CO CHE BAO HIEN CUA CQNG HOA PHAP

CO CHE BAO HIEN CUA C Q N G HOA PHAP:

NHUNG NET BQC DAO VA TIEN TRIEN CAN DAY

Ly Vdn Anh

H

ien phap la dao luat ca bdn, dgo luat nen tdng, Id vdn ban cd gia tri phap ly cao nhat trong hp thong phap ludt qude gia. Hien phdp quy d}nh nhiing npi dung quan trgng nhat ve che do chinh trj, kinh te, xd hgi, nguyen tic td chiic bg may nha nude vd nh&ng quyen co ban ciia cdng dan. Ve nguyen tdc, mpi vdn ban phdp luat ban hdnh deu phdi phii hgp vdi Hien phdp, day Id dieu kien quan trgng de ddm bdo tinh dn djnh ciia he thdng phap ludt. De dam bdo dieu ndy, d hau het cac nude deu tdn tai mpt ca che bdo hien theo nhu'ng mo hinh khdc nhau'.

CJ Cgng hoa Phdp, Hpi ddng hien phdp dugc tbdnb lap ndm 1958 vd trdi qua ban niia the ky phat trien vugt bgc ve chat, da tao nen mdt md hinh bao hien dpc dao, kbdc biet vdi cac nude tren the gidi. Md hinh nay dang de chung ta nghien ciiu trong bdi canh Viet Nam dang tim mdt md hinb bdo hien hieu qua.

1. So hrgc ve cac mo hinh bao hien tren the gidi

* ThS., Hpc vi?n Ngo^i giao, hi?n cong idc tgi Dai sii quan Vi?t Nam tai Cpng hoa Phap. Bai vih chu yeu d^a tren nliifng ghi chdp trong buoi trao doi vol Gido su Claire BAZY-MALAURIE, thanh vien Hpi ding hiin phdp ciia Phdp (tai trg sa Hpi dong), Thdm phdn Nicolas MAZIAU, tham phdn hinh si/ Toa phd dn Phap va Tham phdn Luc BRIAND, Trudng phong phap ludt hien phdp, Toa pha an Phap (lai Toa pha an),ngay 2/12/2011.

' Den ndm 2008, trong s6 191 nuoc dirpc khdo sat, 158 nude cd cac quy djnh lien quan din co chi bdo hien (Nguyen Dire Lam, Cdc mo hinh bdo hien tren tlie giai vii khd nang lua chon cua Viet Nam. Bin viet cho hgi thdo ve ca che bdo hien phuc vu sira doi Hien pluip 1992 do Vi^n Nghien cuu Idp phdp to chuc, 7/2011, tri).

Chuc ndng bao hien thudng dugc qu dinh trong Hien phdp. Chire ndng nay tii thugc vdo sy lya chgn cua tirng nude, cotb dugc trao cho cac Tda an tu phdp (md hinl My) hay mpt thiet che rieng biet nhu Ta hien phdp bode Hgi ddng hien phdp (mi hinh chau Au). Mgt sd nude nhu Viet Nam Trung Qude, Mien Dipn quy djnh trao cha ndng nay cho chinh co quan lap phdp.

Tgi cdc nude theo md hinh My, chiii ndng kiem tra tinh hgp hien ciia van bai phdp ludt Id mdt trong nhung chire ndng cui he thdng tda dn tu phap. Mpt sd nude ch giao chuc ndng nay cho cdc tda an cap cat (nhu Ghana, Namibia, Papua - New Ginea Srilanca, Estonia). Ngugc Igi, mpt so nir6i khdc coi van de xem xet tinh hop hien nhi mgt van de phap luat dat ra trudc bat cii q tda dn ndo, do dd, cap tda an ndo cungc*

the phdn quyet ve tinh hgp hien ciia vdn bo neu vdn de ndy dugc dua ra trudc toa tt phdn quyet cd the dugc khdng cdo len c^

cao ban^.

