NGHIEN CLfU THLfC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
CHINH SACH MUA SAM CONG XANH: KINH NGHIEM CUA HAN QU6C VA TRUNG QUOC VA BAI HOC CHO VIET NAM
Nguyen Thi Anh V3n
Tdm tdt: Phdt triin ben vdng vd bdo ve mdi truong la nhiim vu cdp thiet ciia cdc qudc gia trin the gidi. Mdt tiong nhirng cdng cu chinh sdch md cdc chinh phu sti dung di thuc day phdt trien bin vdng vd bdo vi mdi truong Id mua sdm cdng xanh. Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich kinh nghiim mua sam cdng xanh ciia Hdn Qudc vd Trung Qudc. Thuc ti tgi hai qudc gia ndy chi ra rdng, di cd chinh sdch mua sdm cdng xanh hiiu qud, viic xdy dung khung khd phdp ly chat che, bg mdy qudn ly tinh ggn vd Id trinh thuc hiin phit hgp Id rdt quan trong Tie dd, tdc gid di xudt mdt sd gidi phdp de thdc day mua sdm cdng xanh tgi Viit Nam.
Tir khda: Chinh sdch mua sam cdng; mua sdm cdng xanh
Dat van de
Trong bdi canh bien ddi kbi hau, cac cMnb phu ngay cang quan tam den viec giam thieu tac dgng cua qua trinh tang trudng kinh tg den mdi trudng.
Ddng thdi, cac v4n de vg cbi phi xu ly chat thai, d nhigm mdi trudng va radi lo ngai ve siic khde cdng ddng ciing thue day cac nha hoach dmh chinh sach dua ra cae tigu chuan khat khe ban dg quan ly va bao ve mdi trudng (BVMT). Tuy nhign, tiong mire gidi ban cua ngudn tai cMnb cdng, thay vi cbi tia cho chi phi vg mdi trucmg, cac chinh phu cd xu hudng thyc hien cac boat ddng ben vung hon, dac biet la boat ddng raua sara. Tai cac nude phat trien, chi tigu cdng cua chinh phu cho bang hda, dich vu, cdng trinh thudng chigm 10 - 15% GDP, con sd nay tai cac nude dang phat trien cd the lgn tdi 50 - 60% (Perera, 2012). Viec su dung ngudn tai chinh nay de lua chon hang hda, dich vu va eac cdng trinh cd it tac ddng xau dgn mdi trudng han se ddng gdp dang kg cho muc tigu phat trien ben viing cua dia phuong, khu vyc, qudc gia va qudc tg.
Tai Viet Nara, tdng gia tning than nara 2018 ve mua sam cdng la 647.676,143 ty ddng (Bd Kg hoach va Dau tu, 2019), cMem khoang 42,5% tdng ehi ngan sach Nha nude (Bd Tai chinh, 2017) va
khoang 11,7% GDP' (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2019).
Dieu nay cho thay cae ea quan Nha nude la "ngudi mua" quan trgng ciia thi trudng. Khi hg thuc hien mua sam cdng xanh (MSCX) bang each dua ra cac tigu chi "xanh" tiong cac gdi thau, ngudn cung cac san pham va djcb •vu than thien vdi mdi trudng se gia tang dang kg, tir dd gdp phan BVMT. Ngoai ra, trong bai Hiep dinh thuong mai thg he mdi ma Chinh phii Viet Nam da ky kgt (Hiep dinh EVFTA va CP-TPP) cd cac digu khoan vg md eiia thi trudng mua sam chinh phii. Viec ban hanh cac quy dinh vg MSCX se giiip Viet Nam tan dung duge nhieu lgi ich hon tir cac Hiep dinh nay.
Trgn thyc te, cac gdi thau mua sam hang nam ciia eac co quan CMnb phii Viet Nam chua cd nMeu yeu eau vg miic do "xanh" cua san pham va dich vu. Do do, Nha nude can xay dyng mdt hanh lang phap ly cu the va hudng dan chi tigt nham tang cudng MSCX. Vi day la mdt linh vyc mdi ngn viee tham khao kinh nghiera ciia eac qudc gia tren the gidi, trong dd cd Han Qudc - mdt tiong nhiing nude di dau vg thyc hien MSCX va Tmng Qudc - nude ed he thdng chinh quyen va qua tiinh phat trien kinh te tuong tu vdi Viet Nara, la rat can thigt ' GDP cua Viet Nam nam 2018 la 5.542.331,87 ty dong (nguon: Tong Cue Thong ke, https://www.gso.gov.vn/
default. aspx?tabid-715).
152 PHAT TRIEN B E N V C N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
dg Viet Nam cd the xay dyng hieu qua chinh sach mua sam theo budng xanh,
1. Khai quat ve chinh sach mua sam cong xanh Theo quan diem cua Lign hgp qudc, MSCX la
"viec lya chgn cae san pham va dich vu giam thigu tac dgng tigu eye dgn mdi trudng. Qua trinh nay doi bdi chinh phu hoac td chiic cdng thyc hien danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng cua mdt san phara trong toan bd vdng ddi, ed nghia la xera xet eac chi phi mdi trudng tir giai doan mua sara nguygn lieu tho cho dgn giai doan san xuSt, van chuyen, luu trii, xir ly, sir dung va thanh ly san pham" (UN, 2008, tr. 1). Uy ban chau Au dua ra khai niem khai quat ban, theo dd, MSCX la mdt khia canh cua mua sam xanh, cu thg la "mdt qua trinh theo dd td chiic banh cMnh cdng tim each giara thigu tac dgng mdi trudng trong sudt vdng ddi cua hang boa va dich vu hg mua sam, ngu so sanh vdi cae bang hoa va dich vu khac cimg chiic nang ed the mua thay thg" (EC, 2016, ti-. 4).
Tdm lai, cd the Meu MSCX la boat ddng raua sam cua nha nude cd tinh dgn vdng ddi san pham va dam bao nguyen tac giara thieu tac ddng xSu dgn mdi trudng.
Theo EC, lgi ich cda MSCX duge the hien trgn 04 linh vyc^:
- Mdi trudng: (i) la cdng cu giup chinh phu dat dugc cae muc tigu ve mdi trudng; (ii) ed tac dung dinh hudng eho cac doanh nghiep tu nhan va thi trudng; (iii) gdp phan nang cao nhan thiie vg cac van dg mdi trudng.
