So 5 (247)-2016 N G O N N G O * & B(n S 6 N G 83
HGON NGO" HOC VA VIET N G g H p q
M O T VAI DAC DIEM VE CANH HUONG NGON N G C (S HUYEN THUAN CHAU, T I N H SON LA
SOME FEATRURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THUAN CHAU DISTRICT - SON LA PROVINCE
BUI T H A N H H O A (TS; Dai hgc Tay B i c )
Abstract: Thuan Chau is a district located in the Northern mountainous area of Son La province which has 28 communes and a town. Like the majority of ethnic minority regions in Viet Nam in general and in Son La in particular, this is a multiethnic, multilingual region with 10 ethnic groups. In this paper, based on the general theory of language situation, we will describe some features of the language situation in Thuan Chau in terms of the socio-economic characteristics, the population distribution, the life of the ethnic minorty people in Thuan Chau, the characteristics of ethnic minortity language in Thuan Chau, the distribution of language in the district and the common patiems of language use.
Key words: language situation; ethnic minority; Thuan Chau dicstrict; Son La province.
1. Dgt van de
d vimg dan tfc thilu so (DTTS) ndi chung vd vimg DTTS Tay Bdc ndi rieng, ngdn ngft vfta Id mft thanh ^ vdn hod d|ic tiiii, vfta Id cdng cy dl phat tiiln ti-ong cfng ding x3 hfi. Muln phdt triln ben vihig viing DTTS thi vifc sft dyng ngdn ngfi dl phdt triln vdn hda, phdt triln con ngudi vd ndng cao chit lugng nguIn nhdn lyc ciia cfng dong cu dan Id ddi hdi cap tiiilt. Ndi cdch khdc, d mdi trudng ddc thii nay, van d l sft dyng ngdn ngft mang gia trj nhu la mft yiu t l dl phdt triln xd hfi.
Nghidn cftu cdnh hulng ngdn ngft (CHNN) d mft ( ^ biin D T I ^ bao gIm hai ngi dung la: nhfn difn vd xdc dinh mdi trudng, hodn cdnh vd khdng gian ngudi dSn tfc tiiieu so sft dyng ngdn ngft m? dd vd ngdn ngit quoc ^ a ; nhfn difn thai dd n ^ n ngft cda ngudi dan tdc thilu sl. Nhihig s l lifu vd kit luan ciia vifc nghidn cftu CHNN Id nhihig ca sd quan trgng cho vide hogch djnh vd Ihyc hifn chfnh sdch ngdn ngfi.
Thudn Chdu Id mft trong 12 don vi hdnh chfnh cda tinh Scm La. Cung nhu da s l cdc viing DTTS khdc, Thudn Chau Id mft viing DTTS da ngft vdi nhihig ddc film v l CHNN khd diln Wnh cho Son La ndi ridng, vung Tay Bdc ndi chung.Trong b ^ viet ndy, chung tdi se phan tich mft so dfc dilm cua CHNN d Thufn Chdu, tft dd cung c ^ them cdc cft lifu tiiyc te dl kiln nghj mft so fiem gdp
phan hogch djnh chfnh sdch ngdn ngfi - xa hfi phd hgp vdi dja phuong.
2. Khdi nifm cdnh hudng ngon nga CHNN la mft khdi nifm quan trgng cda ngdn ngfi hgc xd hfi. Cdc nhd i ^ d n cftu ngdn ngft trong nude ciing nhu trdn the gjdi da dua ra nhieu cdch hilu v l CHNN. Theo tdc gid Nguyen Vdn Lgi (2000) tiii ndi din CHNN Id ndi den "to^n bf hlnh thai ton tgi cda mft ngdn ngfi hay toan bf cdc ngdn ngfi trong mli quan hf tuong h§ ve mdt Idnh till - xd hfi vd sy tuong tdc vl m§t chftc nang, trong gidi han cua mft khu vyc dia If hay mft tiiyc till hanh chiih - chfrfi tr} nhat djnh" [6]. Cdn theo Nguyin Vdn Khang tiii: "Canh huong ngdn ngfi (language situation) Id tinh hinh tin t^ vd hanh chftc cda cdc ngdn ngft hodc cdc hlnh thftc ciia ngdn ngft trong pham vi cfng <^ng xd hfi hay Idnh tiio" [3,581. Nhu vfy. cd till hilu CHNN la cdc hlnh thai ton tgi vd hdnh chftc cua cdc ngdn ngft trong mli quan hf vdi cdc yiu t l xd hfi trong mft cfng dong nhit dinh. CHNN cd thi chi ^di hgn tiong pham vi cua mft ngdn ngfi hay mft biln till cda ngdn ngfi (phuang ngfi dia li hay phuong ngfi xa hfi) cung cd the la cua nhieu ngdn ngfi hoac nhieu bien till (cdc phuong ngfi dia li vd cdc phuong ngfi xd hfi).
