CON DliONG HIEN TAI CUA
K I E N T R U C D O N G N A M A
Dang Thai Hoang Nguyen Van Dinh Lirong Thj Hien
ABSTRACT
Many many years ago, South - East Asian Countries play an important role in the World history. The Art of traditional Architecture in South-
East Asian Countries is deeply influented by local culture, Indian culture and Chinese culture. After a short study on traditional Archi- tecture of South- East Asia, the paper directly analized the recent
development in Architecture of Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Phillipines, Myanmar,
Cambodia etc.. The successes of Modern and Contemporary Archi-
tecture of South- East Asia with the new spirit are becoming the topics to discuss in the developing world
PGS Dang Thai Hoang PGS. TSKH Nguyen Van Dinh Th.S Luong Thj Hien Trudng dai hoc xay dUng 55 dudng Giai Phong, Hai Ba Trung, HaNoi
M
ary Somers Heidhues, t i e g i i cudn "Ljch sQ phit trien Odng Nam A" tdng vie't: "Thoat nhin, Odng Nam A the hien sa da dang v i phin hda ding ke. Nhin ki hon ta thi'y nhdng taong ddng tiem i n v i sd thdng nhi't co bin. Trong khi nhdng ye'u td chfnh trj, Ijeh sQ va tdn giio d i khie'n eie d i n tpc va quoc gia Ddng Nam A hoan t o i n khic biet nhau, thl ve co ban khu vdc niy van giQ sQ thdng nhit nhd vj tri, khf h i u v i nhieu die diem v i n hda ehung".Odng Nam A t d xaa d i chiem mdt vj tri quan trpng tren b i n do the gidi, Odng Nam A ngiy nay eing chiem vj trf quan trpng hPn. Ngddi phapng Tiy, t d ri't sdm da nhin ra vai trd ding kfnh ne eua Odng Nam A, l i giao Id eua eic ludng giao thaong budn b i n , l i noi cd cic thuy Id thuin tien, cd nhdng ngdi den khi kinh cung nha l i noi cd eic vaa lua giiu ed eua mdt nen v i n minh lua nddc l i u ddi... nen hp d i d i t van de x i m lape v i ehia xe Odng Nam A td mi'y t r i m n i m trdde do.
Bin t h i n Ddng Nam A, trdde khi phaong Tiy x i m lape, d i la mdt suf dai hpi nhap cua 3 nen v i n hda Idn:
van hda b i n dja, v i n hda de'n td An Op (nen nhieu nade Odng Nam A dugc gpi l i eie nade thudc the gidi An Op hda) va v i n hda de'n tQTrung Hoa. Cie nen v i n hda niy hda nhip, m i u thuan, cdng sinh hay va dap, cudi cung, chung cung tdn tai va dung hda tren manh di't nay.
Nen kien true Odng Nam A hien tai dang di tren mdt con dddng Idn, cho du t i t ea deu ed mdt mue tieu tdt dep l i hddng tdi taong lai, nhang moi nade deu cd nhdng sQ khic biet, suf tien bade khdng ddng deu. Rd ring la eic nadc dugc xem la "nhQng con Rdng Chiu A"ed nhQng nen kien true tien tien hon, eie nQdc ngheo dang phii tim tdi khd khin hon.
Ye'u td v i n hda van ehi phdi suf phit trien kie'n true Ddng Nam A mdt eieh minh liet. Chang han Singapore, l i mdt n g i ba dddng cua sQgiao lau kinh te, v i n hda cua the gidi v i khu vac, nen chju i n h hadng cua vin hda kien true Nam A rat nhieu. Trade diy.
Thai Lan tdng chju anh hddng cua An Dp, SriLanka, Khmer, nay i m hadng dd van cdn manh, edng them inh hadng eua phaong Tiy.
Vi viy, kie'n true eua eie nadc Odng Nam A tuy cung di tren mdt eon dddng Idn, nhang mdc dp nhanh ehim ed khie nhau, bin thin moi ndde lai ed the ed eie hadng di song song hen nhau, nhdxu hddng hien dai, xu hddng hien dai mdi, ehu nghia dia phaong v i ehu nghia dja phaong mdi.
