\ \ \ NGHliN cifu - TRAO B6I
CHiNH SACH CONG O VIET NAM: THANH TlTU VA M O T S O VAN D E DAT RA TRONG
DINH HUdNG PHAT TRIEN
Nguyen Hffu Hoing
Tim tit: Bii vilt tip trung phan tich. ddnh gii nhdng thanh tilu vi hgn che, thach iMc id vi dang dit ra cua chinh sach cong (CSC) cd tren philOng dien khoa hgc vi thdc tien van hinh cua nd d Viet Nam. Tren cd sd dd. de xudt mgt so dinh hudng de tiep tuc phit trien nginh khoa hgc chinh sich cong (KHCSC) ddy tiem nang, phit huy vai trd to ldn cua nd trong qui trinh qudn ly, kien tgo phdt trien quoc gia, dia phddng.
Til khda; Chinh sich cdng, thdnh tUu, vdn de cdp bich
Abstract: The paper focuses on analyzing and assessing the achievements and shortcomings and challenges posed by public policy both in terms of its science and operational practices in Vietnam. On that basis, the article provides a number of orientations to cdntinue developing the potential public policy science field, promoting its great role in national and local development management.
Keywords; Public policy, achievements, urgent issues.
Ngiy nhgn bii: 15/02/2020 Ngiy sda bii: 13/3/2020 Ngiy duyet ding 03/4/2020
1. Dit vin dl la vin dl cudn hut nhat dinh ddi vdi gidi CSC dupc nhm nhin d hai phfldng "Shiln cflu vi cic nhi hoat ddng thUe dijn vfla li mpt nginh khpa hpe. song t'^"- Sol chilu lich sfl din tdc, die biet, ding thdi cung li boat dpng mang tinh ti^ 'hdi ky thdng nhat dat nfldc, tien Ien thyc tiln sinh ddng eua qui trinh lanh xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi d pham vi toan d»o, quin ly. Do vay khi luin ban ve CSC, qudc (tfl nam 1975 den nay), CSC da cd di. d cich tilp can nio cung nen chu y din ddng gdp tieh cUc ddi vdi sfl nghiep xay hai phflpng dien kl tren. dflng dat nfldc Viet Nam. Trong bdi cinh
6 Vi?t Nam, CSC vdi tfl cich li boat cua cdng cudc dpi mdi vi chu ddng hdi Jpng gin liln vdi nhi nfldc cd lich sfl Iau nhip qudc te, CSC vi khoa hpc vl linh vflc liii ciing vdi qui trmh dflng vi gifl nfldc. nay cing cd vai trd, ddng gdp quan trpng Tuy viy, khoa hpc CSC van edn non tre, trong viec hien thflc hoi dfldng loi, chu '' ThS. Hoc vim Chinh tri khu vUc 11
-^~— Tap chi tChoa hpe Npi vu I 21
) NGHliN Ci/U - TRAO D6I
trflcmg vk quyet sach chinh tri, la cdng cu
\"i md hiJu hieu trong lanh dao, quan ly va kien tao phat trien quoc gia cting nhfl tai cac dia phflong. Cung vdi thdi CO \"a dau an de lai ca tren phflpng dien nghien cflu, hpc thuat vk hoat dpng CSC hPn 3 thip nien trd lai day, CSC van dang dflPng dau vdi nhiJng thach thflc \'i nhieu van dl cap bich trong ching dfldng, phat trien cung dat nfldc
2. Lripc sfl CSC, KHCSC d Met Nam 2J. Luac sd CSC d Viet Sam Sfl xuat hien ciia CSC vdi tfl cich Ii cdng cu. phflcfng thflc boat ddng phue vu chinh tri giai quyet cac van de cua quoc gia da xuat hien cung %'di nen dan chu Hi Lap. 6 goc dp khoa hpc, CSC la mpt nganh khoa hpc, luy cd tudi ddi khi tre so vdi nhilu nganh khoa hpc khic nhu triet hpc, chinh tri hpc xa hdi hpc.. - song CSC da cd Uch su tflpng doi rd ring.
Cic nhi nghien cflu \'a nhieu tai lieu tren the gidi deu thong nhat cho ring, CSC dflpc nhin nhin vdi tfl each li nganh khoa hpc sau the chien thu IL Khi ay. nganh khoa hpc ni)' mdi d giai doan
"pre-paradigamic science" [Jl ("phdi thai",
"bat dinh") va phat trien manh chu yeu d Bie .My \'a chiu Au vdi muc tieu nghien cflu moi quan he gifla nhi nfldc va. cdng din. Nam 1951, tic pham "The Policy Orientation, the poUcy science: Recent Development in scope and method" cua Daniel Lemer \'i Harold D. Lass\\*ell dflpc xuat ban da danh dau bfldc trudng thinh mdi khi KHCS chinh thflc tach khdi nhieu nganh khoa hpc khac nhfl chinh tri,
22 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Noi \ij
hinh chinh cons, tim U hpe, luit hpe, xi hdi hoc,... trd thinh nginh khoa hpc thflc thu.