Cdc nude tbeo md hinh chau Au thie lap mdt thiet che rieng biet, chuyen xemx^

tinh hgp hien. Thiet che nay cd the ton t;

dudi dang mgt Tda an hien phdp, vdi nhittj trinh ty td tyng gan gidng vdi cdc toa o tham quyen chung (Diic, Tdy Ban Nha, B Dao Nha, Nga, Thd NhT Ky, Sec, Slovakii Armenia, Uzbekistan...). Chiic ndng^ ba hien cung cd the dugc giao cho mpt thiet ch bdn tu phap nbu Hdi ddng hien phdp (PWl Mozambic, Maroc...), Ban hien phdp-ci i

' Nguyin DLTC Lam, nhu trin.

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ca CH^BAO HIEN CUA ...

Tda dn tu phap cap cao (Costa- Rica, Burkina - Faso, Estonia)'^.

2. H6i dong hien phap cua Phap vd nhu-ng giai doan phdt triln

Dugc thdnh lap ndm 1958 tren ca sd Hi8n phap nam 1958, ban ddu, Hgi ddng hien phdp ciia Phdp tdn tai dudi mpt hinh thuc bet siic khiem ton Id mpt Uy ban ki^m tra tinh hgp hi6n, va tham quySn cQng khd ban che: chi cd the xem xet tinh hgp hi^n ciia cac dy lugt trudc kbi Nghi vipn thdng qua, theo yeu cau ciia Tdng thdng, Thii tudng, Chu tich Thugng vd Ha vien. DiSu nay dugc ly giai qua hodn cdnh lich sii liic bay gid. Khi lap ra nen Cgng hda thii ndm, Tong thdng Charles de Gaulle dd mong mudn khdc phuc nhQug ban che \h td chiic bp may nbd nude ciia nen Cdng bda thiir tu (Vichy, 1944-1958), do la sy mat can bing ve quyen lye giiia hai quyen lap phap va hanh phdp. Ca quan lap phdp cd tham quyen qua Idn (trong dd cd quyen giai tan Chinh phu), trong khi quyen luc ciia co quan hdnh phdp Igi rdt yeu. Do vdy, nude Phdp da cd mgt thdi ky mat dn djnh trong bd may nba nude, vdi viec thay ddi Chinh phii lien tuc vd ddi sdng chinh trj ciia dat nude bi chi phdi bdi cdc cudc dau tranh dang phdi . Khi len nam quyen, Tdng thdng Charles de Gaulle da tang cudng quyen lye cua ca quan hanh phdp nham thiet lap sy can bing giua hai quyen lap phdp va hdnh phdp, bdng viec tang nhiem ky cua Tdng thdng len 7 nam.

Nghi vien vin cd quyen gidi tdn Chinh phii, nhung Tdng thdng - ngudi diing ddu hdnh phdp, cung cd quyen gidi tan Nghj vien vd keu ggi mdt cupc bau cir mdi.

Hdi ddng HiSn phap (ban dau tdn tgi vdi cdi ten Uy ban) vh. nguyen thuy la mdt thiet

' Nhu tren. ngodi ra, c6 the tham khao thSm bdi viet ciia PGS.TS. Dinh Ngpc Vugng: " C o quan bdo hiin :ua mot s6 nu6c tren t h i giffi". Tap chi Nghien ciru Igp phdp, s6U0,9/200S.

' Chi trong v6ng 12 ndm (1947-1959), nude Phdp dd thay doi Chinh phu 24 l^n, mSi Chinh phii chi tai vj iagc trung binh la 6 thdng.

cbe thuan tiiy chinh tri ma Charles de Gaulle mudn lap ra, khdng phdi dk "bao ve lugt phdp" ma la dl "hgn ch6 ludt phdp" (hay ndi diing ban la hgn chl quyin lap phdp) thdng qua chiic ndng kiem tra tinh hgp hiln cua cdc van ban do Nghi vien ban hanh. Tinh chit thuan tiiy chinh tri cdn dugc thi hien d viec cdc thdnh viSn Hpi ddng ban ddu dugc lua chpn tir cdc nghi sy vd thdnh vien Chinh pbu^

Tuy nhien, trai qua niia thi ky, Hpi ddng dd cd nhO-ng budc phat triln khiin cho CO quan ndy din tbodt khdi sy chi phdi mang tinh chinh tri, trd thdnh m6t thilt chl bdn tu phdp (mdc dii quy chl ciia no vin cdn la de tdi gay nhieu tranh cai), dgc Idp, khach quan ban.