- Xa hdi'suc khde cdng ddng: (i) giiip nang eao chat lugng cudc sdng; (ii) tbiic day nha san xuat phat tiign cac san pham mdi, than thien vdi mdi tiudng ban
- Kinh tg: (i) gdp phan tigt kiera ngan saeh va tai nguygn thign nhign khi chi phi vdng ddi san pham dugc tinh dgn trong qua trinh raua sara; (ii) tao ddng luc ddi radi cho cae nganh kinh tg; (iii) giam thigu chi phi cua cac cdng nghe "xanh" khi khuygn khich duge nhigu doanh nghiep gia nhap linh vuc cdng nghe va san pham mdi trudng.
- Chinh tri: thyc Men MSCX la mdt each hieu qua dg chiing minh cam ket eua khu vye cdng ddi vdi BVMT va tigu thy va san xuat ben viing, qua do gdp phan cai thien binh anh cita chinh phu.
Nguyin tdc ca bdn ciia MSCX la khi thyc hien mua sam cdng ngoai viec sii' dung tdi iru ngudn tai chinh va tinh cdng bang, cdn phai xem xet cac ygu td radi trudng tiong sudt vdng ddi cua san phara/
dich vu dya trgn nguygn tac phdng ngira ban xir ly, cy the:
- Ngan ngira d nhigra ngay tai ngudn: ygu cau cac nha cung img san pham/dich vu phai dam bao xuat xir san pham vdi nhiing thdng sd ve cdng nghe, quy trinh san xuat; thanh phan va ngudn gdc nguygn lieu dau vao; cac quy trinh quan ly, kigm toan mdi trudng, kigm toan nang lugng; va trach nhiem xa hdi khac cua doanh nghiep.
- Giara thigu tac ddng mdi trudng: trong va sau kbi su dung cac san phara/dich vu phai danh gia vdng ddi san pham, xem xet cac ehi phi van hanh (nang lugng, nguyen lieu); cac tac ddng mdi trudng cd the xay ra tiong qua trinh sir dung nhu phat thai CO2, nude thai, chat thai ran; va cbi phi thu gom, xir ly ciing nhu nhiing tac dgng tdi mdi trudng doi vdi cac san pham hdng hoc va hgt ban sir dung.
- Hieu qua su dung tai nguygn: xera xet cac san pbam/djch vu hieu qua tai nguygn thien nhien (dat, nude, khoang san...), nang lugng va kha nang tai che, tai su dung.
Khi ra quyet dinh MSCX, can xera xet san pham/dich vu d tat ca cae khau, tii nguygn lieu dau vao den van chuygn, san xuat, ddng gdi, sir dung va kgt tbiic vdng ddi, cd bay khdng cd kha nang tai sir dung, kha nang phan hiiy.
Muc tiiu cita chinh sdch MSCX la digu chinh banh vi mua sam ciia eac ca quan cdng quygn. Do dd, khi phan tich cae ygu td anh hudng den quygt dinh mua sam cua cac td chiic nay se lam ro cae yeu td anh budng dgn chinh saeh MSCX. Sa dd dudi day xem xet cac yeu td bgn trong va bgn ngoai tac ddng dgn chinh sach MSCX, vdi chu thg la cac ca quan thudc chinh phu.
http ://ec. europa. eu/environment/gpp/benefits_en. htm
PHAT T R I E N B E N V U N G V D N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019) 153
NGHigN CLfU THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
Hinh 1: CAC YEU TO ANH HUONG DEN CHINH SACH MUA SAM CONG XANH
Nguon cung
.
Cac ca quan chinh phii
1 Nhan thuc I
( Khung kh6 ^ A ^ f}^.^t I."', i I pMpiy mmK ('^•'='»°h™
V / ^( r \ nhan lyc) /
Gia san pham, dich
vu
Nguon: Tdc gid tdng hop tir bdo cdo cua UNEP (2017a) vd Hd Cdng Hda (2018).
- Cac ygu td ben trong: (i) Ygu td nhan thiic.
khi cac co quan cdng quygn nhan thiic day dii vg lgi ich ciia MSCX, hg se cd xu budng tuan thii chinh saeh MSCX, ddng thdi cung cap cac kign nghi dg xay dyng cac ca chg thyc thi higu qua bon;
(ii) Khung khd phap ly: he thong phap ly day dii va hoan thien giup don gian hda cac thu tuc hanh chinh va tang hieu qua thuc Men; (iii) Ngudn lyc:
tai chinh cdng va ngudn nhan luc anh hudng dgn qua trinh dua ra quygt dinh MSCX, do gia thanh ciia san pham, dich vu xanh thudng eao bon cac san pham, dich vu thdng thudng va ngudn ngan sach ban che.
- Cae yeu td bgn ngoai: (i) Ngudn cung san phara xanh: trong trudng hgp thi truong trong nude chua ed hoac cung cap ban che cac san phdm, dich vu xanh, nhigu qudc gia cd thg khdng thyc hien MSCX nhara bao hg ngn san xuat ndi dia; (ii) Ygu td gia san pham, dich vu: ddi vdi nhiing nude dang phat tiien, vdi ngan saeh nha nude cd ban, viec dua ra quygt dinh mua sam thudng can nhic nhieu den ygu td gia. Khi dd, cac san pham, dich vu xanh thudng It dugc lua chgn do ed chi phi eao
hon eac san pham ciing loai. Tuy nhign, khi cac san pham nay duge phat trign tign thi trudng va dat duge hieu qua kinh tg theo quy md, gia cua chiing thudng giam xudng miic tuong duong vdi cac san pham tmygn thdng. Vi thg, cac cMnh sach MSCX khdng cbi tac ddng tryc tigp dgn mua sam san pham xanh ma cdn thuc day tao ra thi trudng, tir dd giai quyet tdt van dg ve gia.
Thdng thudng, chinh sdch mua sam cdng gdm cd 4 budc:khdi sy chinh sach, hoach dinh chinh sach, thyc thi chinh sach va danh gia chinh sach.
