^CHINH SACH TANG TRUQNG XANH CUA INDONESIA TRONG N H U N G NAM GAN DAY*
NGUYEN NGOC LAN*
1. Npi d t i n g c h i n h s a c h t a n g tniitng x a n h (t I n d o n e s i a
Trong lue toe do tang tnfdng cua hai nen kinh te'khong lo Trung Quoc vd An Do bat dau xuat hien nhdng dau hieu chCfng lai vd cb chieu hudng di xud'ng thi n l n kinh te' Indonesia trd t h a n h dilm sang mdi ciia chau A khi v i n duy tri td'c do t a n g tnfdng GDP hon 5% mdi ndm (nam 2013 dat 5,6%). Tuy nhign, trddc sfl suy thodi kinh tg' todn cau, nguy cp can kiet cde nguon ndng Iflgng truyen thb'ng vd mdi de dga eiia bie'n doi khi hau hien nay, ehfnh phu Indonesia da phdt dgng mpt "lb trinh tang tnfdng xanh" vd quyet tam thuc day nhanh lb trinh nay. Chfnh phu cho rdng, tdng trudng cua nen kinh tg' Indonesia cd nhanh nhifng van chda xanh va nhu vay chUa t h i gpi la tdng tnfdng ben viing. Chinh sdch tdng trudng xanh ciia Indonesia Id mdt phan cua kg' hoach phat trien ben vifng qudc gia, trong dd lay "ung hd tang trfldng, chuygn nghiep trong cdng viee, vd vi ngfldi ngheo" lam trgng tam ehinh. De ho tro cho
viec thdc hien kinh te' xanh, chUdng trinh ndy dd dugc xay dung dua t r e n kha ndng phuc hoi thifc ph^m thSng qua viec thdc hign nong nghiep ben viJng, quan ly ben viing lam nghiep, sd dung ndng lUgng tai tao mgt each hieu qua, ho trd cong ngh§
sach, quan ly chat thai, quan ly giao thong van tai higu qua va carbon t h i p vd phat trien cp scf ha t a n g xanh.
Ke' hoach phdt trien dai han (2005- 2025) nhdm muc dich eho "mSt Indonesia xanh vd b i n viing" va kg' hoach phdt triln t n m g h a n cua Indonesia (2010 - 2014) dia ra mgt loat cac chinh sach cu t h i de thdc hien mdt nen kinh te' xanh, bao gom:
Trg cap cho ngdnh eong nghiep dien de giam khi n h a kinh;
- Cai each trg gid nhign Hgu;
- Cdc cbng eu chinh sach mdi de thuc day ndng Iflgng tdi tao nhfl ndng lUdng dia nhiet vd cdc n ^ o n ndng lugng sach;
- tfu dai cho cde ngdnh c6ng nghidp quang bd san pham t h a n thign vdi m8i trfldng.
* Bdi vie't phuc vu dl tdi ca'p Bo "Chinh sdch tdng trudng xanh & Indonesia, Malaysia, PhiHppines vd Thdi Lan trong boi canh tdi cdu true nen kinh t6' va Ung phd vdi bien dli khf hdu vd goi ^ chinh s^ch cho Viet Nam" do TS. Nguyin Huy Hodng ldm chu nhiSm.
*• TS. Nguyen Ngpc Lan, Vien Nghien cdu Dong Nam A
Theo Hgi d&ng Ndng lugng Qud'c gia Indonesia (DEN), de ddp iJfng nhu cau ndng lugng cua nunh, Indonesia hign vdn phai dUa chu ygu vdo diu md d mdc 44%, khi tu nhign 23%, than dd 27%, va ndng lugng tdi tao 6%. Chien luge phdt t r i l n ndng lugng ddi ban tdi nam 2050 cua Chinh phii Indonesia dat muc tieu thay doi ty trgng ddng gdp ndi tren cua cdc thdnh p h i n ndng lugng vdi nang lugng tdi tao 30%, than dd 26%, khi tif nhign 24% va dau md 20%. Tuy nhien, de dat dugc muc tieu ddi h a n ndi trgn, trong trung ban, tflc Id tdi ndm 2025, Indonesia c i n phai dat dugc cu cau ddp iing Id ndng lugng tdi tao 23%, than da 25%, khi tu nhign 22% vd diu md 30%<i*.
