C H U R N D f i U R R T R O N G G I R O D U C D R I H O C
• • •
• LE DLTC NGOC, TRAN Hull HOAN"
1. Chuan dau ra (COR) va noi dung cua COR COR (Learning outcomes) cua mot chuong trinh giao due dao tao dai hoc la noi ham chat lddng tdi thieu cua ngddi tot nghiep chddng trinh dd; la nhdng chi so (indicators) ve pham chat, kien thdc, kTnang/kTsao, tinh cach/hanh vi va kha nang/nang Idc hay tdng quat hon la cac "kT nang cdng" va "ki nang mem" *** cua san pham dao tao - ngddi hpc cd dddc sau khi ket thuc chddng trinh giao due dao tao dd trong nha trddng.
Tuyen bd COR cho mot chddng trinh giao due dao tao cua nha trddng chinh la tuyen bd trach nhiem ve chat Idpng giao due dao tao cua nha trddng cung nhd cua nganh giao due dao tao trddc het la dpi vdi chinh ngddi hpc. sau la ddi vdi xa hpi va nhdng ngddi thu hddng va sd dung san pham dao tao cua nha trddng.
2. Can edde xay ddng COR
Can cd vao sd mang cua nha trudng, muc tieu giao due dao tao cua chddng trinh, yeu cau pham chat nguon nhan Idc cua nen kinh te - xa hpi (dai dien trdc tiep la cac nha tuyen dung) va cua thi trddng lao dong trong va ngoai nddc, nha trddngxay ddng COR che chddng trinh dac tao.
Mdi nha trddng xac dinh va tuyen bd COR cua cac chddng trinh dao tao cua trddng, dieu dd the hien vai tro va trach nhiem ve chat Idpng san pham dao tao cua trddng ddi vdi cac ben lien quan nhd nha nddc. nha tuyen dung, nha tai trp, cac thanh vien cua nha trddng. Nha trddng hien thdc hda sd mang cua minh thdng qua cac hoat dpng dao tao, nghien cdu khoa hpc va dich vu xa hpi. Nhd vay, viec xay dung CDR phai can cU vao sU mang cua trudng ket hop vdi yeu cau ve pham chat cua nguon nhan luc ma cac ben lien quan yeu cau. TU do nha trudng cu the va chi tiet hda muc tieu dao tao cua tdng chuong trinh giao due dao tao thong qua viec xac dinh COR.
Ngoai ra. de dat ddpc COR, ngddi hpc phai trai qua qua trinh giao due va dao tao trong nha trudng. cho nen viec xay ddng COR con phai tuan theo cac nguyen li cua khoa hpc giao due
nhu: phat huy npi Idc, hpc qua trai nghiem, do va danh gia dupe...
Xay dung CDR thudng tuan theo qui trinh gdm cac budc sau day:
Bddc 1: Thanh lap nhdm chuyen gia ve chuyen mon va ve giao due cua nganh dao tao va can cdvao sdmang nha trudng, muc tieu dao tao va khoa hpc giao due, nhdm chuyen gia de xuat dd thao npi dung CDR cho chddng trinh giao due dao tao cua nha trddng;
Bddc 2: Khao sat y kien ve ban dd thao lan 1 thdng qua 4 ddi tdpng: 1) Giang vien; 2) Cdu sinh vien; 3) Nha tuyen dung lao dpng; va 4) Chuyen gia giao due.
Bddc 3: Chinh sda, bd sung ban duthao lan 1, khao sat y kien cho ban thao lan 2 thdng qua 4 ddi tdpng tren vdi qui mo rpng hdn;
Bddc 4: Hoan thien va cdng bd COR.
^ Nhd vay, COR phan anh day du yeu cau pham chat ngddi tot nghiep dai hpc cua cac ben lien quan.