Giiia td chirc thuc thi va danh gia chinh saeh co mdt boat ddng quan trgng nham giii eho chinh sach tdn tai va phat huy tac dung trong ddi sdng xa hgi, ngay ca kM phai thay ddi cae bien phap thuc hien muc tigu, do la duy tri chinh sach. Sau kbi danh gia chinh sach cd thg se xuat hien nhiing man thuan mdi nay sinb tir viec giai quygt cac raau thu^n da cd. Ngu nhiing mau thuan mdi nay sinb can dugc giai quyet bang chinh sach thi chu the lai tigp tuc xem xet dg cho ra ddi mdt chinh sach mdi. Cii nhu thg chu trinh chinh sach dugc lap lai vdi miic do ngay cang hoan thien ca vg lugng va chat.
154 PHAT T R I E N B E N VtJNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Hinh 2: CAC BUOC TRONG CHINH SACH CONG Xac dinh van de
chinh sach cdng
Phat Men mau thuan
>•.,
Hoach dinh chinh sach cdng
^ i.
Phan tich chinh sach cdng
• Danh gia chinh sach cdng
Thuc thi chinh sach cdng
Duy tri chinh sach cdng
cbl sy Man chuygn cac boat ddng trong chu trinh chinh sach cdng chi mdi lign be giiia cac boat ddng trong chu trinh chinh sach cdng Ngudn: Nguyen Hdu Hdi (2014).
Chinh sdch MSCX la tap hgp eac quyet dinh va nhiing banh ddng thyc tien eua nha nude trong van dg mua sam nham dieu chinh hanh vi ciia cac to chirc, ca nhan trong cac ea quan nha nude nham giam thieu tdi da tac ddng xau dgn mdi trudng, tir khau lap ke hoach cho dgn cac qua trinh lya chgn, dau than va trign khai, giam sat mdt dy an raua sam cdng.
Chu trinh chinh sdch MSCX phai dara bao cac budc trong chu trinh chinh sach cdng. Trong phara vi bai vigt, tac gia se nghien ciiu cac budc hoach dinh, thuc thi va danh gia chinh sach MSCX.
2. Kinh nghiem cua Han Qudc va Trung Quoc ve mua sam cdng xanh
2.1. Kh&i su vd hoach dinh chinh sdch Sau 30 nam tien hanh cdng nghiep hda, Han Qudc da trd thanh mdt nude phat tnen vdi GDP diing thii 10 thg gidi (tai thdi digm kgt thiic giai doan cdng nghiep hda cudi the ky XX) (Lg Xuan Dinh, 2014). Tuy nMgn, qua trinh tang trudng kinh te nhanh ciing gay ra nhigu hau qua nang ng dgn mdi trudng. De vugt qua nhiing thach thirc ciia suy thoai mdi trudng, can kiet tai nguyen va phat sinb
chat thai, tir dau nhiing nam 1990, chinh phii Han Qudc da chuygn ddi md hinh phat trign qudc gia theo hudng phat trign bgn viing, ddng thdi ban hanh eac cMnb sach khuyen khich tigu dimg va san xuat bgn viing (UNEP, 2017b).
Nam 1992, dg thyc Men muc tieu phat trign ben vung, Bd Mdi trudng Han Qudc da ban hanh Chuang trinh nhan sinb thai Han Qudc. Sau do, MSCX chinh thiic dugc ap dung thdng qua nhan sinh thai theo Luat Phat trign va hd trg Cdng nghe mdi trudng vao nam 1994. Cae ca quan nha nude khuygn kMcb uu tign mua sara cac san pham dugc chiing nhan nhan sinh thai. Day la ca sd phap ly dau tign cho viec ap dung chinh sach nay. Tuy nhign, tai thdi diem do eac san phara dugc dan nhan cdn rat han chg va thigu be thdng giam sat.
MSCX da dugc tiign khai manh me ban khi Bd Mdi trudng Han QuQc ban hanh Luat khuyen khich MSCX vao nam 2005, sau nay dugc ddi tgn thanh Luat tang cudng MSCX vao nam 2012. Theo do, vao dau nam, cac CCT quan l ^ a nude phai de trinh kg hoach trign khai mua sara xanh cua nara va cac bao cao thyc tM ciia nara trudc cho Bd Mdi trudng Han Qudc. KM thyc Men raua sam cdng, cac ca
PHAT TRIEN BEN V ^ N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 155
NGHIEN CU'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHlEM
quan Chinh phu phai uu tien mua san phara xanh trong cac danh muc san phara cd chiing nhan hoac dap ling cac tieu ehi co ban ciia nhan sinh thai Han Qu6c (Eco-label) hoac nhan tai chg (Good Recycled Mark); hoac dap img eac tieu chuan mdi ti-udng khac do Bg Mdi tnrdng dua ra vdi su tham khao y kign ciia cac Bd cd lign quan.
Trong khi do, Tnmg Qudc la qudc gia dang phat tiien Idn nhat vdi quy md dan sd diing dau va quy md nen Mnh te diing thii bai thg gidi, nhung qudc gia nay dang phai ddi mat vdi d nhigm mdi trudng nghiem trgng va nguy co can kiet mdt sd tai nguygn thign nhign. Bgn canh eac chinh sach tryc tigp vg BVMT, chinh phu Trung Qudc da su dung mua sam cdng dg thiic day su phat trign bgn viing.
Tir nam 2002, chinh phu Trung Qudc da thue hien mdt sd chinh saeh va quy dinh de tao dieu kien thuc day va thyc Men MSCX (UNEP, 2017b).
Theo Yuhua va Conghu (2011), Men nay ed ba bg Mat la tiu cdt de phat trign MSCX tai Tnmg Qudc. Ddu tien la Luat Xiic tign san xuat sach nam 2002. Digu 16 trong luat nay quy dinh rang chinh quygn eac cap, trong cac goi raua sara eua hg, nen uu tign eho cac san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng va sir dung tai nguyen hieu qua, cu thg hem la nhiing san pham tigt kiera nang lugng, nude va cd thg tai chg. Digu khoan nay ciing quy dinh rang tat ca cac cap chinh quyen ngn van ddng va tuygn tmyen de khuyen khich cdng chung sir dung eac san pham "xanh".
Thii hai la Luat Mua sam Chinli phii ed bieu lyc vao thang 1 nam 2003. Digu 9 tiong Mat nay ygu can mua sam Chinh phii can dugc sir dung dg BVMT. Mua sam Chinh phii nen nham den rauc tigu thuc day san xuat than thign vdi mdi trudng va cung cap hang hda dap iing cac tieu chuan BVMT.
Ndi each khac, chinh phii khdng thg mua cae san pham dugc san xuat tai cac doanh nghigp khdng dat tigu chuan mdi trudng va khdng thg mua eac san phara khdng dap iing cae tigu chuan BVMT.