6 \iet Nam, cung vdi ddng ehiy qui trinh Uch sfl hing nghin nam, CSC vdi ten goi, trinh dp nhin thflc ^•i phat triln ed khae nhau, du dflpc sfl dung nhfl ddi sach, cdng cu, phflong thflc khach nhau de thflc hien sfl nghiep dl qudc, phit triln xa hdi hay trd thinh nginh khoa hpe flng dung deu ed lich sfl cua minh qua 02 giai doan chinh
Giai doan 1. Diy li thdi ky klo dii tfl nhi nfldc dau tien Van Lang (2879 - :.^8 TCN). Au Lac (257 - 207 TCN) den nhflng nam 70 cua thi ky XX (khi nhi nfldc phong kiln tap quyen cudi eung trong lich sfl sup do, cich mang din tpc din chu nhin din dp Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam lanh dao thing lpi, lip ra Nhi nfldc Viet Nam Din ehu Cdng hpi (nam 1945), tilp tuc sfl nghiep khang chiln, kiln qudc, xiy dflng nfldc Viet Nam thdng nhat).
Trong giai doan niy, nhin thflc vl CSC (theo cich gpi ngiy nay) cua dng cha tfl chat phic, chfla rinh re vi tfldng tin bfldc diu dflpc hinh thinh, phit triln, dflpc flng dung tren thflc tl phue vu cdng viec tri qudc, an din vi xiy dflng chl dp mdL Dieu niy bilu hien d chinh sich, cich thflc xiy dflng td chflc bp miy chinh quyin thdi k>- so khai vi bip ve bd cdi cua nhi nfldc ran Lang, .\u Lac. Qua cie giai thoai tfl nhflng eiu chuyen truyen thuye't nhfl vua Hung thfl 6 ap dung chinh sich chieu hiln dii si tim nhin tii dinh giac An (truyen thuylt Thinh Gidng), chinh sich bio ve ehu quyen qudc gia tfl xa, ehu ddng (qua
\ \ \ NGHliN Cltu - TRAO B6I ciu chuyin Thyc Phin An DflOng Vflong
riy thinh Cd Loa),... Ddng thdi, "chinh sich' biy gid cdn dflpc bieu hien li cic ke sich, sich Iflpc tri qudc an dan cua lanh ty, anh hung, hio kiet khdi xUdng phong trio khdi nghia dinh giac phfldng Bie thdi ky Bie thupe, cua cac bac minh quan d cic trieu dai phpng kiln Viet Nam nhu Tiln Ly, Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le, Ly, Tran, Hiu Le, Nguyen,... Die bilt, den dau thi k^ XX, dd li dudng hfldng, cich thflc xay dvtng, giie ngP. tip hpp vi to chflc lye Iflpng toin din th\!e hi|n cupc cich mang v6 sin do Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam lanh d?o dl dinh Phip, dudi Nhit, xpi bd chl dO phong kiln, giinh quyin ddc lip, ty chi, xiy dyng chl dp mdi. Cae chinh sich iy dflpc bilu hiln day du, trpn ven trong Cfldng linh chinh tri diu tien thing 02/1930, Luan cfldng thing 10/1930, dil6ng 16i khing ehiln kiln qudc, Tuyen ngdn dOc lap nam 1945, Hien phip nam 1946, Hiln phip nam 1959,...
Giai doan 2 vi sd xudt hien khoa hgc CSC d Viet Nam. Diy li thdi ky phit triln song hinh gifla thflc tien van ddng eua CSC vi mam mdng vl nln khpa hpe CSC da bit dau xuat hien. Khpa hpc CSC cua nfldc ta di mupn hPn thi gidi khping 20 nam, dong thdi, dflpc dinh dau trd thanh nginh khpa hpc "phdi thai" khoing nhflng nam 70 cda thi ky XX. Khi ay, cic khii ni|m nhfl "phue lpi xi nghiep", "an tpin xi hOi", "bio dam xi hpi",... xuat hien ngiy cing nhilu trpng cdng chung, thdng qua mOt sd bii thdng tin khoa hpc xa hdi, sich djch,... da thuc day sfl quan tam cua gidi nghidn cilu. Die bi?t, tai Dai hpi Ding lan
thfl VI (12/1986), lan diu tien thuit ngfl
"chinh sach xa hdi" xuat hien trong vin kien, lim tieu dl cho mdt phan rieng biet.