Indonesia da tU nguyen cam kg't giam phdt thdi khi n h a kinh xud'ng ebn 26%, vd Ign de'n 41% vdi sU ho trg qud'c te' vdo ndm 2020. Ngodi ra, Chinh phii Indonesia dd dua ra Lg trinh bie'n doi khi hau Indonesia vdi muc tieu long ghep bien doi khf hau trong cdc kg' hoach phdt trien trung han cua qud'c gia.
Td ndm 2002, chinh phii Indonesia da thUc hi^n chUcfng trinh ddnh gid vd xe'p hang mdc dd xanh cua cdc c6ng ty. Nhflng cdng ty ndo gdy 5 nhiem toi te nhd't thi se n&m trong danh sdch den, cdn nhflng cbng ty ndo tuan thii td't quy dinh ve bao ve mdi trudng thi n h i n dugc mdt ngdi sao vdng.
Hon 1000 cdng ty hign nay duge ddnh gid bdi chUdng trinh ndy. Tong thd'ng Susilo Bambang Yudoyono , tai Hgi nghi Rio +20 da tuygn bd' "Chung ta phai chuyen doi tfl n l n kinh tg' 'tham lam' sang nen kinh tg' xanh. Chung ta c i n phai thdc hipn trong chinh ngdi nhd ciia chiing ta, tnfdng hgc cua chung ta, vd noi ldm vigc ciia chung ta.
N^u ti't c i c6ng d i n trgn the' gidi cam ket
de thay doi loi song cua hg, thi phdt t r i l n b i n vflng toan ciu se khong con la mgt tam nhin don thuan ma Id m6t thifc te*^^'.
Thdng 2 nam 2009, Indonesia da dfla ra mdt goi kich thich tdi chinh tri gid 6,3 ty USD (73,3 nghin ty Rp), chig'm 1,4% GDP ndm 2008. Khoang 7 % trong so' dd dugc dung dudi dang cdc quy dau tU de thuc diy tie't Idem ndng lUpng. 17% dung d l dau tfl xdy dung dudng giao thdng trong lang vd thdnh pho', va phdt t r i l n hg thong thuy lgi d l khuye'n khich viee Idm'^'.
Ngodi ra, Indonesia edn ky Tuygn bo' Manila ve Cdng nghiep Xanh trong khuon kho hgi nghi quoc te' duge to chdc tai PhiHppines trong thdng 9 ndm 2009 - cung hon 20 cdc nUde chdu A khdc. Trong tuyen bo nay, chfnh phu the hien quyg't tdm thig't lap cdc chinh sdch vd khung phdp ly vd t h i che thuan lgi eho mgt sU thay doi do'i vdi cde ngdnh eong nghiep suf dung hieu qua cdc nguon lUc va edc-bon tha'p. Tuyen bo' cung khuye'n khich sd dung cdc cong nghe san xuat saeh hcfn vd thuc day tdng cUdng sfl dung ndng lupng tdi tao.
2. C a c h o a t d p n g cma c h i n h p h i i hvi&ng tdfi m g t n e n k i n h t e x a n h
Phat trien sit dung nang litcfng tdi tgo Trong khudn kho hfldng tdi mot n l n kinh tg' xanh tdng trddng b i n vijfng, Chinh phii Indonesia dang tdng efldng khuyg'n khich san xua't vd sd dung nguon ndng Iflpng tdi tao nhdm gop p h i n giam thilu viec sd dung nhien lieu hda thach, von ddgc cho Id nguyen nhan chu yg'u gdy 6 nhiem bau khi quyin dan de'n bien doi khi hdu hien nay. Cung giong nhd nhieu nddc khdc, khai thdc tiem ndng ndng lugng tdi
30 Nghien cieu Ddng Nam A 8/2014
tao de cdt giam tigu thu va n h a p khau nhign Heu hba thach dang la thach thdc ldn doi vdi Indonesia. Ld nUdc duy nha't d Dong Nam A t h a m gia To chflc cac nudc xuat khau diu md (OPEC), tdng xua't khau kha nhieu dau md nhung hien nay, Indonesia lai trd thdnh nUdc n h a p khau diu md do dau tU khdng diing mdc cho cdc hoat dgng thdm db vd lgc dau, cung nhU quan ly yg'u kem nguon tai nguyen nay trong nhieu thap ky qua. De la'y lai td'c do tdng trudng cao, Indonesia phai dUa vdo nguon cung cd'p nang lugng, trong dd cd ndng lugng tdi tao. Ndng lugng tdi tao dugc hieu la nhifng ngudn ndng lugng hay nhflng phflcfng phdp khai thdc nang lugng ton tai trong mgt khoang thdi gian rat ddi, vi du nhfl ndng lugng mat trdi, v.v... La dd't nudc quan dao, nam trai ddi vd rgng tren mgt vdng bien ldn, gidu tiem ndng nang Idgng nhu mdt trdi, gib, sbng bien, dia nhiet, sinh khd'i, thuy dien, Indonesia rd't ed tiem ndng ve nguon ndng lugng tdi tao.