Trudc het la vi$c md rpng dii tugng dugc tiep cdn vdi Hpi ddng hien phdp. Khi ra ddi nam 1958, chi cd 4 vi tri cao nhdt cua bp mdy nba nude dugc quyen dua cac yeu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hien len Hdi ddng, dd la Tdng thdng, Thu tudng, Chu tich Thugng viSn va Ha vien. Nam 1974, dudi thdi Tdng thdng Giscard D'Estaing, quyen nay dugc md rgng ra cho tat cd cdc nghi sy. Bat cii nghj sy nao cd nghi ngd ve tinh hgp bien cua van ban luat, mot hoac mdt vai dieu khodn trong dy thdo ludt dugc dua ra trudc Nghi vien, deu cd the dua yeu cdu len Hdi ddng.

Dgc biet, kl tir nam 2008, vdi thii tuc mdi dugc ggi la "uu tien kiem tra tinh hgp hien ciia van ban" (Question prioritaire de constitutionalite), mgi cdng ddn deu cd the yeu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hien ciia mdt vdn bdn Id ca sd cho mpt vy tranh chap, vd yeu cau dd CO thS dugc chuyen len Hdi ddng hiln phdp xem xet^.

Viec lya chgn cac thdnh vien ciia Hdi ddng hiln phdp (9 thdnh vien) cung cd nhiing thay ddi. Tir ehd lya chpn td nhiing nghj sy hoac thanh vien Cbinh phu, hien nay theo quy dinh mdi, cac thanh vien cua Hdi

' Theo Gido su Claire BAZY-MALAURIE, thdnh vifin H6i dong hiin phdp cua Phdp (12.2011).

^ Xem gidi thifu ky hon v i thu tuc ndy a muc sau.

NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 6/2012

ddng hiln phdp khdng the Id thdnh viSn Nghj vipn hoac Chinh phii dl ddm bdo tinh d^c lap vd khach quan.

Dilu quan trgng nhit Id sy md rOng thdm quyin ciia Hgi dong hiln phdp. Thim quyen trudc day ciia Hgi dong dugc gidi hgn d vipc thdo ludn vd dua ra quylt dinh ve tinh hgp hien ciia vdn bdn lu$t hodc m0t vdi dieu khoan ciia dy lu^t sip dugc thdng qua. Vdi thdm quyen ndy, vai trd ciia Hgi dong bien phdp chi gidi ban d giai dogn trudc khi lu^t dugc ban hdnh. Do vdy, d chiing myc ndo dd, Hgi ddng hien phdp td m$t thilt chl khd xa Ig vdi ddi song xS hgi, do van bdn lugt mpt khi dugc ban hdnh vd ed hipu Iyc, dugc coi Id phii hgp vdi Hien pbdpi. Nam 1971, vdi m^t quyet dinh khd noi tieng liSn quan tdi quyen ty do Igp hdi, Hgi ddng hien phdp da tu md rgng tham quyen cua minh, tir bdo vp Hien phap thuan tiiy, thdnh ngudi bao ve cdc quyen vd ty do co ban ciia cdng dan'.

' Quyet dinh sS 71-44 DC ngdy 16/7/1971 ciia HQI dong hien phdp lien quan tdi Lugt bd sung Diiu 5 vd 7 ciia Ludt ngay 1/7/1901 ve ihoa thudn Igp hgi (Cong bao ngdy 18/7/1971, tr. 7114).