Cho den nay, tuy djnh ngjila chmh thftc ve CHNN chua dugc tiling nhit nhung nfi dung cua
84 NGON N G C & D d i S 6 N G So 5 (247)-2016
canh huong cimg cdc tidu chi d l midu td cdnh hulng thi dd cd mft so tdc gid de c|p 6en. Trong cdng tiinh n^idn cftu efta minh ve ngdn ngft hgc TiSi hfi, Nguyen Vdn Khang [3] d3 dan ra nhthig '^
kiln ciia mft so nhd khoa hgc trdn till gidi ve CHNN. Theo dd:
T.B Krjuchkoya cho rdng CHNN Id mgt hifn tugng phftc tgp, gdm nhilu tang bdc, vdi cac thdng so khdch quan vd thdng so chu quan.
Thdng sl khdch quan bao gIm: 1/Sl lugng cdc ngdn ngft (phuong ngfi, bift ngfi,...) hdnh chftc trdn dja bdn Idnh tho hdnh chfnh; 2/So n^rdi sft dung cdc ngdn ngft ndy, cdch phdn bo cdc dii tugng sft dyng, so lugng pham vi giao tilp efta tftng ngdn ngfi, so lugng ngdn ngfi cd chftc ndng uu the vd dSc tfnh ngdn ngft cua chung (bien the ciia mft ngdn ngfi hay cdc ngdn ngft khdc nhau);
3/Quan hf ciu true lo^ hlnh giiia chiing (cimg ngft hf hay khac ngft he, tfnh binh ddng hay khdng binh ding ve chftc ndng giOa chiing, d|ic dilm ngdn ngfi cd uu thi (bdn ngft hay ngdn ngft ngogi nh|p).
Thdng so chft quan bao gIm: 1/Sy danh gid ciia nhftng doi tugng sft dyng ngdn ngfi v l cdc ngdn ngft va cdc hlnh tiiftc tin tgi cdc ngdn ngfi tiiam gia vdo canh huong; 2/Cdc danh gid tfp trung ma kha ndng tiifch dyng trong giao tiep, uy tin vdn hda va tham mi... ciia ngdn ngft.
Theo cdc tdc gjd Nguyen Hihi Hoanh, Nguyin Vdn Lgi, Tg Van Thdng khi mieu td CHNN d Vift Nam can phai quan tdm din cdc nfi dung Id:
l)So lugng cac dan tfc - ngdn ngfi phuang ngfi) (fang hogt dfng hanh chirc trdn dja ban; 2)D9c diem ve quan hf coi nguon vd logi hinh cua cdc ngdn ngft d Viet Nam; 3 ^ ^ diem vl sy hinh thdnh vd phat tden cua cfng dong cac dan tfc ngdn ngfi d Viet Nam; 4)Sl lugng ngucri su dyng tdng ngdn ngft va edch phdn b l cua doi tirgng ndy;
5)Trmh df phat trien vd vai trd, vi thi efta cdc ngdn ngft d Vift Nam (tinh trgng chft vilt, cdc phong cdch chftc nang, phgm vi giao tilp); QDfc diem cdc ngdn ngfi cd uu thi (ban ngfi hay ngdn ngfi ngoai nh&)); 7)Y tiiiic ngdn ngft va sy ddnh gid cua cdc doi tugng sfi dyng ngdn n ^ ve cdc ngdn ngfi cd tiiam gia vdo cdnh huong (uy tin vdn hda, khd ndng thfch dyng trong giao tiep cda tiing ngdn ngft); 8)Chinh sdch ngdn ngft [4,68].