Vi du: Theo^ each xay ddng COR cua To chdc Phat trien Chddng trinh Qudc te (Curriculum Development Internetional Organic) cho chddng trinh dao tao kT sd, thi COR ddpc chi tiet hda den 4 bac:
Bac 1 - Bao gdm 4 ITnh vdc: 1) Kien thdc kT nang va tu duy kT thuat cong nghe; 2) Cac kT nang nghe nghiep va pham chat ca nhan; 3) Cac kT nang quan he xa hpi; va 4) Cac nang luc cot loi cua ngudi kT su la CDIO, dupe the hien trong hinh dddi:
4. C.D.I.O
1. Kien thdc 2. Cac kT 3. Cac kT kT nang va tu nang nghe nSng quan
duy kT thuat nghiep va he xa hpi cdng nghe pham chat
ca nhan
Trong dd cd the hieu mot each rpng hon la 4 nang luc cot loi cua mot ngudi kT su gdm cac nang luc sau:
* Giam docTrung tarn Kiem dinh, Do lddng va Danh gia chat Iddng giao due (CAMEEQ), thupc Hiep hoi cac Trddng Dai hpc va Cao dang ngoai cong lap (VIPUA)
*' Trddng phong Oao tao va Cong tac sinh vien, Trddng Dai hpc Giao due thupc Oai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi
*** "KT nang cdng" la nhdng tri thdc co the dien che hoa ddpc, "K7 nang mem" la nhdng tri thdc khong the dien che hoa dddc.
4 KHGD so 55, thdng 4 - 2010
^ g i j e j ctfu •Khoa hoc Gido due
c D 1 0
C = Conceive D = Design 1 = Implement O = Operate
= Y tddng = Thiet ke = Thi hanh = Van hanh
= De xuat = Xay dung = Thuc hien = Dieu khien
= Phat hien = Len ke hoach = Then khai = Quan li
= Neu ra = Len phUdng an = Hoat dpng = Danh gia
Ngoai ra, 4 nang Idc cot loi nay phai phu hpp va dap dng trong mot bdi canh xa hpi va doanh nghiep dupe the hien qua hinh sau:
C D I O 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.2. Bdi canh doanh nghiep 4.1. Bdi canh kinh te xa hoi
Bac 2 - Chi tiet hda cac ITnh vue thanh cac khdi kien thdc kT nang.Thi du ITnh vdc 1, dupe cu the hda thanh 3 khdi kien thdc kT nang dupe the hien d bang dudi: 1.1) Cac kien thUc kT nang khoa hpc nen tang cua kT thuat cong nghe; 1.2) Cac kien thdc kT nang kT thuat cdng nghe cot loi va 1.3) Cac kien thdc kTnang kT thuat cong nghe tien tien:
1.3. Cac kien thdc kT nang kT thuat cdng nghe tien tien
1.2. Cac kien thdc kT nang kT thuat cong nghe cot loi
1.1. Cac kien thdc kT nang khoa hpc nen tang cua kT thuat cong nghe
Cd the he thdng hda lai CDR cua chudng trinh dao tao kT sd theo bac 1 va bac 2 trong bang dudi day:
1. Kien thdc kT nang va tu duy kT thuat cong nghe
1 1 Kien thdc kT nang khoa hpc nen tang cua kT thuat cong nghe
1 2.Kien thdc kT nang kT thuat cdng nghe cot loi 1.3. Kien thdc kT nang kT thuat cong nghe tien tien
2. KT nang nghe nghiep va pham chat ca nhan
2.1 .Tu duy kT thuat cong nghe va giai quyet van de
2.2.Thd nghiem va phat hien kien thdc 2.3.TU duy he thdng
2,4.KT nang va pham chat ca nhan 2.5. KTnang va pha'm chat nghe nghiep 3. KT nang giao tiep va lam viec theo nhom
3.1.Lam viec theo nhom da ITnh vdc 3.2.Giaotiep
3.3.Giao tiep bing ngoai ngu
4. Oe xuat, thiet ke, then khai va van hanh he thdng trong boi canh doanh nghiep va xa hoi
4.1. Bdi canh xa hpi va ngoai canh 4.2. Boi canh doanh nghiep va kinh doanh 4.3. De xuat y tudng va cac he thdng kT thuat 4.4. Thiet ke
4.5, Trien khai 4.6. Van hanh
Bac 3 - Chi tiet hda cac khdi kien thUc kT nang thanh cac hoat dpng,
Bac 4 - Chi tiet hda cac hoat dpng thanh cac hanh vi hay kha nang cu the ma ngudi hpc can dat dupe sau qua trinh dao tao. Cd the lay vi du qua viec cu the hda khdi kien thdc kT nang "2.4.