Dieu 22 quy dinh cac nha cung cap vi pham quy tac trong ba nam can dugc loai trir khoi danh sach mdi du thau.
Thu ba la Luat Xiic tign Kinh tg tuan hoan co hieu lyc vao thang 1 nam 2009. Digu 1 Muc 8 yeu cau cac ca quan Chmh phu trgn cap quan thigt lap bd phanchiu trach nhiem thuc day ngn kinh tg tuan hoan va nen sii dung chinh saeh, siic manh tai chinh, CO bdi dau tu va sue mua sam eiia Chinh phu de tbiic day ngn kinh tg tuan hoan (Yuhua va Conghu, 2011).
2.2. Thuc thi chinh sdch
Dg thyc thi Luat Khuyen khich MSCX 2005, Bg Mdi trudng Han Qudc ban hanh kg hoach trign khai theo 3 giai doan: Giai doan 1 (2006-2010): h6 trg thigt lap ea sd phap ly, ra soat eac ke hoach MSCX va danh gia qua trinh thyc thi, quy dinh trach nhiem ciia cac bgn lign quan trong MSCX, md rdng eac dan vi ap dung muc tieu; Giai doan 2 (2011-2015): tang cudng nhan thiie vg ldi sdng ben vn'ng va phat trign mua sam xanh ddi vdi ngudi tigu dimg ndi chung; Giai doan 3 (2016-2020): da dang hda cac san pham xanh va nang cao nang lyc canh tianh qudc tg.MSCX dugc trign khai thyc Men lign kgt vdi Chuang trinh nhan smh thai nham tigt kiem tdi da cac chi pM hanh cMnh.
He thdng mua sam cdng eua Han Qudc sir dung ca 2 phuang phap la mua sam tap trung va phan quygn, trong dd mua sam tap trung chigm 30% gia tri mua sam cdng, 70% cdn lai la mua sam phan quygn (UNEP, 2017b). Qudc gia nay cd mgt be thdng duy nhat dg thuc hien mua sam cdng la He thdng raua sam cdng true tuygn Han Quoc (KONEPS), hau hgt cac giao dich mua sam tap trung dugc thyc hienqua dd. KONEPS ciing cung cap mdt danh rauc mua sam tryc tuyen cac san pham xanh. He thdng nay cung ckp thdng tin toan dien ve cac san pham, bao gdm ea nhan sinh thai va gia san pham. Dii lieu mua sam xanh tir cac ca quan mua sam khac nhau dugc tdng hgp thdng qua He thdng thdng tin san pham xanh (GPIS). Chinh phu Han Quoc khdng dat ra cac rayc tieu dinh lugng vg MSCX, Miung radi co quan Nha nude phai ty dat mue tigu (vi dy: sd tign MSCX va ty le MSCX tren tdng sd tign mua sam cdng trong nam) va bao eao cho Bd Mdi trudng Han Qudc.Cac san phSm va djcb vy ap dung cho MSCX dugc xac dinh theo Dao Mat nam 2005 gdm: (i) dugc chiing
PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
nhan hoac dap irng cac tigu ehi ca ban ciia nhan sinh thai Han Qudc dat ra; (ii) dugc chimg nhan hoac dap img tieu chuan cua chiing nhan chat lugng cho eac san phdm tai che (Nhan hieu tai che t6t); (iii) tuan thu cac tigu ehi radi trudng khac do Bd Mdi trudng dua ra sau khi tham khao y kign vdi cac Bd ed lign quan.
Theo Dao Mat nam 2005, cae ca quan nha nude nen mua cac san phdm va dich vu cd nhan sinh thai. Viec mua sara xanh cd the dugc thyc hien theo hai each: tryc tigp va gian tigp. Mdi td chiic CO thg tryc tiep mua eac san pham va dich vu xanh. Neu tdng sd tign mua vugt qua mdt nguong nhat dinh, giao dich mua dugc uy quyen cho Co quan Mua sSm Cdng Han Qudc (PPS). Hoac la, moi td chiic cd the ygu cau nha thau mua sara san pham xanh trong dich vu ma nha thau cung cap cho to chiic dd (vi du: dich vu xay dyng, bao tri, sira chiia va van banh), thdng qua eac digu kien dac Hinh 3: HE THONG THUC THI MUA
biet hoac thdng sd ky thuat xanh tiong hgp ddng.
Cac nhdm san pham cd thg kgt hgp nMeu loai san pham khac nhau, tii thigt bi dien tu, vat tu van phdng va dd ndi that cho dgn vat lieu xay dyng,...
Vien Cdng nghe va Mdi trudng Han Qudc (KEITI), tryc thugc Bd Mdi trudng, la co quan van hanh be thdng MSCX va nhan sinh thai Han Qudc.
KEITI chiu trach nhiem thu thap kg hoach thyc hien mua sam xanh tir cac ea quan nha nude va theo ddi kgt qua. Ngoai ra, mdt loat cac chinh sach ciing dang dugc thyc bien de bd sung cho MSCX nhu: (i) Dua ra hudng dan hang nam dg thdng bao cho cae nha quan ly vg quy trinh mua sam va giam sat xanh; (ii) Tign hanh dao tao eho ngudi quan ly dinh ky va theo ygu cau; (iii) XuSt ban cac nghign Cliu dien binh va td chiic hdi thao de gidi thieu cac phuang phap tdt nhat; (iv) Trao cac giai thudng va uu dai qudc gia cho cac ca quan nha nude thuc bien tdt.
SAM CONG XANH TAI HAN QUOC
Bo Moi trudng Han Qudc Qudn ly chung
Bdo cdo kit qud gidm sdt vd ddnh gid Cung cdp dinh hu&ng vd qudn ly tdng thi
Vien Cong nghg va Mdi truongHan Qudc (KEITI) Thu thdp cdc ki hogch/hd so MSCX
vd Ddnh gid
Cff quan Mua sam cdng (PPS) Thuc hiin vd gidm sdt MSCX tap
trung
Thuc thi MSCX khi gid tri vugt cdc nguong nhdt dinh
Giri ke hogch thuc iin vd hd so thdng qua GPIS
Cac to chiic cdng Thuc thi MSCX Uy quyen mua sdm cdng khi
gid tri vuot cdc nguong nhdt dinh Ngudn: Ko (2015).
