hoat ddng thyc tien trong ITnh vyc chinh sach cdng tiep tuc sy nghiep nghien ciiu, giang day tai cac co sd dao tao; trong cac CO quan tham muu chinh sach, co quan quan ly nha nude cac cap,... Hoat dgng ciia hg da gdp phan dua tri thirc khoa hgc chinh sach cdng vao thuc tien lanh dao, quan ly va hoach djnh chinh sach cdng cac cap mgt each cd hieu qua, khoa hgc ban.
Hai Id, so vdi khoang 10 nam trudc, tai lieu dugc nghien ciiu, chuyen djch, cdng trinh nghien cim dang de tai khoa hgc cac cap, bai bao khoa hgc,... ve ITnh vyc chinh sach cdng, iing dung tri thiic chinh sach cdng,... ngay cang phong phii, sau sac vdi nhieu tac gia uy tin, ten tudi'.
' Tgi Hoc vien Chinh trj qude gia Hd Chi Minh, trong chuong trinh Cao cap Ly luan chinh trj co chuyen de Chinh sach cong (thugc mon Khoa hpc Ignh dao), Chinh saeh xS hpi (thupc mon Xa hpi hoc trong lanh dao, quan ly). Ngoai ra, mpt so chuyen dl ve boi duong dy nguon can bp lanh dao, quan ly/ cap nhat kien thiic ddi tugng 3 cap tinh, chuyen de bdi dugng dy ngudn can bp quy hoach Ban Chap hanh Tmng uang Dang,.., deu de cap den chinh sach cong trong thuc tiln lanh dao, quan ly.
^ Minh chimg cho su nd lire nay nhu sau: Vien Chinh tri hpc (Hpc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Hd Chi Minh) dich thanh edng Quyen "Lwu chon cong - mgt each tiep can nghien cihi chinh sdch cong" (2006), sach tham khao "Chinh sdch cong" cua Hpc vien Chinh sach va Phat trien (2014), giao trinh "Khoa hgc chinh sdch" (2011) eua Vu Cao Dam (Dai hoc Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhan van), giao trinh "Dai cuong vl ehinh sach cdng" (2014) ciia Hpe vien Hanh ehinh qudc gia, sach dich "Lira chon cong - hrgc khdo" (2017) cua dich gia Pham Nguyen Trucmg. tai Ueu '"Ky nang phdn tich va hogch dinh chinh sdch" (2011) theo yeu cau ciia Uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hpi do Tnrdng DHKHXH va NV thyc hien, saeh "Chinh sdch cong - Nhimg vdn de ca bdn'" (2014) ciia Nguyen Huu Hai, sach "'Tong quan ve chinh sdch cdng" (2018) cua Dd Phu Hai, sach "Chinh sdch cong - ty luan vd thuc tien" (2019) ciia Cao Qude Hoang va Nguyin Dd Kien, sach "Phan tich. danh gia ehinh sach edng - Ly lu^n va thyc tien" (2019) ciia Cao Quoc Hoang
\ a Nguyen Thi Lan Phuang....
2.2. Thanh tyu v l vi?c van hanh chinh sach n h v cong cu cor ban trong lanh dao, quan ly quoc gia, dia phvong
Lich sii chinh sach cdng cua nude ta trai dai theo ljch sir d i t nude. Ddng gdp cua khoa hgc chinh sach cdng chinh d bieu bien d tinh hieu qua, hieu luc trong qua trinh van hanh, dan dIt su phat triln cua xa hgi bang he thdng chinh sach qudc gia, dia phuong. Thanh tyu ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng d giac do thuc tien suy cho ciing la sy chuyen bien ve "chat" cua dien mao dat nude. Bai viet chi danh gia thanh tyu nay trong hon 30 nam trd lai day khi khoa hgc chinh sach cdng khdng chi cho thay su trudng thanh vugt bac ve mat nhan thirc luan, khoa hgc ma cdn ddng gdp dang ke cho cdng cugc ddi mdi toan dien va hgi nhap qudc te cua dat nude.