Ngdy 1/7/1971. Chu tjch Thu(?ng vi?n dd chuyin Ifin

^ Hpi ddng hiin phdp ySu cdu kiem tra tinh hpp hiin Ciia d\r Luat bo sung Dieu 5 vd 7 cua Lu§t ngdy 1/7/1901 v i th6a thuan i§p hpi.

Hdi ddng hiin phdp, cdn cur vdo cdc quyin vd t^ do CO ban ciia cong dan dupe ^hi nhdn t^i Tuyfin ng5n ndm 1789 vd dupe dSn chieu tdi trong L6i n6i d^u cua Hiin phdp, dd quyit djnh rdng Qieu 3 cua d^ lu^t khong phii hpp vdi Hiin phdp vd cdn phdi bj lo^i bd khoi d^ ludt. Theo H$i ddng, nguyen tdc t^ do l§p hOi cho ph^p cQng ddn dupe quyin tir do Ijlp h^i vd chi phdi thda mdn dieu ki^n duy nhdt Id cdng b6 thdnh Idp h^i trfin cdc phuong ti?n truyin thdng trudc dd.

Diiu 3 cua dir Ludt quy dinh hh sung thu t^ic kiim tra ciia CO quan tu phdp v i tfnh hpp phdp cua h^i trudc khi dupe cdng nhdn tu cdch phdp nhdn, do dd, khdng phij hpp vdi Hien phdp.

Ddy dupe coi Id mpt cu^c cdch m?ing bdi quyin X\f do lap h^i khong dupe quy djnh tryc tiip trong Hiin phdp md chi ndm trong s6 cdc quyin vd ty do c o ban dupe Hiin phdp din chiiu tdi trong Ldi ndi d4u. Vdi quyit dinh ndy, Hpi ddng hiin phdp ty md rOng thAm quyin cua minh sang ITnh \\fc bao hO quyin cdng ddn.

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Nhung phdi den ndm 2008, vdi vipi d6i Hiln phdp 1958 vd bo sung vdo thi

"uu tiSn kilm tra tinh hgp hiln ciia vdn thi thim quyin cua Hpi d6ng hien phdp dugc md r^ng ddng kl. Vdi thu tyc ndy, dong hiln phdp khdng chi can thipp vdo dogn "trudc van bdn" (controle a pric kiim tra trudc khi vdn bdn duptc ban hi md tir nay cd thi cho y kiln ve bit cir bdn ndo dd dugc ban hdnh vd cd hi$u neu cd nhan, xti chiic yeu ciu. Nhu vgy, dong hiln phdp cd thi tuyen bd huy bd van bdn da cd bi?u lye. Vdi vipc md i thim quyen ndy, Hgi ddng hien phdp xic gan ban vdi hp thdng tda dn, thay vi la thiet chS thuin tiiy chinh trj trudc kia.

3. Thu tuc "iru tien kiem tra tinh hien" - m$t mo hinh dpc dao

Trudc ndm 2008, ca che bdo hiSn thipp chu yeu d giai doan trudc khi vdn lugt dugc dua vdo ddi sdng. Vdi vipc ddng hien phdp cho y kien ve tinh hgp I ciia dy thdo Lugt trudc khi dugc thdng vd ban hdnh, vdn bdn lugt dugc coi la hien vd khdng ai cdn cd the tranh cSi ve phii hgp vdi hien phdp ciia vdn bdn.

nhien, tren thyc te, ddi vdi mgt dy Lugt, ddng hien phdp thudng chi dugc hdi ve hodc m^t sd dieu khodn chir khdng phdi 1 bd vdn bdn. Dieu nay dan tdi khong loai khd nang nhihig dilu khodn khdc ciia ban Lugt khdng phii hgp vdi Hiln pl nhung sg khdng dugc Hgi ddng xem xe khdng dugc ySu ciu*. Thii tuc kilm tra hi;^ hien mdi, do vgy, md rdng ca che hien ra cd giai dogn sau khi ban hdnh bdn, khien cho thim quyin ciia Hpi d