Khac vdi he thdng mua sam cdng cua Han Qudc, Trung Qudc hien chi ap dung hinh thiic mua sSm tap trung. O cap trung uong, Uy ban Phat trien
va Cai each Qudc gia va Bd Bao ve Mdi trudng la cac td chirc hudng dan va quan ly cac boat ddng MSCX. Bd Thuong mai va Bd Tai chinh bd trg
PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019) 157
NGHIEN CO'U THU'C NGHlEM - KINH NGHIgM
digu phdi tbi trudng va tai trg cho MSCX. Vai trd ciia cac ca quan cu thg la:
- Bg Tai chinh: chiu trach nhiem xay dyng danh muc mua sam tap ti-ung, trien khai danh muc tigt kiera nang lugng va danh muc san pham dan nhan mdi trudng; hd tig mdt sd ea quan chinh quyen dia phuang trong viec thanh lap cac trung tara raua sara tai chd; lam viee vdi cac phdng tai chinh dia phuong dg xir ly khigu nai cua nha cung cap.
- Bd Bao ve Mdi tiudng: la ca quan quan Iy Chuang trinh Nlian Mdi trudng Trung Qudc, chiu trach nhiem quan ly va dua ra cac tieu chuan vg dan nhan mdi truong cua Trung Qudc; phdi hgp vdi Bd Tai chinh quan ly viec thyc Men va cdng bd dardi myc san phara dan nhan mdi trudng.
- IJy ban Phat tnen va Cai each Qudc gia: tir nam 2005, day la ca quan dau mdi thuc Men ca chg digu phdi lign bg do Hgi ddng Nha nude thanh lap, cd chirc nang giam sat boat ddng cua tat ca cae CO quan Chinh phii va doanh nghigp Nha nude lign quan den Luat Mua sara Chinh phu va Luat Dau thau; va cimg Bd Tai cMnh quan ly va ban hanh danh sach cac san phara tigt kiem nang lugng.
H i n h 4: HE T H O N G T H l / C THI MUA
- Tmng tam Mua sam Chinh phu; cac trung tam nay tiep nhan yeu cau mua sam cua cac ca quan Chinh phu va dieu phdi cac boat ddng mua sam; phdi hgp va thue hien viec mua sam xanh ddi vdi eac san pham tigt kiem nang lugng va dan nhan mdi trudng, hoac cac san pham nSm trong danh sach bat budc.
- Trung tara Chung nhan Chat lugng Trung Qudc: la radt td chiic chiing nhan chuyen nghigp thudc Tap doan chiing nhan va kiem dinh Trung Qudc, dugc phg duyet bdi Tdng eye kigm soat va kigm tra chat lugng va Ca quan kigm dich va Mgm dinh chat lugng eua Cong hda Nhan dan Tmng Hoa. Ca quan nay cd tiach nhiem thuc hien Kg hoach Chimg nhan tiet kiem nang lugng va xay dyng danh saeh cac san pham tiet kiem nang lugng cimg vdi Uy ban Cai each va Phat trign Qudc gia.
- Vien tigu chuan hda qudc gia Trung Qudc: la mgt td chiic dich vu xa hdi qudc giatruc thudc Bd Quan ly Thi trudng,thyc hien cac nghign ciiu tigu chuan hda, ehii yeu giai quygt cac van dg tieu chuan hda toan cau, chign luac va toan dien tiong ngn kinh te qudc gia va phat tiign xa hdi cua Trung Qudc. Vien cd chirc nang xay dung tieu chuan hieu qua nang lugng.
S A M CONG XANH TAI TRUNG QUOC
Tap doan chiing nhan va kiem dinh TQ
Bo Quan ly Thi midng
Trung tam Chiing nhan Chat luong TQ
Uy ban Phat trien va Cai each Quoc gia Vien Ueu
chuan hoa quoc gia TQ Chiing chi tiet kiem nang lugng
Bo Tai chinh
Cac CO quan Nlia I I nuffc I
Danh sach san nham TKNL r*—
Tmng tSm Phat trien Moi trudng
Trung tSm chiing nhan moi
trudng TQ Chiing chi moi trudng
I Danh sach san pham nhan MT -N Trung (am Mua sam Chinh phu W—
Ngudn: Tdc gid chinh sira tir bdo cdo ciia UNEP (2017b).
158 P H A T TRIEN BEN V D N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
- Trung tam Chiing nhan Mdi trudng Trung Qudc: CO quan duy nhat thyc hien viec chiing nhan cho nhan mdi trudng Trung Qudc.
- Trung tam Phat trien Mdi tru'dng: ca quan nghien ciin khoa hgc tryc thudc Bd Bao ve Mdi trudng, chiu tiach nhiem cho viec phat tiign cac tieu chuan vg dan nhan mdi trudng ciia Trung Qudc.
Dya tign thdng tm do Bd Tai chinh cung cap vg cac chuong trinh dao tao, chinh quygn trung uong va dia phuang se td cbijrc cae chuang trinh dao tao hang nam eho cac nhan vign cd trach nhiem raua sara.
2.3. Co che gidm sdt
Tai Han Qudc, de theo doi tign trinh MSCX, KEITI da dua ra va theo ddi bd ba cbi sd: (i) sd lugng cac td ebirc cdng de trinh ke hoach trign khai va ho sa thyc hien; (ii) tdng sd lugng mua sam xanh hang nam vg gia tri Mnh te va dan vi; (iii) cae tieu chuan va thong sd ky thuat cua hgp ddng dich vu va xay dyng.
Trong nam 2012, ed khoang 870 td ehiic "me"
bao gdm khoang 30.000 chi nhanh tham gia thyc hien Dao luat nam 2005.Dg ddi chigu dii lieu vdi cac to chirc "me", nam 2005 KEITI da thigt lap mot eong thdng tin true tuygn ve He thdng thdng tin san phara xanh (GPIS dia cbi http://www.greenproduct.go.kr/), giup qua trinh theo ddi va bao cao dg dang va thuan tien ban.
Dugc lign kgt vdi he thdng raua sam dien tii eua PPS, ho sa ve cac giao dich mua s^m xanh dugc mua bdi PPS se dugc ty dgng chuygn sang GPIS.