Trudc hit, khoa hgc chinh sdch cdng giiip trang bi tri thuc trong viec xdy dung he thdng chinh sdch qudc gia (cd vi sd luang vd cdi tiin ve chdt luang)^. Vi sd luang: Sau 30 nam ddi mdi, nude ta da ba lan siia ddi va ban hanh Hien phap, ban hanh sd lugng chinh sach, phap lenh g i p 8 lan so vdi 41 nam trudc dd (tir 2/9/1945 d i n 30/2/1986, nude ta ban hanh 63 luat, phap lenh; tir ngay 01/1/1987 d i n ngay 30/12/2013, nude ta da ban hanh dugc 483 luat, phap lenh).
Trong 10 nam gan day (tir thang 5/2005 din thang 6/2015), Qudc hdi da thdng qua 238 luat va phap lenh (30 phap lenh, 208 luat). Trong dd gdm 40 chinh sach chinh trj nhu v l quyIn con ngudi, quyen cdng dan,...; 66 chinh sach trong ITnh vyc kinh t l ; 74 chinh sach trong ITnh vyc giao due - dao tao, khoa hgc cdng nghe, y t l , thi thao, du Ijch, dan tdc tdn giao, dan sd gia dinh...;
42 chinh sach trong ITnh vyc phap luat v l an ninh, qudc phdng, trat ty an toan xa hdi,... Dac biet, nhiem ky khda XIII, Qudc hdi da thdng qua
^ Tir nam 2005, Dang ta da cd Nghi quylt so 48-NQ/
TW cua Bp Chinh trj vl "Chiin luac xdy dung vd hoan thien h? thong phdp luat Viet Nam din nam 2010. dinh hudng den nam 2020 ". Vdi 6 dinh hudng Idn, Nghj quylt s6 48-NQ/TW da xac dinh phai xay dung toan dien he thong phap luat.
Chinh sdch cong d Viet Nam...
Hien phap 2013 va hang loat bd luat d l thi c h i hda Hiln phap 2013 da tao co sd phap ly hinh thanh va thuc day viec hoan thien t h i c h i kinh t l thj trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghTa va djnh rahang loat chinh sach tiln bd, nhan van va thuc d l y sy ddi mdi, phat triln thjnh vugng dIt nude trong giai doan mdi. Vi chdt luang: he thdng chinh sach qudc gia dugc ban hanh cd ndi dung kha phong phii, dilu chinh cac ITnh vyc khac nhau cua ddi sdng xa hdi, dap img nhung vln dh buc xiic ciia ddi sdng xa hdi, phan anh ddi hdi ciia thuc tiln cugc sdng, phii hgp vdi thuc tien cua dat nude va tiep thu cd chgn lgc cac gia tri tien bd cua nhan loai. Tdng thi, cac chinh sach da ban hanh dap img cac ddi hdi ciia cugc sdng, nhat la kjp thdi bd sung, hoan thien cac chinh sach da ban hanh nhung khdng phii hgp vdi sy van ddng va phat trien ciia thyc tiln (ching ban, trong sd 55 chinh sach da dugc Qudc hdi khoa XII ban hanh cd gan mgt nira la diing de sira ddi bd sung cac chinh sach hien hanh)'.
Thu hai, thdng qua van dung tri thuc ve thuc thi chinh sdch cdng, qud trinh thuc hien chinh sdch qudc gia, dia phuang da dem lgi nhiing thdnh tuu todn dien, cd tinh lich sir trin cdc linh vuc ddi sdng xa hgi. Sau Hon 30 nam ddi mdi, Viet Nam da trd thanh nude dang phat trien cd thu nhap trung binh; dang day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qudc tl. Kinh t l tang trudng kha", nIn kinh t l thj trudng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa tirng budc hinh thanh, phat trien. Van hda - xa hdi cd budc phat triln, cdng tac xda ddi giam ngheo dat dugc nhiing thanh tuu quan trgng, sdm dat dugc nhilu chi tieu phat trien thien nien ky cua Lien hgp qudc, dugc qudc te danh gia cao; dien mao dIt nude va ddi sdng ciia nhan dan cd nhieu thay ddi. Chinh trj - xa hgi dn djnh; qudc phdng, an ninh dugc tang cudng. Dan chii xa hdi chii nghTa
' Trin Nggc Dudng (2015), Nhin lgi nhirng thdnh tuu cita Qudc hgi Viet Nam trong 10 nam tir 2005 din 2015. tr. 15, trieh Hdi thao khoa hpc "Qudc hpi Viet Nam; 70 nam hinh thanh va phat trien" td chirc tai Ha Ndi, ngay 08/12/2015.