' Theo Gido su Claire BAZY-MALAURIE, t vifin H^i ddng hiin phdp ciia Phdp, H^i ddng phdp khi xem x^t mpt d^ lu^t, cung cd thi nh$n mpt vdi diiu khoan khdng duprc hdi, cd khd nfii hiin. Trong tnrdng hgp ndy, H^i ddng cd thi xei theo sdng kiln cua chfnh H^i ddng, nhung s5 k ky luOng bdng vi^c xem xtl cdc didu khoan tsA ddng dupe chfnh thtrc y£u cdu.

ii6n phap trd nen gin gidng vdi m^t Tda lien phdp. Mat khdc, cd thi ndi viec dp dyng hu tyc "uu tiSn kilm tra tinh hgp hiln" con

;dp phan tang cudng quyin ciia cdng dan rong viec gidm sdt Idp phdp, thyc hien ddn

;hu tryc tiSp.

Mgc dii thii tuc mdi ndy 1dm cho hogt long ciia Hpi ddng hien phdp ciia Phdp gin jidng vdi hogt dpng cua Tda hiln phdp d ihieu nude chdu Au khdc, song vl mdt tl ung, ca che bdo hien ciia Phap khdng gidng /di bat ky ca chS ndo khdc.

-Vdn di kiem tra tinh hpp hiin cua vdn jdn ludt dang cd hiiu luc duac dgt ra khi ido?

Bdt cii cd nhan, phap nhdn, td chire nao leu cd the yeu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hiln

;ua van ban vdi dieu kien hp dang Id cdc ben

;iia mdt vy kien ma can cii tranh chip chinh a vdn ban cd lien quan. Nhu vgy, vin dl :iem tra tinh hgp hien cua van bdn ludt chi cay ra khi cd tranh chap ve mdt hdnh vi Hen {uan tdi vdn ban dd.

- Dgng vdn bdn co the Id ddi tuang kiem ra tinh hpp hiin

Thu tyc kiem tra tinh bgp hien chi dp lung ddi vdi cdc vdn ban luat. Cdc van bdn loac hanh vi mang tinh hdnh chinh thudng luge xem xet trong he thdng Tda hdnh ihinh. N6u van d6 vi hien ddt ra ddi vdi mdt idnh vi hoac mdt van ban hdnh chinh nao td, Hdi ddng hi6n phdp suy doan rang hanh 'i hodc vdn ban dd phai can cii tren mdt vdn )dn ludt nhit djnh vd vipc kiem tra tinh hgp ii6n dugc dat ra ddi vdi vdn ban ludt dd.

- Thii tuc kiim tra tinh hpp hiin - ca che 'Ipc kep "

Khdc vdi co chl Tda hien phdp, noi mgi eu ciu kilm tra tinh hgp hiln dugc chuyin rye tilp len Tda, tgi Phdp, yeu ciu kilm tra inh hgp hiln cua van bdn khdng phai dugc huyin ngay tdi Hdi ddng hiln phdp. Ca chl Ipc kep" giiip dam bdo chi nhiing yeu ciu 6 tinh chit cyc k>' quan trpng mdi dugc huyIn ISn Hpi ddng hien phdp.

Tron^ qua trinh dien ra mpt vu kien d cip so thim hodc phiic thim, m^t trong cdc ben d$t ra yeu ciu kilm tra tinh hgp hiln ciia van ban lien quan, yeu ciu dd lap tire phdi dugc thim phdn thy ly vy viec uu tien xem xet. NIU tham phdn so thim hodc phiic thim cd tbI ra quyet dinh ngay ring, vdn bdn phii hgp vdi Hien phdp, thdm phdn tiep tyc x^t xu vy vipc cdn cii vdo van ban do. Ngugc lai, nlu thim phdn khdng thi dua ra quylt dinh van ban Id hgp hiln hoac xet tinh chit quan trgng cua yeu cau, thdm phdn phdi chuyen yeu ciu len tda dn cip cao ban la Tda pha dn hodc Hdi ddng nhd nude^. Day dugc coi Id b0 Igc thii nhit.