Khi nghidn cfiu CHNN d TTiufn Chdu, chung tdi dya trdn nhfing ggi y efta cdc tdc gjd NgiQ^
Hftu Hodnh, N g u y ^ Vdn Lgi, Tg Vfin Thdng vl nhftng ngi dung can quan tam khi midu td CHNN d Vift Nam. Theo dd, bdi vilt sg tfp tiung mieu ta nhiing dac dilm cua CHNN hifn nay d Thugn Chdu tiieo cdc nfi dung sau: (1) NhOng ndt kfcii quat vl ^ diem ktnh te - xd hfi, ^ &em vl sy phan bo ddn cu cung nhu ddi sing ciia ngudi DTTS d Thufn Chau; (2) Dgc diem bftc tranh &i ngft d Thudn Chdu nhu s l lugng cdc ngdn ngft ^ so ngudi sft di^g tftng ngdn ngft, cdc d$c diem \h nguon goc, logi hlnh cua cdc ngdn ngft, sy phan cdng chftc ndng cua tftng ngdn ngfi.
3. Nhfing van de chung v l canh hulng ngon ngfi d-Thuan Chdu
3.1. Khdi qudt vi £itt ki$n tu nhien - xa hpi cOa Thugn Chdu
Tbugn Chdu ten dja phuong cdn ggi Id Mudng Muli Id mft mdnh ddt hlnh thdnh tft rdt sdm.
Thuan Chau ndm d phia Tdy Bdc tinh Son La, cd difn tich tu nhidn 153.507,24 ha, ndm dgc tr€n quIc If 6 (Ha Nfi - Hoa Bmh - Son La - D i ^ Bien), cdch Tbdnh phi San La 34 km, cdch hiryfn Tuan Giao, tinh Difn Bien 52 km. Huyfn Thugn Chdu cd 28 xd vd 1 tiij tran gom: Phing Ldi, Thdm Mdn, Bon Phpng, Mudng Khidng, Ban Lim, Nong Lay, Co Tdng, Lif p Te, Muli Ngi, Bd Mudi, Fung Tra, Tdng Lanh, Chiing Pha, t Tdn&
Chiing Ngam, Mudng E, Co Mg, Pd Ldng, Tdng Cg, Muong Bdm, Chiing La, Nfm Liu, Chtlag Pac, Long H?, PhIng Lang, Chiing Bdm, Chiang Ly, Phong L ^ vd tiij trin Thudn Chdu.
Ve dan tfc, tren ^ a ban huyfn TTiufn Chdu cd 10 ddn tfc smh sing, trong dd, ddn tfc Thdi c h l ^ ti If cao nhit, khodng 76,55%, tiep din Id dan tfc Mdng chiem 11,53%, ddn tgc Kinh chilm 6,75%, dan tfc Khdng 2,54%, ddn ^ La Ha chiem 1,69%, ddn tfc Kho Md 1,44%, cdc dan tfc khdc.
nhu Mudng, Tdy, Sinh Mun, Dao,... c h i ^ ti If khdng ^ g kl. Qua dieu tra tiiyc tl, hhih tiiftc cu tni pho bien cua ding bdo cdc ddn tfc d Thugn Chau ndi rieng va San La ndi chung Id cimg s ^ xen ke nhau tren mft d^ ban (KS).
Ve giao dye, theo bdo c ^ cua [didng Gido dgc vd Dao tgo huyfn Thugn Chdu, din nay, 100% xS, thi trin c6 trudng mim non, tieu hgc vd tnmg hoc
Sl5(247)-2016 N G 6 N N G C & Ddi S 6 N G 85
ca sd^ dd hodn thdnh phi cfp gido dye tilu hgc So lugi^ ngudi sft dyng ngdn ngfi trudc hit Aingdf nilivd phi cap giao dye trung hgc casd, phy tiiufc vdo so ngudi efta dan tgc bdn ngft.