Indonesia cd dU trif ldn ve ndng lUpng dia nhiet, chie'm tdi 40% dfl trd cua the' gidi.
Tuy nhign, hien nay, Indonesia mdi chi khai thdc ddpc 1.341 MW trong tong trd Idgng 29.215 MW loai ndng Idgng nay.
Vdi viec chuyen hfldng phdt trien sang xdy dung mgt nen kinh te' xanh, tdng trudng b i n vflng, Chinh phu Indonesia dang khuye'n khich phdt t r i l n cac nguon ndng Iflgng tai tao, vdi muc tigu ndng ty trgng Ign 17% tong san Iflgng dien ndng vao ndm 2025. Chinh phu Indonesia da ban hanh bieu thue' flu ddi (FIT) danh cho viec phdt trien dien ndng td cdc nguon ndng lugng sinh kho'i, rdc thai va dia nhiet.
D l phdt trien nguon ndng lUpng sinh hpc, chinh phu Indonesia da co ca'u lai
trdch nhiem va quyin b a n ciia cdc cd quan quan ly, trao nhigm vu quan ly hoat dgng san xuat nhign Hgu sinh hgc vd d i u diezel sinh hgc tCf Tong vu Dau khi Bg Ndng Iflgng vd Khodng san cho Tong vu Bao ton ndng lugng va Ndng lugng tai tao. Ding thdi, ndng mfle pha trpn nhien Heu sinh hgc trong cac ioai nhien Heu hda thach len (tfl nam 2008, Indonesia quy dinh d mdc 7,5% ddi vdi dau cHezel sinh hgc va 2% doi vdi ethanol sinh hgc). Bgn canh do, nhd nfldc se tdng cUdng quan ly hoat dSng san xuat ethanol sinh hgc cua cac cdng ty trong nUdc n h a m giai quyg't cdc van d l trong phdt trien nang lUgng sinh hgc.
Bgn canh viec phat t r i l n nguon ndng lupng sinh hpc, Indonesia con uu tign cho viec phdt trien cac tg' bao ndng lugng mat trdi nhfl mot nguon n a n g lUgng tai tao gid re de thdc day tdng trfldng kinh te nong thon, bao gdm ca sfl gia tdng cac doanh nghiep vfla va nhd (SME) va thuc day du Hch tai cde khu vUc g i n cdc tram dien ndng lugng mat trdi. Chi rieng trong ndm 2012, da cd 117 khu vUc d Indonesia dugc lap ddt t r a m dien ndng lugng m a t trdi vdi tong cdng sua't 4,8 MWp (mega watt pho- tovoltaic), ed t h i cung ca'p dien eho hdn 10.300 hg gia dinh. Nam 2013, chfnh phu da ehi 400 ty rupiah tiJ" ngan sach cho cac du dn phat trien panel ndng lugng Mat trdi, xay ldp 36 t r a m p h a t dien ndng Iddng mat trdi mdi, ehu ye'u la d cac vung sau, vung xa vd khu vifc bign gidi, n a n g tong so khu VLfc san xuat dien n a n g tfl 117 ndm 2012 len 153 ndm 2013<'*'.
Mdc du vdy, ty trgng ndng lugng tdi tao mdi chi chiem 5% trong t i n g san lugng dien nang cua Indonesia. Nguygn n h a n cua tinh trang nay Id do thig'u vd'n dau tU, chi
phi cao trong san xuat dign tfl cdc nguon ndng lugng tdi tao, cd sd ha t a r ^ cdn yg'u kdm vd chfla du de cd t h e ho trg phdt t r i l n cdc nguon life cho viec khai thac, phdt huy tiem ndng ndng lugng tdi tao. Them vdo dd Id kho khdn v l mat dia ly trong viec ket n^i gifla san x u i t vdi cdc t n m g t i m tigu thu nam rai rdc t r e n mgt dao qud'c gdm hdn 17.000 hdn dao.
