QUAN LY XAY DL/NG
TRACH NHIEM VE CHAT LliONG CONGTRINHCUACHUDAUTL/TC/
NGUON VON N H A N J O C
Tran Ngoc Hiing
C
dng trinh xay dung la sin phim hang hda dae biet phue vu cho san xuat va ddi sdng cua eon ngudi. Hang nam vdn diu tu tU Ngan sach nha nudc danh cho xay dung rat Idn chiem tU 25 - 30% GDP. Vi vay chit lupng edng trinh xay dung la van de can dupc het sUc quan tam, nd tae ddng true tiep den sU phat trien ben vQng, hieu qua kinh te va ddi sdng cua eon ngudi.Trong thdi gian qua, edng tie quan ly chat luong edng trinh xay dUng da ed nhieu tien bp, vdi trinh dp dupc nang cao cua can bp quin ly, sii Idn manh eua dpi ngu cdng nhan cung vdi viec sQ dung vat lieu mdi chat iQpng eao, dau tQ thiet bi thi edng hien dai, sQ hpp tac hpe tap kinh nghiem cua cae nQdc ed nen cdng nghiep xay diing phat trien. Chung ta da xay dung dQpc nhieu edng trinh, ha tang ky thuat gdp phan quan trpng vao tang trQdng cua nen kinh te qudc dan. Cac cdng trinh ha tang nhQcae khu ddthi mdi hien dai, cdng trinh van hda, giao due, the thao gdp phan thiet thuc nang cao ddi sdng cho nhan dan. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhQng cdng trinh dat chat lupng cung cd khdng it cac cdng trinh cd chat lupng kem khdng dap Qng dQpc yeu cau sQdung, hien tUpng lun, vd, tham dot, bong bdp dUa vao sQ dung thdi gian ngan da hu hdng, gay tdn kem phii sQa chQa, pha di lam lai i n h hudng true tiep den hieu qua dau tu va ngudi sQ dung cdng trinh.
Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang nay cd nhieu tQ trach nhiem eiia cac edquan quin ly nha nudc den eac chu the true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh xay diing: Chu dau tU, cac nha thau tu van, khio sat, thiet ke giam sat cac nha thau xay lip cung cip thiet bi.
Trong pham vi bai nay chi de cap den mot chu the quan trpng nhat va quyet dinh nhat ddi vdi chat lupng cdng trinh la chu diu tu va cung chi de cap den chu dau tQ cua edng trinh sQ dung vdn nha nude. (Vi chu dau tQ ngudn vdn cua tU nhan, nude ngoai, doanh nghiep tu nhan, cd phin ddng tien bd ra la "tien tui"cua ehinh hp nen viec quin ly su dung dU an ndi chung cung nhu quan ly chit lupng ndi rieng dupc hp het sQc quan tam va dat dupc
ket q u i chat lupng cdng trinh tdt hon han cdng trinh sQdung vdn nha nudc).
Ddi vdi ngudn vdn nha nude chii diu tu xay dung cdng trinh la ngudi dupe giao quan ly va sQdung vdn de diu tUxay dung edng trinh. Nhiem vu cua chu dau tu dupe quy dinh rat rd trong cac quy dinh cua Phap luat trong tat ca cac khau cua qua trinh dau tU xay diing edng trinh trong dd cd quy dinh chi tiet viec quan ly chit lupng edng trinh.
-Trong khau khio sat: Chu diu tu phai:
4-Td chQc tuyen ehpn tUvan khao sat.
+ Thue hien viec giam sat thudng
xuyen, cd he thdng tQ khi bit diu den khi hoan thanh cdng viec.
-I-T6 chQc nghiem thu ket qua khao sat -Trong khau thiet ke:Chu diu tQphai:
-i-TdchQc tuyen ehpn tQvin thiet ke.
-i-Td chQc tham tra thiet ke.
-I-To chQc nghiem thu ho so thiet ke va phii chiu trach nhiem ve cac bin ve thiet ke giao eho nha thau xay diing.
-Trong thi edng xay dQng: Chu diu tQ phai:
+ To chQc tuyen ehpn eac nha thau thi cdng xay lip, cung cap thiet bi.
10.201 o^»niviisv 57
-I-To chQc giim sat chat iQpng thi cdng xay dQng edng trinh.
-I- Td chQc nghiem thu edng trinh xiy dung theo edng viec xay dung, theo tQng giai doan va hoan thanh cdng trinh dUa vao sQdung.
Trong eie nhiem vu tren, eie quy dinh phap luat deu neu rd chu diu tU cd the true tiep lam (Neu ed dii dieu kien) hoac thue cac td chQc tQ van thQe hien. NhQng chu dau tu chiu trich nhiem toan dien vi la ngudi 6uac giao quin ly va sQdung vdn de xay dung edng trinh.
Ngoai cac quy dinh tren lien quan den nhiem vu eua cac chu dau tU, cac quy dinh eua phap luat cdn dUa ra nhQng quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua cP quan cap tren cua chu dau tu. Ngudi quyet dinh dau tU, cP quan thanh tra xay dUng cac cap... Nham tang cudng quan ly cac du an dau tu xay dung vdn nha nudc trong dd cd khau quin ly chat lupng edng trinh xay dung.