16/29 xd, till tran hoan thdnh phi cap gido dye Chfnh dan s l cua tung dan tfc d Thudn Chau cd mam non cho tre 5 mli; 8 trudng dugc cdng nhan thi cho thay hlnh dung ban diu vl vin dl sft dyng d^ chuan quIc gia; ti If huy dfng tre 5 tiili ra Idp ngdn ngft tgi dia phuong ndy. Theo dd, d Thufn dgt 99%,^ ti If hgc sinh hodn t h ^ bdc tilu hgc dgt Chau, mftc df pho biln cda cdc thft tieng dugc sft dyng cdn cft theo ddn so ciia moi ddn tfc nhu sau 100%, to chftc ki thi tit n ^ f p trung hgc i ^
Ihdng ndm hge 2012-2013, dgt ti If do tot nghifp Id 97,77% doi vdi trung hgc i*o tiidng vd 99,35%
dii vdi B I tiic trung hgc phi thdng.
Nhu vdy, ciing nhu ^ s l cdc viing DTTS bdn cd nude, Thudn Chdu Id noi cdng cu ciia nhilu nhdm DTTS. Cac nhdm DTTS rang xen ke tgo ndn trgng tiidi da ngft. Phan ldn ngudi DTTS d day deu cd tiie sft dung hai hogc hon hai ngdn ngft. Sy cfng cu eiia nhieu dan tfc da tgo cho Hiuan Chau mdt bftc tranh da sdc mdu ve ngdn ngft, vdn hda, phong tue t|q) qudn.
3.Z Buc tranh da ngad Thudn Chdu a) Ve so lugng vd ddn so ngudi ndi cdc ngdn
(tiieo tiift ty gidm dan): Thdi, Mdng, Kinh, Khdn&
La Ha, Kha Mu. Nhu vgy, Thufn Chau cd ba ngdn ngfi dftgc nhieu ngudi sfi dyng nhit Id Vift,Thdi, Mdng. Tuy nhien, tiing Vift khdng chi cd ngudi Kinh sft dyng md cdn dugc cdc DTTS khdc sft dung nen s l lugng ngudi thyc te sft dyng tieng Vift d Thugn Chau cdn ldn hon nhieu. So lugng ngudi tiiyc t l sft dyng tiing Thai vd tieng Mdng vdi tu cdch Id n ^ n ngft viing ciing nhilu hem so lugng cu ddn cua hai nhdm ddn t^ nay.
b) v l nffliln goc vd logi hinh
v l nguon glc cdc ngdn ngfi ciia cdc nhdm ddn tfc d Thudn Chau ndm trong 5 nhdm ngdn ngfi thufc cac ngfi hf khdc nhau. Dd la: 1/ Nhdm ngdn Nhu tren da ndu, tiieo kit qud dilu tia ddn s l ngfi Vift - Mudng (ngft hf Nam A): tieng Kinh vd ndm 2013, Thufn Chdu cd 10 dan tgc cimg sinh tieng Miidng.;2/Nhdm ngdn ngfi Mdn - Khmer sln& trong dd cd 6 dan tfc chd yeu la: TTiai, (ngfi hf Nam A): tiing Kha Mii va tieng Khdng;
Mdng, Kinh, Khdng, La Ha, Kha Mu,...Ti If dan 3/ Nhdm ngdn ngft Tdy - Thai (ngft hf Thai - Ka tl theo ddn tfc d Thufn Chdu dugc trinh bdy trong Dai): tieng Thdi va tieng Tay; 4/ Nhdm ngdn ngft
Mdng - Dao (ngft hf Mdng - Mien): tiing Mdng vd tieng Dao;5/ Nhdm ngdn ngft Ka Dai (ngfi he Thdi - Ka E)ai): tieng La Ha.
Ve ni$t loai hinh hgc thi cdc ngfi he tren dlu thufc logi hlnh don Ifp. Nhu vfy, tit cd cdc ngdn ngfi ciia cdc nhdm dan tfc d Tbuan Chau deu cd cung loai hinh don 1^.
c ) V l s y p h 3 n b l
Theo khdo sdt cua chiing toi, cdc ngdn ngfi trdn dia ban h i ^ ^ Thuan Chdu dugc phdn b l nhu sau:
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TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bdng thdng kSdle ddn so theo dan tpc
DSnt$c T6ngs6 TMi M6ng Kinh KMng U H a Khd Mil D a n t $ c k h ^
DSns6 158.994 121.475 18.301 10.072 4.043 2.569 2285 249
Tll§(%) 100 76,40 11,51 6,33 2.54 1,61 1,43 0,15 IT
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Nhhi vdo Bdng 2 cd till thiy, tiing Vift, tiing Thdi vd tiing Mdng cd mftc dg p h i biln hon ed, phan b l dlu khip trdn todn huyfn.