Sfl kien niy dinh dau nic thang mdi trong nhin thflc cua Ding vi Nhi nfldc vl vi tri, vai trd cap thilt CSC, nghien cflu CSC vi cung li thdi dilm dinh dau thdi ky "khdi dpng" eho sfl phit triln sdi dpng, manh me cua KHCSC d nfldc ta chp nhflng giai dpan tilp theo.
2.2. Mdt so vdn de cdp bach vi dinh hudng ldn doi vdi CSC d Viit Nam thdi gian tdi
2.2.1. Bdi cinh vi nhflng van de dit ra CSC nhin d gde dp khoa hpc vi thyc tien dang tdn tai, van hinh trong mdi trudng chinh sich vdi nhilu biln doi nhanh chdng, to ldn. Trong dd, cae biln ddi nay vfla tao ra thdi eP. cp hpi spng cung dan cii thach thflc.
Ddi vdi thflc tien van ddng cua CSC d Viet Nam;
Mgt la, qui trinh toan cau hoi va hpi nhip qudc t l giup gia tang se chia tri thflc vi hpc hdi vl khoa hpc CSC, nhit li cic van dl Viet Nam cdn "thilu" vi "ylu". Tuy nhiln, qua trinh niy cung dat ra nhflng ip Iflc ldn trong viec cii cich va doi mdi manh me, thflc chat vl tinh hilu Iflc, hilu qui trong bin than he thdng CSC cung nhfl viec nghiin cflu (ly thuylt, md hinh, cdng cu, phfldng phip), cho din cdng bd kit qui nghien cflu KHCSC sao cho bit kip, "gin", hoae "tiem can" vdi chuan mflc, thdng le cua qudc tl. Hdi nhip vi toin cau hoi keo theo van de nan giii cua CSC la sfl 11 thude chinh sich, dp "md", tinh
Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu I 23
) NGHliN aJU - TRAO D6I
"thich nghi cao" cua he thdng chinh sach qudc gia trfldc the gidi dang hdn ddn va khd doan dinh nhfl ngiy nay;
Hai Id, sfl t i c ddng, chi phoi m a n h me cua cudc each mang cdng nghiep lan thfl 4 da dat ra cho nhan loai v i Viet Nam n h i l u van de chinh sach mdi, tham chi chfla cd tiln le trong lich sfl, dat ra yeu eau khoa hpe CSC phai nghien cflu. Cd the ke den la van de ve lao dpng. viec lam (khi thay the bang tri tue nhan tao (AI); chien tranh huy diet b i n g sflc manh cua AI chdng lai loai ngfldi; dao dflc va truyin thdng (hdn n h i n gifla ngfldi va AI); thach thflc chinh tri (AI tranh chflc trong he thdng chinh quyen). sfl phue thude ciia nhan loai vao cdng nghe, an ninh mang, chien tranh mang, kinh t l so... CJ gde dp ddi vdi khoa hpe CSC, each mang 4.0 dat eae nghien cflu CSC phai khai thac va sfl dung he dfl lieu khdng Id "big data" (dfl lieu tinh bang hang chue, tham chi hang tram Petabyte, hang trieu, ti thdng tin dang hinh anh, con sd, bang bieu,...) bang cac nghien cflu khdng Id "big science", tien h i n h tren quy md rdng,... thi cic cdng eu, software thdng thfldng hien tai dang td ra kem hieu qua;
Ba Id, n h i n thflc ve vi tri, tam quan trpng cua tri thflc khoa hpc CSC v i sfl can thiet cua cdng cu CSC eua cac chu the cd tham quyen ciing nhfl xa hdi tuy ed cai thien nhflng cdn qua dpn gian, tham chi lech lac. Ben canh dd. nhflng thach thflc, tdn tai va ea can benh tram kha trong CSC d nfldc ta chfla dflpc k h i c phue, cd luc cdn tram trpng nhfl hien tflpng "tfl ban than hflu" trong CSC, "tham nhung chinh
sich", "nhdm lpi ich trong chinh s i c h , trach nhiem giai trinh trong CSG va phan bien chinh sich cdn y l u , . . . [6].
Dfldi gde dp khoa hpe CSC d Viet Nam, viec nghien cflu v i nhan thflc ve CSC mcJi chi tflpng ddi day du trong khoang 20 - 30 nam trd lai day. Hien nay, khoa hpc CSC van dang dflng trfldc nhieu thich thflc vdi n h i l u cau hdi ldn mang tinh dinh hfldng va thuc day nghien cflu dflpe dat ra. Chang ban:
Cau hdi I. Li|u cd chinh sach kieu/ loai nao ngoii CSC (chinh sach nha nfldc) va chinh sich tfl (chinh sich eua tfl nhan) khdng?
Can hdi 2. Ai la ehu t h i thflc sfl eua CSC d Viet Nam hien nay? Ai la chu the thflc sfl cua qua trinh hoach dinh CSC d nfldc ta?