Sau khi ySu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hiln cua van ban nhu vgy dugc chuyin len Tda pha dn hogc Hdi ddng nha nude, ddy se la nac Ipc thii hai. Bdi chi cd nhiing yeu ciu ma Tda pha an hogc Hdi ddng nha nude xet thay cd tinh quan trgng dac biet thi Tda phd an hodc Hdi dong nba nude mdi chuyin Ien Hdi ddng hien phdp. DiSu nay Idm gidm sd lugng yeu cdu chuyen len Hdi ddng hien phap rat nhieu.

Theo thdng ke ciia Tda pha an, sau hai nam di vdo thyc hien thii tyc mdi, mdi thdng, Tda nhan dugc khoang 30 yeu cdu kiem tra tinh hgp hien. Kbodng 25% cdc yeu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hien dugc tda dn cdp dudi chuyen len (cd nghia la 75% cdc yeu cau dugc tda an cdp dudi gidi quyet). Trong so cac yeu cau md Tda pha dn nhdn dugc, kbodng 20% sS dugc chuyen tiep len Hdi ddng hiln phdp'°. Trong 18 thdng vira qua, Hdi ddng hiln phdp dd tra ldi khoang 210 yeu ciu kilm tra tinh hgp hien" ve dit cdc

' He thdng tdi phdn ciia Phdp bao gom hai true song song Id cdc Tda tu phdp, dimg ddu Id Tda phd dn (Cowr de cassation) vd cdc Tda hdnh chfnh, d i ^ g ddu Id HOi ddng nhd nude [Conseil d'Etat).

'" Con sd thdng k6 do thdm phdn BRIAND, Trudng phdng phdp lu$t hdnh chfnh, Tda phd dn cung cap (12/2011).

" Thdng k6 do G.S. Claire BAZY-MALAURJE, thanh vifin H0i ddng hiin phdp cung cap (12/2011).

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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT sd 6/2012 ITnh vyc rat da dgng. Nlu nbu trudc kia, vdi thu tyc kilm tra trudc vdn bdn, chii yeu Id cdc dy lugt dilu chinh cdc vin de Idn nhu t6 chiic bg mdy nhd nude, quan dgi... mdi dugc dua ra Hgi ddng hien phdp xem x^t, thi nay, vdi thii tyc kiem tra sau vdn bdn, Hpi ddng tren thyc tl thy ly rit nhilu y§u ciu lien quan tdi nhung ITnh vyc thupc ddi song hdng ngdy nhu sd hOii, hdn nhan gia dinh, thuang mgi, egnh tranh... Idm cho thyc tien boat dpng ciia Hpi ddng hien phdp trd nen rat phong phu.

Thyc tien cung cho thay, cdc yeu ciu kiem tra tinh hgp hien cd the lien quan tdi nhiing vdn ban da cd hipu lye tir rat lau (tii the ky XVI, XVIT) lien quan tdi vdn de sd hiiu dat dai nhu: xdc dinh sd hiiu biic tudng ngdn cdch giiia hai nha, Idi di chung...

- Hiiu luc cua cdc quyit dinh ve tinh hop hien cda van bdn ludt

Khi van bdn ludt bode mdt dieu khoan dugc phan quyet Id khdng bgp hien, vdn ban hoac dieu khoan dd phai dugc buy bd ngay vd khdng cdn ndm trong he thdng vdn bdn quy pbgm phap ludt cua Phap. Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, Hdi ddng hien phdp cd the de ra mdt thdi ban nhat dinh de hiiy bd van bdn neu nbu viec hiiy bd ngay se gay khd khdn cho dp dung, ching hgn nhiing vdn ban lien quan tdi viec tgm giam, tam giu.

Doi vdi cac Quyet dinh cua Hpi ddng bien phdp, khdng ddt ra van dl thi hdnh, bdi vdn ban hodc dieu kliodn neu bi coi Id vi hiln se bi hiiy bd vd khdng cdn dugc dp dyng.