Ngdn ngft efta ngudi Khdng, La Ha, Kho Mii vd mft s l ddn tf khac ehi phdn bo rdi rac d mft vdi dfa bdn trong huyfn. Tuy nhidn, tren thye tl, nhfhig ngdn ngfi ft ngudi ndi ndy cd thi chl cdn dugc sft dyng trong mft bf phgn rit nhd ddn cu. Chdng hgn nhu ngudi Tdy d Thufn Chdu till hiu nhu khdng cdn sft dyng ngdn ngft ciia hg md chu yiu sft dyng ttIng Thdi.
d) Ve chftc nang
v l phuang didn tmmg quan chuK: ndng efta cdc ngdn ngft, theo khao sdt cua chftng ^ i tren 457 ngudi DTTS (224 ngudi Thdi, 233 ngudi Mdng) trong pham vi nghien cftu tgi Thufn Chdu, vdi 20 tinh hulng giao tilp khdc nhau till kit qud cho thiy cd sy phdn cdng chfie ndng tuong dii rd rft gii^ cdc ngdn ngft.
* Trong giao tiip gia &nh: Vdi cdc tinh hulng giao tilp gia dinh md chiing tdi khdo sdt, ti If ngudi dan sft dyng tiing m^ dd dlu trdn 65%. Trong dd, cd ba tinh huong ngudi ddn hiu hit sft dyng tiing m^ dd Id khi ndi chuyfn vdi dng bd, ndi chuyfn vdi cha m^ vd khi thyc hifn cdc nghi le. Vdi tinh huong giao tiep cdi nhau thi cd din 99,9% ngudi dugc hdi cho biet hg sfi dyng tiing m^ dd. Tiing m? de ciing dugc ngudi dan sft dyng nhieu tiong cac tlnh huong ndi chuyfn vdi ngudi than khi dn com (97%);
ndi chuyfn vdi anh, chi, em ruft (90,3%); ndi chuyfn vdi vg, chong, con, chdu (95,6%); qudt mdng con cdi (99,7%).
Tlnh huong giao tilp gia dinh cd ti If ngudi ddn sft dyng ed tiing Vift vd tiing m^ dd hay sfi dyng hodn todn tiing Vift nhieu nhit la khi trao dii cdc vin d l mang tinh chfnh ludn hay vifc
hgc hdnh efta con cdi. Cd 27,8% cho biet hp dimg cd hai ngdn ngfi vd 4,3% dimg hodn t o ^ tiing Vift d tinh hulng nay (chu yiu roi vdo nhdm nghl nghifp Id hgc sinh, sinh vidn hay gido vidn, hdnh chfnh sy nghifp).
Nhftng ket qud tren cho thay, trong giao tiep gia dhih, ngudi DTTS d Thudn Chdu vin uu tien sft dyng ngdn ngfi cua ddn tfc hg. Dd Id cdc tinh huOTig giao tilp vdi ngudi ldn tuli hon (dng, bd, cha, m^) hay ngang hdng (vg, ching, anh, chi, em); tlnh huong ng}ii le; tlnh huong bfc If cdm xftc cd nhdn (nhfing nguM dugc khdo sat cho ring tieng m? dd cd till bieu dgt diy dii vd chfnh xdc cdm xftc cda bdn than khi tftc gifn, vui mimg,... vd hg dilng tiing ciia ddn tfc minh nhu mft bdn ndng ty nhidn chft khdng hi cd ^ thftc lya chgn)
* Trong giao tiep egng ddng. d nhihig hodn cdnh giao tilp thufc nfi bf cfng ding, tieng m? de cung gifi mft vai trd hit sftc nii bft Doi vdi nhftng trudng hgp cd khdch din nhd hay din nhd ngudi khdc ciing dan tfc thi s l ngudi dan uu tidn sfi dyng tiing ddn tfc cda hg gib nhu tuyft dii (tien 99,3%).