Cau hdi 3. CP c h l D i n g the hien vai trd lanh dao cua minh ddi vdi chu trinh chinh sich, ddi sdng chinh sach bieu hien cu the ra sao?
Cau hdi 4. Ndi ham tfl "cdng" trong CSC hieu the nao la day du va tan cung?
Cau hdi 5. Dao dflc trong CSC la gi?
Cau hdi 6. Md hinh va he li thuyet cua khoa hpc CSG Viet Nam la gi?
Giu hdi 7. Phflpng phap nghien cflu dac thu. dien hinh cua khoa hpc CSC hien nay?
Cau hdi 8. Quy trinh ban hanh van ban quy pham p h i p luit va quy trinh chinh sich d nfldc van hanh the nao?
2.2.2. Nhflng dinh hfldng, giii p h i p Idn 24 Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
V\\ NGHliN CCfU - TRAO B6I ddi vdi CSC d nfldc ta
Thit nhit, can tilp tuc dpi mdi manh me W duy cua cic ehu thi cd quyen chi phii, tic ddng din CSC
Trong boi cinh hiln nay. Ding vi Nhi nfldc cin no Iflc ddi mdi quan diem, tfl duy tiep cin chinh sich qudc gia theo hfldng cdi md, linh boat, kiln tao vi lay lpi ich nhin dan, qudc gia la true xoay chinh eua phat triln ben vflng dat nfldc, li muc tieu ciia chinh sach. Dilu niy ddi hdi dfldng Hi, chii trflpng, quyet sach chinh tri khi dli mdi phii dfla tren sfl ket hpp hai hda cia 04 try cpt trpng "tfl duy chinh sich";
- Tfl duy khpa hpe ddi hdi chu the dan dit CSC phii coi trpng chin li, quy luit trong toin bd ehu trinh chinh sich; tiep cin vin de dfla tren he thdng cac phflpng phip, ly thuylt, md hinh chinh sach hpp li, dung din.
• Tfl duy thflc tien yeu cau chu the cd vai trd linh dao chinh sach can coi trpng thuc tien, chu trpng khim phi, phat hien van de chinh sich tfl thflc tien, dfl bao dien biln ddi sdng xi hpi, ddi sdng chinh sach trong thflc tien lim tiln de xay dflng, tilp tuc hoan thien, bd sung chinh sach mdi cho dat nfldc d tflng giai doan phit trien.
- Tfl duy bien chflng trong toin bd qua trinh dan dat CSG. can hit sflc Iflu y, than tryng dl nhin dien ve mdi quan he hflu cp, nhin - qua cua eic chinh sach vdi nhau, giiia cic giai doan trong chu trinh chinh sach vdi nhau,... nham giup hinh thanh tli duy tong the, toin dien, bao quit trong lanh d?o. dinh hfldng he thdng chinh sich
vi md qudc gia, vung, dia phupng ddng thdi trinh tfl duy chinh sach kieu cue bp, dia phflong, eat cfl.
- Tfl duy phit trien (kien tao phit trien) cd vai trd die biet quan trpng trpng vai trd lanh dao eua Ding ddi vdi chu trinh CSC.
Nd yeu cau, nhin trfldc, dfl doan trien vpng lac quan cua chinh sach trong tflflng lai de vflpt qua cac rao ein, khd khan trong chu trinh chinh sach nlu vap phii (tuy nhien, tranh lac quan "tlu"); ddng thdi, xae dinh ddng luc, muc tieu cudi eung vi cao nhat cua mpi chinh sich chinh li sfl phat triln, thinh vflpng qudc gia va kiln tao sfl phit triln cua xa hdi.
TTii? hai, hoin thien phflong thflc linh dao eua Ding ddi vdi ehu trinh CSC
Cac phflong thflc nay dflpe vi nhfl spi day truyen din cua sflc manh cua mpi y chi, dfldng ldi, quyet sich chinh tri cua Dang, nhd dd ma hien thflc hda trong CSG dl di den ddi sdng thflc tien cua xa hpi. Dp viy, ning cao vai trd lanh dao cua Dang ddi vdi CSC nhat thilt khdng thi bd qua viec xiy dflng, eung cd ddi mdi phflong thflc lanh dap cua Ding. Cu the la;
(i). Hoin thien co che thi ehl hda vai trd lanh dao cua Dang ddi vdi CSG. Hien tai, du vai trd lanh dao eua Ding da dflpc Hiln dinh, song eP ehl thi ehl hda vai trd lanh dao cua Ding ddi vdi Nha nfldc, xa hpi ndi ehung va ddi vdi chu trinh CSC ndi rieng van chfla hoin thien. cdn qui chung chung. Dieu nay ed khi ning dan den tinh tuy tien trong thflc thi quyen Ifle chinh tri va thilu kj' cflPng trong thflc thi Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu | 25