Ngoai ra, cac bd so vg cac giao djcb mua sam xanh do cac td chirc thyc hien se dugc bd sung neu cae to chiic tuong iing theo ddi dii lieu mua sam va dang tai lgn GPIS. Tdng cdng, khoang 60% sd lieu mua sara xanh qudc gia dugc ty ddng cap nhat len GPIS, giup giam dang kg chi phi hanh chinh cua ca bgn mua sam va KEITI tiong viee giam sat va bign soan ket qua. Viec thdng nhat thdng tin giiia cac ben lign quan cMnb - nhu PPS, Bd Mdi trudng va KEITI - thdng qua he thdng giam sat dien tii tieh
hgp giiip quan ly cae hd so MSCX Men qua hem (Ko, 2015).
Du lieu mua sam xanh ciia cac td chiic dugc cap nhat tign cdng thdng tin cua Bg Mdi trudng va GPIS dg cdng chiing ed the dl dang tmy cap va so sanh kgt qua. Ngoai ra, khi cae dii' lieu dugc cdng khai, cac kgt qua thudng dugc xuat hien tign cac phuong tien truyen thdng Idn d Han Qudc, tii dd khuygn khich canh tianh giiia cac td ehiic cdng.
Tai Tmng Qudc, MSCX van dang trong giai doanban dau. Phuong phap danh gia va bao cao dir lieu vg MSCX chua dugc chuan boa cho tat ca cac ca quan chinh phii va dang trong qua tiinh phat trign. Chinh phii Trung Qudc dang tiong qua tiinh thigt lap mdt he thdng giam sat dg dam bao thuc day ciing nhu thyc bien thanh cdng MSCX.
2.4. Mgt so kit qud dgt duoc
Tai Han Qudc, viec thyc hien Luat MSCX ke tii nam 2005 da dan den mdt sy gia tang Idn tiong sd tign chi MSCX, cu thg da tang 1,41 ty USD trong 10 nam. Cd thg thay, tiong giai doan 2005- 2011, ty le gia tri MSCX tiong tdng gia tri mua sam cdng ndi dia cd mire tang trudng trung binh khoang 0,75%. Tir khi thyc thi giai doan 2 ciia ke hoach thyc Men Luat 2005, con sd nay dat 0,78%
(KEITI, 2015). Tinh dgn nam 2012, so lugng danh muc san pham cho MSCX la 169, sd lugng danh muc san pham cd nhan sinb thai la 156 va sd lugng san pham dat tigu chuan nhan sinb thai la 16.650 (UNEP, 2017b).
Hieu qua cua viec thuc hien MSCX la gop phan giam thai khi nha kinh, dong thdi dem lai lgi ich kinh te. Cu the, ti^ong giai doan 2005- 2009, muc giam phat thai khi nha kinh tang lien tuc, trung binh mdi nam tang 102.400 tan.
Til' nam 2010-2014, con so nay bien dgng quanh miic trung binh 529.600 tan. Dong thdi, Igi ich kinh te tir MSCX c6 sy tang vgt tit nam 2011-2014 (gia hi tang them 312 trieu USD) so vai giai doan dau 2005-2011 (gia tri dao dgng quanh miic trung binh 64,5 trieu USD).
P H A T T R I E N B E N VO-NG VCJNG QUYEN 9, s o 3 (9/2019) 159
NGHieN CLfU THLTC NGHIfM - KINH NGHIEM
mnh 5: DEN BffiN GIA TRI MUA SAM CONG XANH TAI HAN QUOC GIAI DOAN 2005-2014 (TY USD)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Tong gia Irj mua sam xanh (ty USD}
% gia tri MSCX/tong gia tn mua sam uQi dia tliuc liien boi PPS Nguon: KEITI (2015).
Hinh 6: HIEU QUA CUA CHINH SACH MUA SAM CONG XANH TAI HAN QUOC GIAI DOAN 2005-2012
lU . M I
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Ngudn: KEITI (2015)
Tai Trung Qudc, ngan sach tai chinh va chi ph cho MSCX da tang len mdi nam kg tu khi bat diiu
chuong trinh nay. Theo thdng kg, nam 2014, Chinh phii da mua sam cac san pham dan nhan moi trudng dat gia tn 176,24 ty RMB (khoang 27,97 ty PHAT T R I E N BEN VLPNG V D N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
USD), chigm 75,3% tdng sd san pham dugc chinh phii mua sam (vi du: son, van phdng pham, phuong tien giao thdng...). Nam 2011, viec mua skm eac san pham tigt kiem nang lugng dat 91,06 ty RMB, chigm 82% tdng san phim do chinh phu mua sam, Nam 2012, gia tri mua sSm cac san pham tigt kiem nang lugng dat khoang 17 ty USD va
chigm 29% gia tri mua sam cua chinh phii cho tat ca hang hda (UNEP, 2017b).
Tir cac thdng tin tren, qua trinh thuc bien chinh sach MSCX tai Han Qudc va Trung Quoc dugc tdm tat nhu sau:
Khdisu va hoach sach
Thuc thi chinh sach
Cache giam sat
Danh gia chung
Nguygn nhan Co quan xay dung Khung phap ly Hinh thuc mua sam cong
Co quan thuc thi
Nhan sinh thai de xay dung cac tigu chi vg MSCX Ho trg dao tao Phucmg thiic Nguon dir lieu
Diem manh
Diem ygu
Nguyen nhan
Han Quoc Moi trudng Bg Moi trudng Han Quoc Luat tang cudng MSCX Tap tmng va phan quygn Eg Moi trudng Han Qudc, Vien Cdng nghe va Moi trudng Han Quoc, Co quan Mua sam Cong Han Quoc
2 Cd Theo doi 3 chi so Sir dung He thong thong tin san pham xanh lien ket vdi he thong mua sam dien tii
- Da dat dugc ket qua theo cac muc tigu dat ra cua giai doan 1 va 2, sd lugng san pham dat tieu chuan Nhan xanh va Nhan tai che cdxu budng tang.
- Chua phdi hop MSCX vdi cac quy dinh mua sam khac - Chat lugng mdt s6 san pham xanh bj khieu nai.