Khi thyc hifn cdc nghi l l trong cfiig dong, ngudi DTTS eiing ludn uu tien lya chgn tieng m? dd cua minh (85,9%). Thim chi nhOng ngudi budn bdn d gin dudng, ngudi ldm gido vien, can bf hdnh chinh cho bilt: mfc du phan Idn thdi gian tham gia sinh hogt, hgc tfp vd ldm vifc vdi ngudi Vift, nhung khi vdo nhihig djp ll hay giao tilp cfng ding ciing bd con thdn thufc, hg deu sfi dyng tiing dan tfc ciia hg.
Trong nhfing hodn cdnh giao tilp cdng cfng, khi di lam cdc thu tyc hdnh chfnh, d noi hgc tgp, lam vifc thi cd sy khdc bift rd v l vifc lya chgn ngdn ngfi sfi dyng va thudng phy thufc
So 5 (247)-2016 N G 6 N NGg&D6ls6NG 87
vao doi tugng cftng giao tilp. Khi giao tilp d noi cdng cfng, cd den 93,6% s l ngudi dirge hdi sft dyng tidng efta dan tfc minh de giao tilp vdi ngirdi cftng ddn tdc; khi giao tilp hdnh chinh Id 88,7% vd khi di hge tdp, ldm vifc tiii ti If ndy Id 78,5%. s l ngudi khdng dftng tiing dan tfc ciia hg d nai hgc tgp, ldm vifc khi ndi chuyfn vdi ngudi cimg dan tdc chu yiu roi vdo nhdm hgc sinh, sinh vien, gido vidn, cdng nhdn. Dilu ndy phan dnh mft phin sy tdc dfng eiia mdi trudng lam viec ndn vifc sft dyng tieng ndi cda ddn tf minh cd ft hon so vdi nhthig ngudi thufc nhdm Ighl khac.
N I U ngucri DTTS uu tien sft dyng tiing ndi ddn tfc cda hg d l giao tilp vdi ngudi cftng ddn tfc kl cd d nhihig noi cdng cfng till ngugc lgi, hg hau nhu sft dyng tiing Vift khi giao tilp vdi ngudi ddn tfc khac hodc vdi ngudi Kinh. Trong trudng hgp lin diu gdp mft ngudi md chua bilt ro thdnh phin dan tfc thi ciing cd 48,7% s l ngudi duge hdi chgn tiln^ Vift d l giao tilp.
Nhftng ngudi cdn lgi cho ^ g tdy theo trudng hgp cy thi (chdng hgn, nlu ngudi dd biet tiing ddn ^ efta hg va chu dfng sft dyng till hg se ndi tiing ddn tfc cda hg). Kit qud ndy cho thiy ngudi DTTS sft dyng tieng m? dd hay tieng Vift ft ehju sy chi phii efta mdi trudng giao tilp ma chu yiu bj chi phii bdi doi tugng ciing tham gia giao tilp. Vdi ngudi cimg dan tfc, hg uu tien sft dyng tiing mg dd. Vdi ngudi khdc ddn tfc hay ngucri Kinh thi tiing Vift dugc sft dgng vdi tl If cao ban.
Nhihig kit qua nghien cftu cung cho thiy, v l phuang difn tuang quan chftc ndng, cdc ngdn ngft ciia cdc nhdm ddn tgc d Thugn Chdu khdng can bing nhau ve m^t chfie ndng. Trong so cdc ngdn ngft ndy thi tieng Vift cd dja vj Id ngdn ngft chinh thiJK;, ngdn ngft quoc gia nen dugc sfi dgng trong mgi pham vi giao tiep - cd quy thftc vd phi quy thftc. Trong so cdc ngdn ngfi cdn lgi tM tiing Thdi va tieng Mdng cd chirc ndng la ngdn ngft vimg nen cd uu the hon vl chftc ndng so vdi cdc ngdn ngft cdn lgi. Tuy nhien, ngdn ngft vftng chi dugc sft dyng trong phgm vi giao tiep phi quy thftc ndi chung. Cdc ngdn ngfi cdn lgi chi dugc sft dyng trong phgm vi giao tilp gia dmh va giita nhiing ngudi ciing dan tfc. T i ^ g
ddn tfc chii yiu dugc sfi dyng d kenh ndi trong khi tiing Vift dugc sfi dyng d cd kenh ndi vd viet
3.3. Thdi d^ ngon ngd cda ngudi ddn tpc thiiu s6 Si vdi nhitng ngdn ngu tham gia cdnh hudng
De ddnh gid thdi df ngdn ngfi eiia ngudi DTTS, chftng tdi tiln hdnh khao sdt thdng qua phdng vin tryc tilp bing anket vdi cdc cdu hdi lidn quan den thdi df efta hg d i i vdi tieng m? dd vd tieng Vift - hai ngdn ngfi ma hg thudng xuvdn sft dyng trong mdi tuang quan vdi nhthig bien dfc Igp nhu gidi tinh, tuli tdc, nghe nghifp, ddn tfc, trinh df hgc vin, mftc df thudng xuyen cua vifc di khdi ldng vd tlnh hinh kinh te cua gia dinh.