4. Nhu-ng thach thiic dat ra cho hp thdng tda an Phap vd cac tham phdn

Vdi viec dua vdo dp dung thii tuc kilm tra tinh hgp hien cua vdn ban dd ban hanh, cac tda dn ciia Phap diing trudc nhiing thdch thiic to Idn.

Nhu tren da ndi, viec kilm tra tinh hgp hien liic ddu chi thudc thim quyin ciia H^i ddng hiln phdp va chi dp dyng d giai dogn van ban cdn cbua ra ddi. Do vgy, viec kilm tra tinh hgp hiln la mdt dilu hodn toan xa la

vdi cdc thim phdn. Khi thii tuc mdi dugcap dyng, bdn than cdc thim phdn cung phdi thy ly cdc ySu ciu ve kiem tra tinh hgp hien ciia vdn bdn lien quan trong vy kipn md minh dang x6t xir. Dilu ndy ddi hdi cdc thdm phdn phdi dugc trang bj them kien thiic chuyen sdu ve Hien phdp va thyc tien xet xir lien quan.

QQ thich irng vdi tinh hinh mdi nay, moi cip tda dn cd nhOng bien phdp khac nhau.

Chdng hgn, tgi Tda phd an, nhieu bpi thao, khda bdi dudng thudng xuyen dd dugc t6 chire nhim trang bj cho cdc tham phdn nhiing thdng tin vd kiln thiic cin thilt dl c6 the thuc hipn nhiem vu mdi. Cdc gido sir chuyen vl Luat Hien phdp dugc mdi toi thuyet trinh vd cdc khda hgc dya tren nhihig vy vipc thyc te nen dam bao ddp ling nhiJng yeu cdu rat thiet rtiyc. Tda phd dn ciing lap ra Phdng phdp luat hien phdp de hd trg cac tham phan: cdc tham phan cd the gui yeu cau ho trg ve mdt ndi dung nao dd khd khan trong qua trinh xem xet tinh hgp hiln ciia vdn ban de dugc Phdng phap luat hien ph^

hd trg.

Ben egnh dd, cung vdi thyc tien xet xir, cdc thdm phan xay dyng cac bg hudng dan tren ca sd kinh nghi§m cd dugc, de giiip cho cdc tham phan mdi budc vdo nghi cd dupe mpt vdn ban tham chieu trong qua trinh lam vipc ciia minh.

5. Vi tri ciia Hpi dong hien phiip trong hp th6ng tir phdp - mot vin dl cdn nhi^u tranh cai

Vdi nhihig budc phdt triln ngoan muc cd vl npi dung Idn thu tyc, Hpi ddng hiln phap dang ngay cang xich Igi gin ban vdi he thing tda dn ciia Phdp, ddc biet la tu khi ap dyng thu tyc mdi ve xem xet tinh hgp hien ciia van ban lugt da ban hdnh. Ro rang, Hpi ddng vd cdc tda an Phdp dang cimg chia se mdt tham quyen chung Id xem xdt tinh hpp hien ciia cac van ban. Ca chl "Igc kep" t^o nen mdt trgt ty thu bgc giiia Hdi ddng (diing cao nhat) vd cac tda an Phdp.

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CO CniBAO HliN CUA ...

Tuy nhien, H0i ddng hiln phdp cd tbI dugc ddt d dau? Hgi ddng cd thi dugc coi la thugc hS thdng tda an Phdp va diing d vi tri cao nhdt hay khdng? Hgi ddng vdi nhiing tham quyen mdi, cd the dugc coi Id mpt Tda an hiln phdp hay khdng? Hay vin chi Id mpt thilt chl mang mdu sic chinh tri? Cau tra ldi tir cdc eg quan lien quan Id rat khdc nhau.