Nhieu hpc g i i Odng Nam A thda nhin, kien true Odng Nam A chju nhieu i n h hadng cua mdt sd bic thay kien true phaong Ddng, nhd Hassan Fathy-kien true sa Ai Cap (1899-1981), Charies Correa (An Op) v i Geoffrey Bawa (Sri Lanka). Dd l i nhdng tam gaong trong kie'n true ve sQdung v i t lieu dja phaong v i sing
66 BEliimgll . 9.2009
t.
K
,l6Mfc*i.
Guthrie Pavilion golf dub, selangor, Malaysia 1988
tie nhQng tie phi'm thich Qng vdi dieu kien khf h i u b i n dja.
d Singapore, William Lim la kie'n true sd dau d i n trong kie'n true hien dai, dng l i nhi thiet ke, nhi If luin, nhi qui hoach, lue dau theo trio iQu hien dai, sau niy theo chu nghia dia phaong mdi.TQ ri't sdm, dng d i thi'y ddpe suf nguy hiem eua i n h hadng do kie'n true hiu hien dai phdPng Tiy mang lai v i ehu trapng xiy dufng mdt nen qui hoach dd thj theo dao li Chiu A, William Lim nhin manh tam quan trpng eua mdi trddng v i ljch sQ trong sing tie kie'n true.
William Lim, tQ 1974, trong khudn khd hing Ta van kien true De- sign Partnership da hoin thinh tie phi'm Golden Mile Complex tren dai Id Beach Road, do l i mdt tie phi'm hien dai kieu mdi, cd nhdng khdi n h i dii nhan manh nhdng gdc vudng ke't hpp vdi nhQng khdi ddc nghieng tang bie cd ciy xanh, theo quan niem thanh phd tuye'n cua Le Cor- busier cung nhd cua Sorya Y Mata.
William Lim hoin thinh trung tam edng ddng Tampines North vao nim 1989, theo thdi gian, sd danh mue tic pham eua dng cdn d i i nda, nhang tie phi'm dinh eao, quan trpng phii ke den cua dng l i Trung t i m cdng ddng Marine Parade, hoin thinh v i o n i m 2000. Cdng trinh ddpe xem li"mdt bd phan khdng the tich rdi cua ddi sdng Singapore". Tda n h i trung t i m cdng ddng niy ke't hpp trong nd n h i hit, thd vien, tiem ea phe va mdt sd chdc ning khie, cd
Tda nha Menara Menisiaga d ngoai 6 Kuala lumpur, 1992, KTS Ken Yeary
the ddpe xem la mdt t i e phi'm kie'n true, mdt t i e pham dieu k h i e hay mdt t i c phi'm design deu ddpe. Cic m i n g t d d n g n g o i i ddpe ehia t h i n h eie m i n g cd d p khac s i u k h i e nhau, cd m i u sac v i dp s i n g tdi k h i e nhau, m i i dape Ipp bang c i e tam Ipp hinh chiec l i , ndi ket b i n g eic m i n g kinh de Ipt i n h s i n g t a nhien xudng ndi thi't, l i nhdng c i c h xQ If kie'n true ri't
kheo leo.
Singapore cd nhQng q u i n the kien true d i n h eho co quan n h i nade, eho nhdng edng ty, doanh nghiep ldn mang tinh c h i t quoc gia, tieu bieu eho bd mat eua di't nadc, Singapore lai cd nhdng t i c pham
Golden mile Comple, Singapore, 1974, KTS William Lim
kie'n true d i n h eho d i n sinh, quan chung de d, de sinh hoat... g i i u t i n h l i n g man hon. Od la hai xu h a d n g k h i e nhau, m o t ben l i ehu nghia hien dai, m d t ben la chu nghia dja p h a o n g . Nhang eung ed n h d n g t i e phi'm l i hpp the eua c i hai xu hadng niy.
Nam thing b i n le eua chfnh trj v i kie'n true phai ke den nha la thdi diem Singapore bat d i u ddpe gpi la "Thanh phd t o i n eau", do la n i m 1990-1991. Ndi mpt each khac, trade 1990, Singapore d vao c ; daong dai, edn t d 1995 tro di, nii:.
"the he mdi"cac kien true sacheo lai nen kie'n true Singapore. Nam 'I'^-DI'
WmSM:
30S 67Nha hat Esplanade tren vjnh Manina, Singapore, KTS Michael Wifird, 2002.
ehinh la n i m Ly Quang Dieu ehuyen giao quyen iQe eho Goh Chok Tony v i "the he l i n h dao thQ hai".