- IChung kho phap ly chat che ve MSCX; kgt hgp chinh sach MSCX va Nhan sinh thai; he
Trung Quoc Mdi trudng
Uy ban Phat tngn va Cai each Qudc gia, Bg Bao ve Moi trirdng
Long ghep tiong cac bg luat va muc tieu qudc gia
Tap tmng
Uy ban Phat trign va Cai each Qudc gia, Bg Thuang mai, Bg Tai chinh, Bg Bao ve Mdi trudng, Trung tam Mua sam Chinh phu, Trung tam Chung nhan Chat lugng Trung Quoc, Trung tam Chiing nhan Moi trudng Tmng Qu6c, Tmng tam Phat trien Mdi trudng
2 Co
Dang xay dung
- Cac khoan chi cho MSCX va cac san pham dat chiing nhan TKNL co xu hudng tang.
- Co cau thuc thi MSCX qua phuc tap.
- Cac ygu cau vg MSCX co pham vi ban che
- Cd lg trinh rd rang ve viec mua san pham xanh trong danh sach; danh sach cac san pham dan nhan moi trudng dugc
PHAT TRlEN B £ N V O N G VUNG QUYSN 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHI6N CLTU THL/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
Han Quoc thdng mua sam va giam sat so hda; hd trg ky thuat cho can bg mua sam, cd cac boat ddng quang ba va truygn thong tdt.
- Gia cae san pham xanh cdn tuong ddi cao; doi ngii can bd mua sam cdn ban chg ve so luong va kha nang chuyen mdn.
Trung Quoc cap nhat thudng xuyen; giay chiing nhan TKNL va nhan mdi trudng da tao ra ddng luc manh me de eac nha san xuat dua ra cac san pham xanh hon, tii do chuyen ddi thi trudng theo hudng xanh.
- Chua hoan thign khung chinh sich vg MSCX.
Ngudn: Tdng hgp cua tdc gid (2019).
4. Bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam Qua qua tiinh tim higu vg chinh sach MSCX tai Han Qudc va Trung Qudc, mdt sd giai phap phat trien MSCX ma Viet Nam cd the ap dung nhu sau:
- Ve khdi su va hoach dinh chinh sach: Can xay dung khung phap ly manh me va cd su hd tig tu Chinh phu. Cd thg thay, do cd su hd trg manh me eua Chinh phu Han Qudc ngn MSCX tai nude nay da dat dugc nhihig thanh cdng nhat dinh.
Trong bdi canh Viet Nam bien nay, viec ban banh mdt bd luat rigng vg MSCX la chua kha thi. Do dd, Chinh phii cd thg Idng ghep cac ygu td MSCX vao eac bd luat (Luat Dau than, Luat MSCX...) va muc tigu qudc gia (nhu Trung Qudc) va cd cac ke hoach xuc tign MSCX theo tung giai doan (nhu Han Qudc). Bgn canh dd, Bg Tai chinh cd the phdi hgp vdi cac bd nhu Bd Kg hoach va Dau tu, Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng, Bd Cdng Thuong va cae bd ban nganh khac ban hanh thdng tu vg quy che MSCX ddi vdi cae co quan Chinh phu.
- Ve thuc tbi chinh sach:
(i) Can cd mgt co quan dau moi tap trung dg budng dan thi hanh va giam sat qua tiinh MSCX.
Tai Han Qudc, co quan thuc hien nhiem vu nay la Bd Mdi trudng. Ngoai ra, he thdng thue thi va giam sat MSCX can tinh ggn, tianh su phuc tap va chdng cheo nhu he thdng cua Trung Quoc. Tai Viet Nam, ca quan dau mdi ve MSCX cd thg la Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng.
(ii) De thuc bien duge MSCX, trudc hgt phai cd dugc danh sach cae san pham xanh dugc chiing
nhan, tiic ia phai thuc hien chuang trinh dan nhan xanh, nhan nang lugng va nhan sinh thai dg don gian hda quy tiinh MSCX cho cac can bd thuc hien va phat huy dugc vai tid dieu tiet cua thi trudng.
Viet Nam hien da cd 3 loai nhan sinh thai, cu thg la Nhan nang lugng do Bd Cdng Thucmg quan ly, Nhan xanh Viet Nam do Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng quan ly va Nhan Bdng sen xanh do Tdng cue Du lich quan ly. Tuy nhien, bien ehi cd Nhan Bdng sen xanh cd tiang thdng tin true tuyen rigng biet va dugc cap nhat thudng xuyen, hai nhan cdn lai it dugc cap nhat thdng tin ban. Do dd, Bg Cong Thuangva Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng can co cae bien phap dg tigp tuc phat tiign va phd bien bai loai nhan nay.
(iii) De trign khai thuc hien dan nhan xanh, can cd cac tigu chuan san pham rd rang, don gian hda qua tiinh cap chiing nhan nhan xanh/nang lugng/sinh thai va mang tinh kha thi. Tai Han Qudc, cdng viec thuc hien dugc hd trg bdi mang ludi mua sam xanh, cd ca sd dii lieu ve cac san pham sinh thai va eac hudng dan MSCX dugc cdng khai tren tiang dien tu cua td chiic nay. Tai Viet Nam, Tdng cue Du lich da phdi hgp vdi Hiep bdi khach san Viet Nam dg quang ba Nhan Bdng sen xanh dgn cac khach san va dat dugc tac ddng tich cue. Do do, Bd Cdng Thuangva Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng cd thg phdi hgp vdi cac hiep hdi hay vien nghign ciiu dg xay dung bd sung cae tigu cbi va quan ly Nhan nang lugng va Nhan xanh Viet Nam hieu qua hon.
(iv) Xay dirag nang luc cho can bg mua sam va cac bgn lign quan khac la rat quan trgng. Nhung nude da thuc hien MSCX deu cd co quan thuc hien
PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
viec dao tao cho nhan vign mua sam dg giup hg higu rd ban vg quy trinh mua sam xanh. Viec xay dung cac hudng dan va tign hanh tap huan giup nang cao kign thiic nghiep vu cho can bd. Tai Viet Nam, trach nhiem xay dung khung chuong trinh hgc CO thg giao cho Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng, vdi su hd trg ciia cac trudng dai hgc, vien nghign cira tiong qua trinh dao tao
(v) Truyen thdng va xiic tien MSCX ban dku can dugc thuc hien lign tuc. 0 Han Qudc, nhiing trign lam vg cac san pham sinh thai dugc td chiic hang nam dg gidi thieu san pham xanh va nang cao nhan thiic vg cac san pham xanh cho nha cung cip ciing nhu ngudi tigu dimg. Do dd, can phai ed he thgng thong tin ddng bd va he thdng giam sat de dam bao nhihig tac ddng tich cue dgn xa hdi va moi trudng. Tai Viet Nam, trach nhiem nay ngn giao cho Bd Thdng tin va Truygn thdng, cae dai tmyen hinh va bao chi.