a) Thdi df ngdn ngfi dii vdi tiing Vift D I ddnh gid thdi df ciia ngudi ddn dii vdi tiing Vift, chftng tdi d^t ra hai vin dl: thdi df dii vdi myc dfch hgc tiing Vift vd thdi df doi vdi If do sfi dyng tieng Vift. Kit qud cho thiy:
Y thftc efta ding bdo d i i vdi vai trd cda tiing Vift, chft quoc ngfi rit cao. 100% so ngudi dugc hdi deu khdng dinh cin phdi bilt tieng Vift Tuy nhidn d i i vdi myc dfch ciia viec hgc tieng Vift thi cd 15,1% s l ngudi dugc phdng van hge tiing Vift chi d l giao tilp, 36%
la dk giao tilp vd phyc vy cufc song; cd 53,1%
s l ngudi khdo sat hgc tiing Vift Id d l hgc hdnh len cao. Hg chft yeu thufc nhdm dii tugng nguM trd tuli, hgc sinh, gido vidn, ngudi ldm vifc hdnh chfnh - nhihig ngudi dugc hge hdnh vd nhgn thftc day dd.
Ve If do sft dyng tiing Vift, xdt trdn tong till, phan ldn ngudi dan ndi tieng Vift vi ngudi cimg giao tilp khdng bilt tiing ciia ddn tfc hg (59,1%). Lf do ndy dugc chgn nhilu hon so vdi If do Id ndi tiing Vift d l giao tilp vdi ngudi khdc dan tfc (39,6%). Xdt vl ddn tfc, cd din 78,2% ngudi Thdi sft dyng tieng Vift khi ngudi ciing giao tilp khdng biet tiing Thdi, trong khi chi cd 41,1% ngudi Mdng lya chgn If do nay.
Xdt ve tuli tdc, ngudi ddn d df tuli cdng cao thi ti If ndi tiing Vift khi ngudi cling giao tilp Ididng bilt tiing ddn tfc ciia hg cdng nhieu. Xdt vl mft so phdn ting khdc nhu trinh df, nghl nghifp, mftc df thudng xuydn ra khdi bdn thi
88 NG6N NGtr & D6I S6NG S6 5 (247)-2016
kit qud cho thay gin 50% hgc sinh, ngufn ldm nghe hdnh chfnh, giao vidn; nhihig ngudi cd trinh df cao vd thudng xuyen ra khdi ldng... cd xu hudng chft dfng sft dyng tieng Vift de giao tilp vdi ngudi khdc ddn tfc. R5 rang la nhihig yiu t l nghl nghifp, trinh df hgc van, tuli tdc cd sy tdc dgng din thdi df ngdn ngft eiia ngudi ddn dii vdi vide sft dyng tiing Vift
b) Thdi dd ngdn ngfi dii vdi tieng me dd Khi khdo sat tiidi df ngdn ngft ciia ngudi dan doi vdi tiing mg dd, chiing tdi khdo sdt vdi 4 nfi dung: (1) Thdi dg dil vdi vifc hgc chfi efta ddn tfc minh, (2) Thdi df dii vdi Ii do sfi dyng tiing m? dd, (3) Tliai df dii vdi phgm vi sft dyng tiing me dd vd (4) Thdi df dii vdi vifc duy tri tieng mg de. Ng^en cftu khdo sdt tren 457 ngudi cho thiy:
- Thdi dg ddi vdi vi$c hgc cfnt cua ddn t^c minh:
Phin ldn ngufri ddn thfch hgc chfi efta ddn tdc minh (chilm 54,3%) tiong khi chi cd 29,5%
tid ldi Id khdng tiifch vd 18,3% khdng cd ^ kiln. Xdt vl dan tgc, cd den 82% ngudi Thdi dugc hdi thfch hgc chfi d ^ tfc, vdi ngudi Mdng Id 63,4%. Ti If ngirdi lid, ngucri cd trinh df cao, nhihig ngudi trong nhdm hgc sinh, sinh vidn, gido vien bay lam vifc hanh chinh thfch hgc chfi ddn tfc vd Ihiy cin thilt phdi hgc chfi dan tfc minh nhieu ban so vdi tl If ndy d nhdm ngudi Idn tuoi, nhdm n^rdi lam nghe nfi trg, budn bdn, nghi huu. Nhiing ngudi khdng dugc din tnidng hogc trinh dg thap tiu Ihudng khdng bay td y kiln hofc khdng thfch hgc chfi dan tfc.