That ra, nhQng e i i ma Ly Quang Dieu d i de lai nen kien true d i vT dai roi, ehang han e i c q u i n the Raffles City (1984-1985) eua kien true sa leoh Ming Pel, The Colonade (1985) eua kien true sa Paul Rudolph, Ju- rong Town Hall (1970) eua kien true sa Architects Teams 3, OCBC Tower (1975) cua kie'n true sa leoh Ming Pel, Singapore Power Bulling (1971- 1977) cua kien true sa Group 2 Ar- chitects, Pandan Valley Condomin- ium (1973-1979) cua kien true sQ Arehubant Architects Planners.
Ta sau nhQng nam 1990-1991, ngoai William Lim ra, edn nhieu gaong mat Idn khac nha Tay Kheng Soon vaTang Guan Bee. Benh vien Ka- dang Kerban Hospital (1988-1997) do Tay Kheng Soon thiet ke la mpt cdng trinh kie'n true ra ddi bdi sa ke't hpp eua "tuyen, gdc, mang v i bdng do", rat phu hpp vdi kie'n true nhiet ddi.
Tic pham Windson Park House (1997) do Tang Guan Bee thie't ke lai chda dufng nhieu quan niem mdi cua van hda the gidi daong dai.
Cac quan the kien true Idn, de cao sde manh kinh te cua di't nadc, cd UOB Plaza (1993-1995, KTS Kenjo Tange), de t d p n g trang cho hanh phuc dan sinh, cd Tampines New Town (1994, KTS: Tap doan Housing and Development Board).
Cie kie'n true sa nade n g o i i de'n l i p nghiep va g d p phan v i o sd p h i t trien cua Singapore ri't nhieu.TQ sau 1995, e i c "kie'n true s a t o a n eau", eie kien true sa Idn tren the gidi van tiep tue s i n g tao d Singapore nhdng t i e pham Idn, d d l i Camden Medi- cal Centre (2000) eua Richard Meier, Expo MRT Station (2001) cua Nor- man Foster v i n h i h i t Esplanade eua Michael Wilford (2002).
Tai Expo MRT Station, Norman Foster da thiet ke m i i titan ba chieu h o i n h t r i n g vapt m d t kha'u dp 70 met, d i t tren hai cap cdt hinh chQV.
Cdn n h i h i t Esplanade do Mi- chael Wilford d i t d vjnh Marina lai l i trung t i m v i n hda Idn, g d m m p t nha h i t chinh cd sQc chQa 2000 eho, mpt phdng hda nhae 1600 chd, e i c studio, t h a vien, trung t i m bieu dien cudi tuan, b i i do xe n g i m , t r u n g t i m t h a o n g mai, khach san v i trung t i m hdi nghi qude t e . . . nhan d i n Singa- pore da t h i n mat gpi t i c pha'm n i y la "Qua sau rieng" do hinh thdc mai cua nd gidng n h a loai hoa qua n i y .
Ta khdng nen quen t i t ea e i c edng trinh do ngadi nadc ngoai thiet ke, theo qui djnh Singapore, deu ed cac v i n phdng thie't ke Singapore tham gia, n h d do nen kien true dja p h a o n g phat trien ra't nhanh.
Cie kien true sa Singapore ndi tieng hien nay ed Lee Choon-Peng (cd cac t i c phi'm ehu yeu dat d Sin- gapore), Mok Weiwei (vdi cac t i e
Nha hat Esplanade tren vinh Manina, Singapore, KTS Michael W/ifird, 2002.
p h i m Trung t i m edng cdng Tamp- ines North 1986, nha t h d Our Saviour, 1986),Tay Kay-Ngee (vdi e i e t i e phi'm Cheek's House, 1994; Design Centre Bookshop, Singapore 1995; Hender- son Building, Singapore, 1991).
C i c kien true sd thuan tuy Sin- gapore d i ke't hpp kheo leo b i n sac dja p h d o n g vdi tinh than hien dai.
Oai dien cho eie kie'n true sdtre Sin- gapore hien nay l i n h d m HYLA Ar- chitects vdi hai khudn mat Han Loke Kwang va Vincent Lee.