^ Theo Tdng cue Thdng ke Viet Nam: Nam 2019. tdc dd GDP Viet Nam dat: 7.02%.
dugc phat huy va ngay cang md rdng. Dai doan ket toan dan tdc dugc ciing cd va tang cudng.
Cdng tac xay dyng Dang, xay dung Nha nude phap quyIn va ca he thdng chinh trj dugc dly manh. Siic manh ve mgi mat ciia dIt nude dugc nang len. Quan he ddi ngoai dugc md rdng va ngay cang di vao chieu sau. Quan he vdi cac nude lang gilng va cac nude trong ASEAN dugc Cling cd. Da thiet lap quan he ddi tac chiln luge, ddi tac toan dien vdi tat ca cac nude Idn, quan trgng tren the gidi. Chii dgng, tich eye tham gia cac cdng viec chung cua cdng ddng qudc te, cac dien dan, td chirc khu vyc va qudc te, nang cao vi the ciia dat nudc^ Thanh tyu k l tren cd ddng gdp rat quan trgng ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng, ciia cdng cu chinh sach cdng trong dieu hanh, quan ly vT md qudc gia, chinh quyen dia phuong.
Thir ba, tri thiic khoa hgc ve danh gia, hoan thien chinh sach cdng da trang bj cho cac chii the chinh sach cdng trong cac co quan cd thIm quyen phuang phap, cdng cu, quy trinh, each thirc danh gia va hoan thien chinh sach, bam sat bien ddi va sy van ddng ciia xa hdi mdi. Viec danh gia chinh sach thdng qua gia tang phan bien xa hdi, tnmg cau y kien, qua hinh thiic dan chii (true tiep, gian tiep) ciing vdi viec sii dung cdng cu dieu tra du luan xa hdi, khao sat, ket hgp thyc hien dy an nghien ciiu, dieu tra qudc te ve cac van de chinh sach biic thiet,... da cung cap cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach hien trang chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam kha chan thyc, khach quan, cd do tin cay va du luan chirng de thuyet phuc ca quan cd tham quyen dieu chinh chinh sach, ban hanh chinh sach mdi,... phii hgp vdi bien ddi va nhu cau, tinh hinh mdi ciia xa hdi''.
•' Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2016), Van kien Dgi hoi dgi biiu toan qudc Idn thir XII. Nxb. CTQG, HN, y. 66
•* Chang han, chinh sach thich img cupc each mang cdng nghiep lan thir 4. chinh saeh hoan thi?n h^
thing phap luat, chinh sach an sinh xa hoi, chinh saeh giam ngheo da chieu, chinh sach cai each bp may nha nude, chinh sach ddi mdi md hinh tSng trudng kinh te, chinh sach dan sd va phat trien, chinh saeh quan l\ dat dai,...
Tap chf K i n h td - Ky t h u ^ t
3. MOT SO VAN DE CAP BACH VA DINH HUOfNG DOI VOfI CHINH SACH CONG 6 VIET NAM THCn GIAN TCtt
3.1. Bdi canh va nhirng van de dat ra Chinh sach cdng nhin d gdc do khoa hgc va thuc tien dang tdn tai, van hanh trong mdi trudng chinh sach vdi nhieu bien ddi nhanh chdng, to Idn. Trong do, cac bien ddi nay vira tao ra thdi co, CO hgi song ciing dan cai thach thiic:
Ddi vdi thuc tiin van ddng cua chinh sdch cdng a Viet Nam:
Mgt la. qua trinh toan cau boa va hdi nhap qudc te giiip gia tang se chia tri thiic va hgc hdi ve khoa hgc chinh sach cdng, nhat la cac van de Viet Nam cdn "thieu" va "yeu". Tuy nhien, qua trinh nay cQng dat ra nhiing ap luc Idn trong viec cai each va ddi mdi manh me, thyc chat ve tinh hi^u lye, hieu qua trong ban than he thdng chinh sach cdng cung nhu viec nghien cim (ly thuyet, md hinh, cdng cu, phuang phap), cho den cdng bd ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hgc chinh sach cdng sao cho bat kjp, "gan", hoac "tiem c^n" vdi chuan myc, thdng le ciia qudc te. Ben canh do, hdi nhap va toan cau hoa keo theo van de nan giai ciia chinh sach cdng la su le thudc chmh sach, dg "md", tinh "thich nghi cao" ciia he thdng chinh sach qudc gia trudc the gidi dang hdn dgn va khd doan djnh nhu ngay nay.