KT nang va pham chat ca nhan" trong bang sau:
KHGD so 55, thdng 4 - 2010 5
Khoa hoc Gido due- Ngh in ciit 2.4. KT nang va pham chat ca nhan
2.4.1 De xudng va san sang chap nhan rui ro
- Xac dinh cac nhu cau va cac cd hoi cho de xudng
- Thao luan cac Idi diem va cac rui ro tiem nang cua met hanh dpng
- Giai thich cac phUdng phap va lap ke hoach thdi gian cho viec de xudng de an - The hien su lanh dao trong nhdng de xudng mdi, vdi hudng thien ve cac hanh dpng dung dan
- Cd hanh dpng ddt khoat, dat dddc ket qua, va bao cao cac hanh dpng
2.4.2 Tinh kien tri va linh hoat
- The hien sd td tin, long nhiet tinh, va niem dam me
- The hien tarn quan trong cua lam viec cham chi, cd cudng dp cao va chu y den chi tiet.
- The hien su thich nghi ddi vdi thay ddi - The hien mot su sin sang va kha nang lam viec dpc lap
- The hien sd sin sang lam viec vdi ngudi khac, va xem xet va chap nhan cac quan diem khac nhau.
The hien su chap nhan Idi phe binh va nhdng phan hdi tich cUc
2.4.3 Tuduy sang tao
- The hien kha nang khai niem hda va trUu tupng hda
- The hien kha nang tdng hpp va tdng quat hda
- ThUc hien qua trinh phat minh
- Thao luan vai tro cua tinh sang tao trong nghe thuat, khoa hpc, va nhan van va cdng nghe.
2.4.4 Tuduy phe phan
- Phan tich sd trinh bay ve van de
- Lua chpn nhdng li le va cac giai phap lo-gic - Danh gia chdng cd hd trd
- Xac dinh cac quan diem, li thuyet va dd kien ddi nghich
- Kiem tra cac gia thuyet va ket luan
2.4.5 Nhan biet ve kien thuc, ki nang, va thai dp ca nhan cua minh
- Mo ta cac kT nang, mdi quan tarn, diem manh, diem yeu cua minh
- Thao luan ve gidi han nhdng kha nang cua minh, trach nhiem cua minh, cho sd cai tien ban than de khic phuc nhdng diem yeu quan trong
- Thao luan tarn quan trong cua ca dp sau va dp rpng cua kien thdc
2.4.6 Ham tim hieu va hpc tap sudt ddi - Thao luan dpng cd td hpc lien tuc - The hien cac kT nang td hpc hdi - Thao luan each hpc cua rieng minh
- Thao luan sd phat then cac mdi quan he vdi ngddi hddng din
Quan li thdi gian va nguon luc
- Thao luan viec sip xep nhiem vu theo thd tu Uu tien
- Giai thich tarn quan trong hay tinh cap bach cua cac nhiem vu
- Giai thich viec thdc hien hieu qua cua cac nhiem vu
3. Thuc hien COR
Tren cd sd COR da dddc xac dinh, trddng tien hanh thiet ke xay ddng chddng trinh giao due dao tao bao gdm npi dung va thdi Iddng cac mon hpc, vdi muc dich chuyen tai cac thanh phan cua COR den ngddi hpc thong qua qua trinh day va hpc. Chddng trinh giang day cua tdng mon hpc phai dddc thiet ke chi tiet qua viec tra Idi cac cau hdi sau day:
1 - Muc tieu cua mon hpc mang den cho ngddi hpc kien thdc, kTnang/kTxao, thai dp/hanh vi va kha nang/nang Idc gi? ;
2 - Bing phddng phap day va hpc nhd the nao de lam cho ngddi hpc dat dddc muc tieu cua mon hpc dd?
3 - Bing each thdc nao de danh gia dddc thanh qua day va hpc mon hpc dd?.