Nhu vay cd the thay rang cac quy dinh cua phap luat deu rat rd va kha day du ve trach nhiem eua chii dau tu trong quan ly chat lupng edng trinh xay dung. Neu chu diu tu lam tdt, lam day du cac nhiem vu theo cac quy dinh eua Phap luat chae chin chat lupng cdng trinh dQpc dam bao theo cac yeu cau eua cdng trinh xay dung.
The nhung, trong thuc te van cdn khdng it cac cdng trinh vdn nha nude chit lupng cdng trinh cdn tdn tai nhieu yeu kem. Chung ta hay cung nhau tim ra nhQng nguyen nhan eua tinh trang nay lien quan den mot chii the quan trpng nhat la chu diu tQ cae edng trinh vdn nha nudc:
1. Van de ra quyet dinh ai la chu diu tU:cdng trinh sQdung vdn nha nudc.Theo quy dinh cua Phap luat hien hanh cd nhieu loai chu diu tU khac nhau:
-Odi vdi cdng trinh quan trpng do Thu tudng quyet dinh dau tuthi chu diu tu la cac Bd, Uy ban Nhan dan Tinh, Thanh phd.
- Cae cdng trinh nhdm A trd xudng do Bp Trudng, Chu tich Uy ban Nhan dan tinh, thanh phd, tap doan, tdng cdng ty 91 quyet dinh dau tu thi chu diu tu ed rat nhieu dang khac nhau:
-I- La cac cue, cae dOn vi true thudc bd.
-I- La cae sd, eac don vi true thudc tinh.
+ Trong mot sd trudng hpp tinh lai uy quyen quyet dinh diu tucho huyen thi chu dau tQ la cie don vi true thudc huyen
-I- La eac ddn vi true thudc tap doan, Tdng Cdng ty 91.
Trong nhieu trudng hpp chii dau tu khdng phii la ngudi tnic tiep quan ly sQ dung cdng trinh.
Viec iQa ehpn quyet dinh chu dau tu vdn nha nUde la het sQe quan trpng dac biet l i ngudi dQng dau cua du i n dau tu, cin phii g i n trich nhiem cua chu dau tu khdng ehi la q u i trinh xay diing ma ke c i qua trinh van hanh dUa vao sQ dung (ci
"vdng ddi" cua du an). Vi vay tdt nhat chu diu tu edng trinh sQdung vdn nha nude l i ngQdi dQpc giao quin ly va sQ dung vdn, ddng thdi la ngUdi quin ly khai thic sQ dung cdng trinh.
2. Cie nguyen nhan tnic tiep tQ chu diu tu. Qua thuc te tdng ket ed the neu mot sd nguyen nhan true tiep tQ trach nhiem cua chu dau tu nhu sau:
2.1. Chu diu tu khdng ed nang lUe va kien thQe chuyen mdn de quin ly dii an, nhat la cae chu dau tu cac du i n thupe khdi hanh chinh sU nghiep. Sd chu dau tu sQ dung TU van Quin ly du i n cdn rit han che (nhat la eac duan vdn nhdm C, d vung sau, vung xa, mien nui).
2.2. Chu dau tU thiic hien tuyen ehpn cae nha thau tU van, nha thau thi edng, cdn bat cap: TQ viee ra d i u bii, ehpn thau, qua trinh dau thau den hpp ddng cdn SP sai, thieu chi tiet lien quan den chit lUpng cdng trinh tQ loai vat lieu, thiet bi den cdng tac td chQc quin ly chat iQpng cdng trinh.
2.3. Chu diu tQ thQe hien viee tham dinh, tham tra thiet ke cdn so sai, ddi phd.
Cdng tic giam sat (tQ giam sat hoae thue t u v i n giam sat) la khau yeu nhat dan den ket q u i chat lupng edng trinh yeu kem.
2.4. Chu dau tU thUc hien viec td chQc nghiem thu cdn thieu chat che, ne nang nhit la chu diu tQ"Trung gian", khdng true tiep quin ly sQ dung van hanh edng trinh.
2.5. Cdng tae thanh tra kiem tra, cua cac CO quan quin ly nha nQdc ddi vdi chu diu tQ cac cdng trinh sQ dung vdn nhi nude cdn han che. Cac che tai vQa thieu vQa khdng du sQc ran de.
Chu dau tQcdng trinh sQdung vdn nha nudc khdng phii la ngQdi chu dich thiic, chi la ngQdi dQpc uy quyen quin ly va sQ dung vdn diu tQ xay diing cong trinh. Vi vay viee iQa ehpn dung chu dau tQ, ngQPi dQng dau eo quan chu diu tQ ed du nang iQc, trach nhiem cd y nghia rit quan trpng trong quin ly dQ an ndi chung cung nhu quan ly chat lupng edng trinh xay dung ndi rieng. Mat khac, cdng tac thanh tra.kiem tra chit lupng cdng trinh sQ dung vdn Nha nudc - Mot hinh thUc"kiem toan chat lupng" - kem theo cac bien phap xQ ly kip thdi, cd hieu qua trong viec d i m bao chat lupng cdng trinh xay dUng; lam tdt dupc 2 dieu dd se gdp phan quan trpng tang cudng quan ly du an dau tQ xay diing d i m bio hieu qua kinh te, phuc vu ddi sdng va
phat trien ben vQng. •