Hai la, su tac ddng, chi phdi manh me cua cugc each mang cdng nghiep lan thir 4 (each mang 4.0) da dat ra cho nhan loai va Viet Nam nhieu van de chinh sach mdi, tham chi chua cd tien le trong ljch sir, dat ra yeu cau khoa hgc chinh sach cdng phai nghien ciiu. Cd the k l din la van de ve lao dgng - vi$c lam (khi thay thi bang tri tue nhan tao (AI), chien tranh buy diet bang siic manh ciia AI chdng lai loai ngudi, dao diic va truyen thdng (hdn nhan giira ngudi va AI). thach thirc chinh trj (Al tranh chiic trong he thdng chinh quyen), sy phyc thudc ciia nhan loai vao cdng nghe, an ninh mang. chien tranh mang, kinh te sd 6 goc dg ddi vdi khoa hgc chinh sach cdng, each m^ng 4.0 d§t cac nghien cim
chinh sach cdng phai khai thac va sir dung he dir lieu khdng Id "big data" (du- lieu tinh b i n g hang chuc, tham chi hang tram Petabyte, bang trieu, ti thdng tin dang hinh anh, con sd, bang bieu,...) bang cac nghien ciru khdng Id "big science", tien hanh tren quy md rgng, ... thi cac cdng cu, software thdng thucmg hien tai dang td ra kem hieu qua.
Ba Id, nhan thiic v l vj tri, t i m quan trgng cua tri thiic khoa hgc chinh sach cdng va sy can thiet cua cdng cu chinh sach cdng cita cac chii the cd tham quyen cung nhu xa hdi tuy cd cai thien nhung cdn qua don gian, tham chi lech lac.
Ben canh do, nhiing thach thiic, tdn tai va ca can benh tram kha trong chinh sach cong d nude ta chua dugc khac phuc, cd Iiic cdn tram trgng nhu hien Urgng "tu ban than hiru" trong chinh sach cdng, "tham nhiing chinh sach", "nhdm lgi ich trong chinh sach", trach nhiem giai trinh trong chinh sach cdng va phan bien chinh sach con yeu,...'
Ddi vdi gdc do khoa hgc chinh sdch cdng a Viet Nam: Viec nghien cim va nhan thirc ve chinh sach cdng dudi giac do khoa hgc d nude ta mdi chi tuong ddi day dii trong khoang 20 - 30 nam trd lai day. Hien nay, khoa hgc chinh sach cdng nude nha van dang diing trudc nhieu thach thirc vdi nhilu cau hdi Idn mang tinh djnh hudng va thiic day nghien ciiu dugc dat ra, chIng ban:
Cau hdi 1: Lieu cd chinh sach kilu/ lo^i nao ngoai chinh sach cdng (chinh sach nha nude) va chinh sach tu (chinh sach ciia tu nhan) khdng?
Cau hdi 2: Ai la chii t h i thyc su ciia chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam, hien nay? Ai la chii thi thyc sy ciia qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach cdng d nude ta?
Cau hdi 3: C a c h i Dang t h i hien vai tro lanh dao cua minh ddi vdi chu trinh chinh sach, ddi sdng chinh sach bilu bien cy thi ra sao?
Cau hdi 4: Ndi ham tir "cdng" trong chinh sach cdng hieu thi nao la d l y du va tan ciing?
' Tham khao: D6 Phu Hai (2018), Tdng quan vi chinh sdch cong. Nxb. CTQG-ST, HN, y. 216
Chinh sdch cong d Viet Nam...