Mdt con Rdng C h i u A khie, la Malaysia, la m p t di't nadc ed nen kien true mdi m i chung ta e i n ndi de'n, cung vj trf dia ly vdi Singapore, cung khf h i u nhiet ddi n h a Singa- pore, nhang di't dai rdng hon nhieu, dieu do eung la m p t t h u i n Ipi eua Malaysia.
Nen kien true hien dai v i dQOng dai Malaysia cd bien nien sQ dQpc d i n h dau t d 1981 de'n nay v i dape chia ra cae thdi kl sau d i y :
- 1981-1990 nhdng n i m Idn manh
-1991-de'n nay, nhdng nam nhin xa trdng rpng
Thap nien t i m mapi the ki XX, trong khi the gidi roi vao suf lung doan cua kie'n true H i u - h i e n dai, thi Malaysia da xui't hien m d t nen kien true d d thj mdi tdn trpng tfnh truyen t h d n g , tfnh b i n dja va mang c i c md tfp cua Oao Hdi, nham khang dinh b i n sae Malaysia.
6 8 ^ E ^ n i l [ l ^ l . 9.2009
C i e t i e p h i ' m tieu bieu t h d i kl n i y bao g d m :
• Quan t h e bao t i n g Bang Sa- bah, Kota Kinabalu, 1985, KTS Lim Jit Pang, m o t kien true g i i u tfnh bieu t d p n g vdi nhQng thanh t d hinh thQe mang nghTa, m i i cdng trinh do so nhdng m d p h d n g kie'n true eua nhdng chie'c leu truyen t h d n g vung Sabah, he sQdn m i i t a p n g trang eho hinh anh ngadi d i n dja phdPng dang n h i y mua.
• Tda n h i IBM Plaza, Kuala Lum- pur, 1985, KTS.TR Hamzah Yeang, mdt trong nhdng cao dc dau tien hddng tdi k h i i niem sinh t h i i v i sa thieh hpp vdi khf h i u nhiet ddi.
• Tda nha Tabung Haji Building, Kuala Lumpur, 1986, KTS.Hijjas Kat- sturi Associates, mot tda cao dc dufa tren 5 tru Idn t d p n g t r a n g cho 5 ddc tin cua Oao Hdi.
Td 1991 t r d di, m d t t a m nhin mdi da ddpe khang djnh trong q u i trinh phat trien kien true Malaysia. Cic d a an cua t a nhan hay cua n h i nadc deu nham n i n g eao vj the eua nha nadc, nhieu xu hadng k h i e nhau d i dugc khang djnh. Tda nha Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, 1998, KTS.Ce- jar Pelli, trong nhieu n i m g i d ki luc eao nhi't the gidi, la m d t t i e phi'm l i m t Q t h e p va kinh, m d t bieu t d p n g cua Malaysia, nhang van la vf du ve mdt tieu chua'n mdi ve chdng ndng va chdng nang.
Ken Yeang l i m d t t i i n i n g Idn eua Malaysia v i edn l i m p t kie'n true satoan eau (Global Architects), dugc dao tao tQ Anh qude ve, da p h i t huy nhdng t Q t a d n g mdi ve kie'n true sinh t h i i vdi nhdng "cdt mdc" (landmark) Idn v i o thdi kl nay. Menara Messini- aga, Subang Jaya, 1992, Guthrie, Shah Alam, 1998, deu la nhdng t i e phi'm ndi tieng cua Yeang hpp t i c vdi Hamzah.
Hien dai nhdng khdng kem phan l i n g man, g i i u ban sac dja phaong, edn la xu hadng ma nhdng n h d m hay e i c kien true sa rieng le theo duoi, vdi cac tac pham cua Group Design Partnership, Jimmy C.S.Lim, Laurence Loh Kwong Yu, Newforma- t j o n Network, ZLG Design.
T h i i Lan v i Indonesia eung ed nhdng giai doan p h i t trien tien phong trong khu vQc. Ta nen lau y d nhieu nadc Odng Nam A, cd m d t sd ehuyen hda va ho t r p lan nhau gida eie nen kie'n true. Cd nghia l i cdng trinh kie'n true eua eie ndde nay ed the do kie'n true sQ cua nadc kia thie't ke, ehaa ke de'n c i c kie'n true sd noi tie'ng the gidi d i t d O d n g Nam A mdt sd t i c p h i ' m d i n g tran trpng.