Tdng thim di?n tick cdc khu bdo ton hien
Ngoai viec khuyen khich sd dung ndng lugng tdi tao thay thg' ndng lugng tu nhien trong qua trinh phdt t r i l n nen "kinh te xanh", Indonesia cdn chu trflong dp dung khdi niem "kinh tg' xanh" vdo linh vUc bao tdn bien, nhkm nang dien tich cdc khu bao t i n td 15,7 tri^u ha hien nay len 20 trigu ha vdo ndm 2020. Phdt t r i l n bao ton biln bkng cdch sd dung cdc nguyen tac eua nen kinh tg' xanh la mgt mo hinh mdi trong kinh tg' biln, bdi cdc khu bao ton cd tiem ndng ldn ve du Uch bien vd thuy san b i n vflng. Ddy cung la mdt mb hinh mdi trong cdc linh vdc cong nghe sinh hge va sinh dugc cua Indonesia.
Mo hinh phdt t r i l n mdi nay nhan manh vdo viec bao t i n sU sd'ng con eua cdc khu vifc ven biln, dao nhd, vd sinh vdt bien, cung nhU ngdn ngfla tinh trang khai thdc qud mdc cdc nguon tdi nguyen bien.
Ngodi ra, vige phdt trien cdc khu bao ton bien cdn giup tdng cUdng bao ve chu quyen ldnh tho cua Indonesia d cdc khu vifc bidn gidi bien. G i n day, Chinh phu Indonesia dd quye't dinh thdnh lap Cong vien Qud'c gia Laut Sawu, gom 10 huyen/thanh thugc tinh Dong Nusa Tenggara n h i m tdng cudng b i o tdn da dang sinh hgc, do cdc lodi cd voi xanh, rua bien vd sinh thdi hdng
tram ran san ho tai ddy dang cd nguy cd hi tuygt chung va bi x i m hai nghiem trgng.
Indonesia la kho luu trCf ldn nhat the gidi ve cdc nguon tai nguygn sinh hpc bien vd la mgt trong nhiing nguon thiiy san quan trgng nhat. Nd n i m d tnmg tam cua Tam gidc San ho, mac du chi chie'm 3%
trgn the' gidi nhung cd chdfa hun mpt nda ran san ho t r e n thg' gidi va ba p h i n tU cua tat ca cac loai san hd dUgc biet de'n. Nguon thiiy s a n ddng gdp 20% GDP ciia Indonesia, vd hcfn 60% protein eua qudc gia de'n tfl biln. So' lugng ngfl dan ven biln d Indonesia da tang hcfn 40% trong 10 ndm qua. Ndm 2007, Indonesia dd dfla ra sdng kie'n thdnh lap Tam gidc san hd (CTI) nhdm tdng cUdng bao tdn san hd, thuc day thuy san ben viing vd dam bao an ninh Iflcfng thfle trong bd'i eanh bie'n dli khi hau.
Indonesia cung da ddng cai to chdc Hbi nghi The' gidi dai ducmg lan thfl nhait d Manado, Bde Sulawesi thdng 11 ndm 2009.
Hdi nghi ndy cung Id noi to chflc Hbi nghi Cap eao Sdng kie'n Tam gidc San hd, md tai dd cdc nhd ldnh dao tfl sdu qudc gia CTI dda ra Kg' hoach hdnh ddng khu vUc CTI .
Gidm 6 nhiem moi tnidng Trong sd eac nfldc trong khu vUc thi Indonesia Id nudc dang phai chiu nhilu hau qua td b nhiem mbi trudng vd bie'n ddi khi hau. Nudc bien dang vd xbi mdn d cdc khu vUc ven biln, tan sud't vd cUdng dp cua cdc sfl kien thdi tie't khac nghiet ngdy cang gia tdng, cdc loai tuyet chung, vd sfl lay lan ciia cdc benh truyen nhiem qua dgng vat vi the' cung phdt trien. Indonesia la nfldc ed dien tich riing nhiet ddi ldn thd hai the' gidi vd ty Ie phd rifng cung thupc cUen nhanh nhd't. Id nddc ddng thd 3 the gidi ve phdt thai khi nhd kfnh.