Cau hdi 5: Dao dire frong chinh sach cdng lagi?
Cau hdi 6: Md hinh va he li thuyit ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng ViSt Nam la gi?
Cau hdi 7: Phuang phap nghien ciiu dac thu, dien hinh ciia khoa hgc chinh sach cdng hien nay?
Cau hdi 8: Quy trinh ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat va quy trinh chinh sach d nude van hanh the nao?
3.2. Djnh hu-dng, giai phap chu yeu ddi vdi chinh sach cdng nu-dc ta thoi gian toi
Thu nhdt, cdn tiip tuc ddi mai mgnh me tu day cua cdc chii thi cd quyen chi phdi, tdc ddng den chinh sdch cdng
Dat nude ta dang trong ky nguyen "sd hda"
4.0 vdi nhieu thdi co va thach thiic mdi dan xen.
Trong bdi canh nhu hien nay, Dang va Nha nude can nd Iyc ddi mdi quan diem, tu duy tiep can chinh sach qudc gia theo hudng cdi md, Hnh boat, kien tao va lay Igi ich nhan dan, qudc gia la true xoay chinh cua phat trien ben vung dat nude, la muc tieu cua chinh sach. Dieu nay ddi hdi dudng Idi, chii truong, quyet sach chinh trj khi ddi mdi thilt nghT phai nen dua tren su ket hgp hai hda cua 04 try cdt trong "tu duy chinh sach":
- Tu duy khoa hgc ddi hdi chii the dan dat chinh sach cdng phai coi trgng chan Ii, quy luat bong toan bd chu trinh chinh sach; tilp can van de dya ben he thdng cac phuang phap, ly thuyet, md hinh chinh sach hgp li, diing dan.
- Tu duy thuc tiin yeu ciu chii the cd vai trd lanh dao chinh sach can coi trgng thyc tiln, chii bgng kham pha, phat hien vln de chinh sach tir thyc tiln, du bao diln biln ddi sdng xa hgi, ddi sdng chinh sach bong thyc tiln lam tiln dl xay dung, tilp bic hoan thien, bd sung chinh sach mdi cho dIt nude d timg giai doan phat trien.
- Tu duy bien chiing suy cho ciing bong toan bd qua binh din dIt chinh sach cdng, cin het sire luu y, t h ^ tt-gng dl nhan dien ve mdi quan he hiru CO, nhan - qua cua cac chinh sach vdi nhau, giOa cac giai doan trong chu trinh chinh sach vdi
nhau,... nham giiip hinh thanh tu duy tdng the, toan dien, bao quat yong lanh dao, djnh hudng he thdng chinh sach vT md qudc gia, vimg, dja phuong ddng thdi tranh tu duy chinh sach kieu cue bd, dja phuong, cat cii.
- Tu duy phdt triin (kiin tgo phdt triin) cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng trong vai trd lanh dao cua Dang ddi vdi chu trinh chinh sach cdng. Nd yeu cau, nhin trudc, dy doan trien vgng lac quan cua chinh sach trong tucmg lai de vugt qua cac rao can, khd khan trong chu trinh chinh sach neu vap phai (tuy nhien, tranh lac quan "teu"); ddng thdi, xac djnh ddng lye, muc tieu cudi ciing va cao nhat ciia mgi chinh sach chinh la su phat trien, thjnh vugng qudc gia va kien tao su phat trien ciia xa hgi.