Kien true dQPng dai Thai Lan cd c i c kien true sd tieu bieu sau d i y :
• Nhdm Architects49, vdi c i e kien trueNichadaHousedBangkok(1994), eao de v i n p h d n g Lake Rachada Of- fice, Bangkok(1989), Rimtai Saitam House, Chiangmai (1993).
• Kien true saVira Inpuntung vdi Shop/House Petehburi (1986), Chan Krung House, Bangkok (1991).
• Kien true sa Sumit Jumsai vdi Robot House, Bangkok (1986) v i Na- tion Building, Bangkok (1991).
• Nhdm Plan Architectural Design Group d i thie't ke eie t i e phi'm Me- lia Hua Hin Hotel d Hua Hin (1993) va Plan House I, Bankok (1987) v i Ton Son House, Bangkok (1994).
• Kien true sdChirakorn Prasong- kit vdi tda nha In-Chan House, Bang- kok (1993).
• Kie'n true sd Mathew Bunnag d i x i y d Myanmar khach san Bay- oke-Kandawgyi (1996).
Kie'n true d d o n g dai Indonesia ed cac t i c p h i ' m , t i e g i i tieu bieu sau d i y :
• Nhdm Rekmatra Konsultan vdi tda n h i Town House d Bundung, T i y Java (1989).
• Kien true sa Johan Silas vdi khu nha d cho ngadi t h u nhap thap, Surabaya, D d n g Java.
• Kien true sa Robi Sularto, tda nha van phdng chfnh phu d Flores (1972).
• Kien true sa Sonny Sutanto vdi Tadng ngan hang STEKPI d Jakarta (1988).
Kien true duong dai Philip- pines dugc d i n h dau bang eae t i e pham nha d tai Manila cua bac s:
N.Tiongson (1992) cua kien true sa Rosario Enearnacion-Tan va tda nha
d Headfort (1992) cua kien true sd Emmanuel A.Mirana, deu dape x i y d a n g d Manila, (tren d i y l i nhQng t i m tdi mang tfnh c h i t dja phQPng chu nghia, khdng ke den e i e t r u n g t i m eua chfnh quyen hay doanh nghiep Idn).
Ndi de'n kie'n true mdi eua Cam- puchia, khdng the khdng de c i p de'n vai trd eua kie'n true sQVann M o - lyvann vdi c i e t i c p h i ' m K h i c h san Cambodiana, Pnom Penh (1992) v i q u i n the d Sihanouk City Housing, cung d P n o m Penh.
Kie'n true ddOng dai Myanmar l i ndi de'n m d t sd c i i mdi ben eanh nhdng e i i eu, va chi 15 nam g i n d i y Myanmar mdi tiep xuc vdi ben n g o i i , l i m n i y sinh xu hddng hien dai h d a t h i e t k e , sQdung vat lieu mdi v i kl t h u i t mdi.
Kie'n true ddOng dai Myanmar, du l i kie'n true ban dja mdi hay kie'n true t d n g i i o mdi van rat giau chi tie't, m d t sd van sao chep hinh thde cd dien v i rat chu y den e i y xanh cung n h a m i t nade. Ben eanh e i c ngdi n h i tien nghi mdi, viec bao q u i n , trung t u eie kie'n true g i i trj d Myanmar bat dau ddpe chu y.
Kien true hien dai va d a o n g dai Odng Nam A da cd suf chuye'n minh ldn, du c i e nen kinh te va suf g i i u cd khdng d d n g deu d c i e nade, nhang c i c hadng di d i dape vach rd, c i c t h i n h t a u mdi da ddpe khang djnh, du v i n dang t i m tdi nhang m d t con d a d n g Idn giau trien vpng, giau t i e m
n i n g da dugc m d ra. •
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1. Robert Powell, Singapore Architecture, Periplus, 2004.
2. Ngion, Lillian Tay, 80 years cf Architecture in Malaysia, PAM 2000.
3. fiang Thai Hoang, Kien true Chau A va the gidi 1970-2010, NXBXD, 2004.
4. Nhieu tac gia, Myanmar Style, Art, Architec- ture and Design of Burma, Thames and Hudson, 1998.
5. Riichi Miyake, Shin Muramatsu, Masayul<i Fuchigami 581 Architects in the world, Gallery- MA,1995.