Chddng trinh giang day tdng mdn hpc ddpc bien soan sao cho giang vien va ngddi hpc cd the can cd vao dd de chuyen tai (thdng qua qua trinh day va hpc) mot each tich hpp cac "kT nfing (Xem tiep trang 11)
6 KHGD sd 55, thdng 4 - 2010
Nghiep curu •Khoa hoc Gido due lanh dao bit dau the hien ro net vai trd cua minh,
no khong nhdng bd sung cho kT nang quan If ma con la dpng Idc chinh cho nha trddng phat then trong tdong lai. Do vay, viec hieu ro dac diem va sd khac nhau gida quan li va lanh dao cd mpt y nghTa li luan va thdc tien rat Idn.
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
1. Certo, C. (1997): Modem Management, Prentice Hall Upper Sadie River, New Jersey.
2. Daft, RL. (1999), Leadership - Theory and Practice, The Dryen Press.
3. Davies, B. va Ellison, L. (1997), School Leadership For The 21st Century, Routledge.
4. Evans, R. (1996), The Human Side of School Change, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
5. Halpin, A.W., (1966), Theory and Research in Administration, Macmillan, New York.
6. Kotter, J.P. (1990), A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from Management, New York: The Free Press.
7. Levitt, T. (1986), Marketing Imagination, New York: The Free Press.
8. Nguyen Lpc (Chu bien), Mac Van Trang, Nguydn Cdng Giap, (2009), Co so li luan quan li trong to chirc giao due, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, Ha Npi.
SUMMARY
This paper refers to the theoretical problems of the concepts of leadership and management with the purpose to help educational managers in balancing their roles in their daily management job. The article offers newly update definitions of leadership and management in relation to each other Next, the article provides insights into the differ- ences between these concepts from the perspectives of characteristics, function and total role models. Finally, the article contends that the excellent management skills with strict standards and rules have become insufficient, if not inadequate for the very fast changes nowadays. And here, leadership skills began to clearly show their important roles, they do not only supplement the management skills but also are becoming the main driving force for school development in the future. Therefore understanding char- acteristics and differences between management and lead- ership have a huge theoretical and practical meaning.
CHUAN D A U RA... (Tiep theo trang 6) cdng" va "kT nang mem" tao thanh nang Idc cua ngddi dddc dao tao.
4 - Y nghTa cua CDR
Lau nay, CDR cua mdi chddng trinh mdi ddng d viec xac dinh muc tieu dao tao ve kien thdc, kT nang, thai dp va nang Idc mpt each chung chung, thieu cu the nen gan nhd chi cd gia tri de xet duyet chddng trinh cho md ma nganh.
Neu xay ddng COR chi tiet den tdng nang Idc hay hanh vi cu the va yeu cau ngddi tot nghiep phai dat dddc, thi y nghTa cua COR cd the thay ro qua cac diem sau day:
- Ngddi day va ngddi hpc biet day va hpc the nao de dat COR;
- Ngddi sd dung nguon nhan Idc biet nang Idc the hien qua CDR cua ngddi tot nghiep cd nhdng gi de tuyen dung;
- Nha nddc, nha quan li sd dung CDR de quan li va danh gia chat Iddng san pham dao tao cua cd sd dao tao;
- Nha tai trd biet hieu qua tai trp den dau de tham gia tai trd.
- COR cd the ddpc sd dung de xep hang cac cd sd dao tao mpt each dinh Iddng thdng qua ket qua danh gia cac kT nang mem (nen tang cua nang Idc phat trien) cua san pham dao tao co sd dd.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Edward F.Crawley, Doris R. Brodeur, Johan Malmqvist, Sren stlund, Rethinking engineering education - the CDIO approach ., 2007.
2. Le Due Ngoc, Giao due dai hoc: Quan diem va giai phap, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ndi, 2004.
3. Tran Huru Hoan, De cwong mon hoc (Syllabus) trong hoc che tin chi, Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, tap 25, sd 1S, 2009.
SUMMARY
Outcomes standards of a higher education program contents the minimal qualities of the graduates, therefore the definition of outcomes standards shall reflect the role and responsibilities for the products by the institution to the stakeholders: state, employer, sponsor... In this article the author presents some major components for defining out- come standards in higher education: basis, procedures, and methods.
KHGD so 55. thdng 4 - 2010 11