Thd hai, hodn thien phuang thirc lanh dgo cua Ddng ddi vdi chu trinh chinh sdch cdng
Cac phuong thirc nay dugc vi nhu sai ddy truyen ddn ciia siic manh cua mgi y chi, dudng Idi, quyet sach chinh tri ciia Dang nhd dd ma hien thyc hda trong chinh sach cdng ma di den ddi sdng thyc tien cua xa hdi. Do vay, nang cao vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang ddi vdi chinh sach cdng nhat thiet khdng the bd qua viec xay dung, ciing co phuang thirc lanh dao ciia Dang, cu the la:
(i). Hodn thien ca che the che hda vai trd lanh dgo cua Ddng ddi vdi chinh sdch cdng. Hien tai, dii vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang da dugc hien djnh, song CO chi the che hda vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang ddi vdi Nha nude, xa hdi ndi chung va ddi vdi chu trinh chinh sach cdng ndi rieng van chua hoan thien, cdn qua chung chung, "dai khai". Dieu nay tit yeu dan den tinh tiiy tien, tha hda quyen lye chinh tri va vd ky luat trong thyc thi vai trd lanh dao chinh sach cdng trong tuong lai. Neu cd the khai quat hda toan bd qua trinh hinh thanh chinh sach cdng hi khi cac van de chinh sach cdn nam trong tuyen ngdn chinh trj, quan diem, dudng hudng, quylt sach chinh fri cho den khi chiing dugc thi chi hda thdng qua he thdng phap luat 6k chuyin tai luih hdn chinh sach vao ddi sdng
Tap chf Kinh te - Ky thuat
thuc bin thi cd the chia qua trinh ay gdm 02 gia doan Idn. Trong dd, giai doan sau (hrc thi chi hda duong loi, chi dgo, quyet sdch chinh tri thdnh hi thdng phdp lugt) dugc quy djnh kha chat che ve trinh br, thu bic bong Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2015. Tuy nhien, giai doan diu tien cua qua trinh ay, tire la hi khi cac van de chinh sach vln cdn dugc chiia dung trong tuyen ngdn, cuang ITnh, hay quyet sach chinh tri thi thyc te van chua dugc luat boa mgt each chi tiet, tudng minh de dieu chinh (ca gdc do "luat Dang" va
"luat Nha nude"),
(ii). Ndng cao ndng luc phdn tich, du dodn, du bdo cdc tdc ddng nguac chieu do chinh sdch mang lgi Khi ban den nang Iyc phan tich, dy doan, dy bao tac ddng chinh sach chung ta se thudng chii y den viec nang cao pham chat ciia ddi ngu nhan sy trong cac co quan ciia Dang cd lien quan den tu van, tham muu hoach dinh dudng hudng, chii truong phat trien chinh sach qudc gia. Dieu nay diing nhung chua dii. Trudng hgp nay, tdi dac biet lim tam den yeu td khac, thudc ve cdng cu hd trg phan tich, dy doan, dy bao tac dgng chinh sach nhieu han - do la phuong phap nghien ciru, bd cdng cu danh gia, phan tich chinh sach cua xa hdi hgc. Dieu de nhan thay, vai trd cua xa hdi hgc vdi tu each la nganh khoa hgc cung cap bd cdng cu nghien ciiu, dieu tra xa hdi, thu thap thdng tin lam chat lieu cho qua trinh lanh dao chinh sach cdng chuyen nghiep, hien dai, toan dien, dang tin cay d Viet Nam van chua dugc dat xiing tam, tham chi sir dung cd phan bj "meo md".
(iii). Tiip tuc khai day sir ddng thudn xd hgi ddi vdi cdc chinh sdch qudc gia. Truyen cam hiing va khai day cam ket hanh ddng vdn la chirc nang cd hiiu ciia boat ddng lanh dao, ciia nha lanh dao.
Neu thyc sy mudn duy tri va phat huy vai trd lanh dao ciia Dang, Nha nude ddi vdi chinh sach cdng, ban than nghT thdi gian tdi, cdng tac nay can phai thuc hien thudng xuyen, bai ban, hieu qua va thyc chat hon nGa. Dang va cac co quan nha nude da cd he thdng truyen thdng kha da dang, day dii tren mgi cap. mgi nganh nhu co quan tuyen giao, dan
van, be thdng co quan mat tran, bao chi,... de cd the dua quan dilm, chii truang ciia Dang ve cac chmh sach din gin hon vdi cdng luan nhung thyc te hieu qua chua nhu ky vgng. Thdi gian tdi, vdi sy tac ddng manh me cua Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0, de cdng tac nay tilp bic dat hieu qua. Dang can luu tam den viec tang cudng buyen thdng, thdng tin kip thdi vl chu truong, chinh sach, quan diem, lap trudng ciia minh ve cac van de chinh sach den vdi cdng chiing mgt each nhanh chdng, thdng nhat, thdng sudt, thuan tien, dac biet tang cudng quan ly tren mdi trudng mang xa hgi, phat huy vai trd cac thiet che ty quan, tang cudng ddi thoai, tang trach nhiem giai trinh,... la ndi dung khdng the xem nhe.