32 Nghien cihi Ddng Nam A 8/2014
Chinh quyen cua Tong t h d n g Yudhoyono rat chu y deh cac vd'n de moi trudng, va sU hgp tac gifla My vdi Indonesia v l mdi trUdng dd phat trien dang k l . Indonesia Id nUde ddc biet d l bi anh hudng cua big'n doi khi hau, nhfl nUdc biln dang vd xdi mon Ddng thdi, Indonesia phai ddi mat vdi nhung thach thfle trong viec giai quyet cdc nguyen n h a n cua bien doi khi hdu. Nhan thdc dupe van de dd, Indonesia luon tich cUc tham gia eac dien dan ve mdi trudng, cimg vdi cdc nddc trgn the gidi cam ke't giam phat thai n h a kinh, giam trp cap nhien Heu hda thach, cung nhu khuye'n khfch cdc nUdc dang phat trien khde thdng qua va thUe hien cac bUdc day tham vpng nhdm giam tac dgng cua bie'n doi khf hau toan eau. TrUdc tinh trang rimg hi huy diet vdi toe dp chdng mat, ehinh phu cung da ban hdnh lenh tam ngUng khai thac 2 nam cde khu rflng nguyen sinh vd cac khu da't bun tfl thdng 5-2011, cam dd't rifng Tripa d tinh Aceh,,
My cung vdi Na Uy da cung ca'p 6,9 trieu USD cho Trung tam bie'n doi khi hau Indonesia (ICCC), trong dd tap trung vdo viec lap ban dd vd giam sat cac vimg da't than bun gidu carbon vd rimg nhiet ddi vdi cde chuyen gia td Sd Ldm nghiep My, dda khoa hpe tien tie'n vd phan tfch de cac nha hoach dinh chfnh sach dfla ra cac quyg't dinh nham giam thieu va thich dng vdi bie'n dbi khf hau.
Ndm 2004, Indonesia dd khdi xfldng mdt CO quan chdng khai thac gd ba't hgp phdp, khie'n cho nan khai thdc gd ba't hdp phdp giam di ddng ke. Trong ndm 2009, Chinh phu Indonesia vd My da ky ke't mgt Dao ludt Bao tdn rflng nhiet ddi (TFCAl), vd ndm 2012 da hodn ta't mgt thoa thuan
TFCA2 mdi. Ngodi ra. My cam ke't se giam t h a n h todn ng cho Indonesia trong vong 10 n a m tdi va chuyin sd ng n a y vao quy bao tdn nfng nhiet ddi Indonesia.
G i n day, chinh phu Indonesia da ky ket chUdng trinh Hgp tac thach thiJfc thien nien ky (MCC), theo dd chinh phii Indonesiase thifc hien mgt dU an thinh vUdng xanh tri gid 332,5 trieu USD de hd trd tdng trUdng kinh tg' ben vi&ig vdi mdi trfldng thdng qua tang efldng quan ly riing, da't than bun vd cac tai nguygn thien nhign khdc va trien khai nang iugng tai tao ndng lUdng.
T h i n g 6 nam 2011, Ccf quan Bao ve M6i trudng (EPA) vd Bg Moi tnfdng Indonesia da ky mgt bien ban ghi nhd, md rgng hdp tdc mdi trfldng vd ehinh thufc hda hpp tdc t r e n cdc sdng kie'n "Breathe Easy, Jakarta" de cai thign chat lUgng khdng khi va bao ve sdc khde cgng ddng./.
C H U T H I C K
1. Government of Indonesia GGGl Green Growth Program, Priotizing Investments:
Delivering Green Growt/i, Global Green Growth Institute, Oct 2013, Indonesia 2. Speech of Indonesia President Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono at CIFOR on
"Sustainable growth with equity" ahead Rio +20 Earth Summit, Bogor, Indonesia 13 June 2012.
3. Fiscal Policy towards cm Inclusive Green Economy in Indonesia, UNEP -IMF- GIZ Workshop "Fiscal Policy Towards an Inclusive Green Economy", Geneva, Switzeriand, 3-4 Oct 2012.
4. http//dangcongsan.vn/cpv/ModulesiWews_PVance/
NewsJDetail_F.aspx?CN^ID=571827&CO_ID=0