- Ve CO che giam sat:
Han Qudc dang ap dung ca che bao cao tu nguyen, din dgn he qua la dir lieu vg MSCX tai cac CO quan cdng quyen khdng dugc day dii. Dg thuc hien viec thu thap va luu trii' dii lieu hieu qua hem, Viet Nam cd thg xay dyng Id tiinh cho co chg bao cao, tii tu nguyen dgn bat budc cdng khai cac hgp dong vg MSCX. Viec giam sat MSCX cd thg tich hgp tiong CO chg quan ly mua sam cdng dg phii hgp vdi bdi canh bign nay cua Viet Nam. Cu thg, Bg Kg hoach va Dau tu cd thg yeu cau bao eao vg ty le MSCXtrong bao cao tdng kgt mua sSm cdng hang nam; Bd Tai chinh xay dyng cac tigu chi giam sat dg danh gia tinh hinh MSCX cua cac dcm vi sii dung ngan sach nha nude, tii dd lam ca sd cap ngan sach cho nhirng nam tigp theo; Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng phdi hgp vdi cac bd ban nganh thuc hien giam sat tinh hinh danh gia, tham
dinh, cap chiing nhan san pham xanh. Ngoai ra, Viet Nam cd thg can nhac viec hgp tac vdi cac qudc gia da cd kinh nghiem vg MSCX de xay dyng bd may thyc thi va giam sat MSCX hieu qua.
Ket luan
MSCX la cdng cu hiiu bieu giiip cac chinh phu thyc bien cac muc tigu vg MSCX, ddng thdi gdp phan tigt kiem ngan sach nha nude. Han Qudc la mdt trong nhihig qudc gia di dau vg MSCX, nhd cd mdt khung khd phap ly tucmg ddi hoan thien, he thdng mua sam va giam sat duge sd hda va cdng khai, thuc hien truygn thdng tdt. Trung Qudc dang trong giai doan bat dau xay dyng khung chinh sach vg MSCX, du da dat dugc mdt sd kgt qua kha quan nhung he thdng thuc thi MSCX phiic tap dang la ban chg Ion cua nude nay. Tucmg ty Trung Qudc, Viet Nam ciing dang trong qua trinh xay dung co chg MSCX. Vi vay, kinh nghiem eua Trung Qudc va Han Qudc la nhiing bin hgc quy cho Viet Nam.
Viet Nam co thg hgp tac vdi cae qudc gia nay dg day nhanh tien trinh thuc hien MSCX.
Trong bdi canh Viet Nam hien nay, cae quy dinh ve MSCX nen dugc Idng ghep vao cac bd luat, thdng tu, nghi dinh san cd de tigt kiem chi phi banh chinh. Trach nhiem vg thuc thi va giam sat MSCX can dugc phan dinh rd rang, vdi dau mdi la Bg Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng. Cu thg, Bd Tai nguygn va Mdi trudng cd vai trd xay dung khung chucmg hinh hgc ve MSCX cho cac nhan vien mua sam, quan ly chucmg trinh Nhan xanh Viet Nam va chu tri viec giam sat chat lugng cac san pham xanh; Bd Kg hoach va Dau tu cd vai trd xay dung CO che bao cao ve MSCX hang nam; Bd Tai chinh cd vai trd dua ra cac tieu chi giam sat dg danh gia tinh hinh MSCX cua cac don vi sii dung ngan sach nha nude.
Tai lieu tham khao
Bd Kg hoach vaDau tu (2019). Bdo cdo gui Thu tu&ng Chinh phu ve tinh hinh thuc hiin hogt ddng ddu thau ndm 2018. Ngudn: http://www.mpi.gov.vn/Pages/tinbai.aspx?idTin=43923&idcm=188 Bg Tai chinh (2017). Phu luc Quyet dinh sd 2610 /QD-BTC vi viic cdng bo cdng khai du todn ngdn sdch nhd nu&c nam 2018.
P H A T T R I E N B E N V O N G V C J N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN ClJU THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHlEM
EC (2016). Buying green IA handbook on green public procurement 3rd Edition. Publications Office of the European Union.
4. EC (2018). Public procurement guidance for practitioners. Publications Office of the European Union.
5. Hd Cdng Hda (2018). Nghiin ciru thi che thuc ddy MSCX & Viet Nam. Bao cao dg tai cap Bg. Vien Nghien cihi quan ly kinh tg trung uang.
KEITI (2015). Korea's Green Public Procurement &Lessons Learned. UN Environment workshop on green public procurement and Ecolabelling (slides).
Ko, Kyu Woong (2015). Korea's Green Public Procurement & Lessons Learned. Presentation at the meeting on the exchange of best practices on Green Public Procurement.
Lg Xuan Dinh (2014). Phat tngn cdng nghiep mdi trudng: Kinh nghiem Han Qudc. Tgp chi Kinh te vd Du bdo, 86 24/2014.
Perera, O. (2012). The Case for Pursuing Sustainable Public Procurement in Lower Income Countries.
The Intemational Institute for Sustainable Development.
10. UN (2008). Public Procurement as a tool for promoting more Sustainable consumption and production patterns. Sustainable Development Innovation Briefs. Issue 5. New York. United Nations.
11. UNEP (20na). 2017 Global Review of Sustainable Public Procurement.http://weh.unep.OTg/:XJHEP.
12. UNEP (2017b). Comparative Analysis of Green Public Procurement and Ecolabelling Programmes in China, Japan, Thailand and the Republic of Korea: Lessons Learned and Common Success Factors.
http://web.unep.org/: UNEP.
13. Yuhua and Conghu (2011). Issues and Challenges in Implementing China's Green Public Procurement Program. Journal of Environmental Protection, vol. 2, pp. 1034-1045.
Thdng tin tac gia:
NT ^ -TK- * I.X7" ^M Ngaynhanbai: 2/8/2019 Nguyen Thi Anh Van, CN
- Dan vi cdng tac: Vien Nghign cuu Phat tiign ^^ay nhan ban sua: 16/8/2019 ben viing Vung. Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Ngay duyet dang; 6/9/2019 chii nghia Viet Nam.
- Dia ehi email: [email protected]
164 PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9. s o 3 (9/2019)