Thir ba, tdng cudng ndng luc, ngudn lire cho cdc ca sd dao tgo, nghiin cuu nhdm nghien deu, tgo dot phd vi khoa hgc chinh sdch cdng. chu trgng vdo 08 cdu hdi tdc gid da neu. Hien nay, nude ta cd nhieu co sd dao tao ve chuyen nganh chinh sach cdng d cap do tir dai hgc cho den sau dai hgc. Tuy nhien, Viet Nam van chua cd trung tam nghien ciiu, dao tao ve chinh sach cdng va cac chuyen nganh chinh sach cdng quy md, ximg tam nhu Trudng Chinh sach cdng Ly Quang Dieu ciia Xin-ga-po. Do do, thdi gian tdi, cac co quan cd tham quyen can nghien ciiu, de xuat de an xay dyng tmng tam qudc gia ve dao tao chinh sach cdng. (3 dd, trung tam nay se dugc dau tu ngudn Iyc mgt each tap tmng, he thdng, bai ban, quy tu nhieu chuyen gia trong va ngoai nude nham dao tao ddi ngii nha khoa hgc, nha thyc tiln trong ITnh vyc nay ve nghien ciiu, giang day, tii dd, tu van chinh sach qudc gia cho cac co quan nha nude mgt each chat lugng.
4. KET LUAN
Chinh sach cdng d Viet Nam cd Ijch sir hinh thanh, van ddng va phat trien rit lau dai, nhung khoa hgc ve ITnh vyc nay chi mdi phat trien manh tir nhirng nam 70 ciia thi ky XX.
Sau hon 30 nam ddi mdi dat nude, chinh sach cdng (ca tren binh dien khoa hgc va thuc tiln van ddng) da dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu. Tuy vay,
Chinh sdch cong d Viet Nam...
mudn trd thanh nganh khoa hgc dung nghTa, giir vai tro quan trgng la cdng cu co ban ciia qua trinh lanh dao, quan ly qudc gia, dja phuang, chinh sach cdng phai dugc quan tam d i u tu bai ban, cd djnh hudng, ddng thdi nd luc ddi mdi nham khac phuc ban c h i , khilm kbuylt keo dai lau nay. De lam dugc dieu nay, su nd luc cdng sinh giiia cac chu the cd tham quyen va cac nha khoa hoc, chuyen gia tam huyet, giau nang lye la yeu td quyet dinh.
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO
1. Vu Cao Dam, Gido trinh Khoa hgc chinh sdch, Nxb. Dai hgc qudc gia Ha Ndi, Ha Ngi.
2. Tran Nggc Dudng (2015), Nhin lgi nhirng thdnh tiru cua Qudc hgi Viet Nam trong 10 nam tir 2005 din 2015, tr. 15, trich Hdi thao khoa hgc "Qudc hdi Viet Nam: 70 nam hinh thanh va phat triln" td chirc tai Ha Ndi, ngay 08/12/2015.
3. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2016), Vdn kiin Dgi hdi dgi bieu todn qudc lan thirXll, Nxb.
CTQG, HN, tr. 66
4. Nguyen Hiiu Hai (2014), Chinh sdch cdng - Nhirng vdn de ca bdn, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia - Sy that. Ha Ndi.
5. Dd Phu Hai (2018), Tdng quan vi chinh sdch cdng, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia - Su that. Ha Ndi.
6. Tran Van Huan, Nguyen Hihi Hoang (2018), Khoa hgc lanh dgo: Hdi vd ddp, Nxb. Dai hgc qudc gia T P Hd Chi Minh, T P Hd Chi Minh.
7. Trin Trgng Kim (2005), nit Nam su luac, Nxb. Tdng hgp T P Hd Chi Minh, TR Hd Chi Minh.
8. Nghi quylt sd 48-NQ/TW cua Bd Chinh trj ve "Chien luac xdy dung vd hodn thien hi thong phdp lugt Viet Nam din nam 2010, dinh hudng den nam 2020 ".