Theo quan diem ciia thanh vien Hpi ddng hien phdp, ke tir ndm 2008, Hgi ddng hien phdp da hogt ddng nhu mdt Tda dn hiln phdp thuc sy'^

Ngugc Igi, theo dgi dien ciia Tda phd dn, cho den nay, cdc tham phan Phdp vdn kbd cdng nhdn Hdi ddng hien phap Id mdt tda an

Thie nhdt, cdc thdnh vien cua Hdi ddng hien phdp, dii Id cdc ludt gia (dugc ddo tao ve lugt) nhung Igi thudc ve mdt nggcb bodn todn kbdc vd cd mdt nen tang dao tgo khac ban cac tham phan. Thanh vien Hdi ddng hien phap deu thupc nggcb cdng cbiic, cdc thdm phdn, ngugc Igi, dugc dao tao tham phan chuyen nghiep. Ngodi ra, viec cdc thanh vi§n Hdi ddng deu xuat than tir quan chiic cao cap (cyu nghi sy, nguyen Chu nhiem Van phdng Chinh phii, Vdn phdng Ting thing, tham chi Id Tdng thdng) khien cho ngudi ta nghi nggi ve tinh phi chinh tri cua Hpi ddng.

Thie hai, du ca cbl "Ipc kep" cho thiy mdt trgt tu thii bgc trong xem xet tinh hgp hien cua van ban, nhung dieu dd khdng cd nghia la Hpi ddng hiln phap cd the can tbiep vdo qua trinh xet xir ciia cdc tda dn. QuySt dinh ciia Hdi ddng ve vipc hgp biln hay vi hiln ciia mdt vdn ban lugt chi dan tdi vipc

van bdn dugc tilp tyc dp dypg hay bi buy bd, dieu ndy khdng dnh hudng tdi quy trinh x^t xu cua tham phdn (c6 nghia Id Hpi ding khdng the bdc bd hay thay ddi phdn quylt ciia tda an, do van de kiSm tra tinh hgp hien dugc dat ra trudc khi tda an cd phdn quylt ve vu vipc). Trong thyc tl, cd mpt vdi trudng hgp Hgi ddng giii Igi vdn ban nhung cd mdt sd bdo luu ve vipc giai thich vdn ban tir khia egnh hiln phdp, din tdi vipc Tda phd dn phdi dua ra gidi thich ve bao luu nay. Tuy nhien, CO the n6i Hpi dong khong the can thiep vdo boat dpng cua tda an. Chinh vi vgy, cac thdm phdn cho ring Hdi ddng hien phap la mdt thiet che rieng biet, diing ben canh bai tda tdi cao cua Phdp Id Tda phd an vd Hdi dong nhd nude.

Nhu vay, rd rang cd hai ludng quan diem khdc nhau ve vi tri ciia Hpi dong bien phap. Hdi ddng hien phdp mong mudn dugc trd thdnh mdt thiet che tdi phdn that sy, nhung gidi tda an Igi cho rang ddy vdn Id mdt thiet che mang mdu sic chinh tri.

'^ G.S. Claire BAZY-MALAURIE, thanh vien Hpi ddng hi6n phdp (12/2011).

" Thdm phdn Nicolas MAZIAU, thdm phdn hinh sy Tda pha dn Phdp vd Thdm phdn Luc BRIAND, Trudng phdng phap lu$l hiSn phdp, Tda phd dn Phdp.

Du van de cdn nhieu tranh cai, song nhihig budc phat trien ciia Hpi ddng bien phap cho thay sy chuyen bien cua Hpi ddng theo hudng tdng cudng tinh tu phdp va gidm bdt tinh chinh tri. Hpi ddng hiln phdp da tdch din khdi tinh chdt nguyen thuy ciia nd dl trd thanh mpt thilt chl ban tu phdp, tham gia ngdy cang nhieu vdo cac van de phap luat gin giii trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan.

Nhiing tiin triln nay 1dm cho Hpi ding ngay cang trd nen sdng ddng, dl tiep cgn vdi cdng dan ban, thay vi mdt thiet chl xa vdi md ngudi dan khd vdi tdi.

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