Khi phdng van sau tren nhdm nhihig ngudi cho ring ngudi dan tfc khdng cin hgc chfi ddn tfc thi cdu trd Idi chft yiu Id: hg tiiiy vifc biet hay khong biet chfi ddn tfc sd khdng anh hudng nhilu den cufc sing efta hg. Chi cin bilt chfi quIc ngfi Id dii vi mgi vdn bdn giiy td cd tfnh phdp If cin thilt cho cufc sing cda hg dlu bdng chfi quIc ngfi. Cach nghT nay cho cdn nhilu ngudi ddn chua nhan thftc dugc vai trd ciia chfi vilt tixmg vifc bdn ton vdn hda, phin Idn hg chi nhhi vao vifc cd sfi dyng hay khdng chfi ddn tfc vd chfi dan tfc cd giup hg cd cufc sing tot ban hay khdng.
- Thdi dg ddi vdi li do sd dttng tiing m? di:
Hiu hit ngudi dan dftng ti^g m? dd d l giao tilp vdi ngudi cftng ddn tgc (86%). Kit qud ndy mft lin nua khdng djnh vai trd dp ddo ciia tieng ddn tgc trong hodn canh giao tilp vdd nguM ciing ddn tfc. Do ti If ngudi ddn lya chgn phuong dn ndy khd Idn nen khi tiln hdnh phdn tfch ngft lifu, chftng tdi nhgn thiy khdng cd sy chenh If eh qud nhieu giiia c ^ nhdm dii tirgng theo cac p h ^ ting nhu gidi tfnh, tuli tdc, trinh df, nghe n ^ i f p hay dan tgc. Tuy nhien, dii vdi If do ndi tiing ddn tfc vl "thfch" till ti If cao nhit Id d nhdm dan tfc Thdi vdi 30,6%. Dieu ndy phan ndo cho thay ngudi Thdi rit ydu thfch ngdn ngft ciia hg. Xdt theo df tuli thi nhiing ngudi thich ndi tiing dan tgc chiem ti If cao nhit d nhdm tuoi tren 60 vd dudi 20. Kit qud ndy cd thi If gidi tii hai phuong difn:
Thft nhit, tfi phuong difn ty tdn ddn tfc flu nhihig ngudi cao tuli cd t&ih ty tdn ddn tfc r^
Idn vd ihudng cd khd ndng tiing Vift hgn che nen hg thfch sfi dyng tieng ddn tfc nhilu ban.
Dd Id sy phdn dnh mft phan eiia thdi df tnmg thdnh ngdn ngfi.
Tbft hai, tfi phucmg difn nhdn thfic doi vdi sy duy tri bdn sdc ddn tfc thi nhdm ngudi tid tuli (phan ldn Id hgc .sinh, smh vien) dugc din trudng nhilu han, dugc hgc hdnh vd cd nhieu CO hfi tilp xiic vdi tiing Vift hon nhihig sl lugng ngudi thfch ndi tiing ddn tfc Igi cao hon so vdi cdc nhdm tuli khdc. Dilu ndy cho tiiay ring trinh df nhfn thftc cao cd thi tdc dfng tich eye den y tiiirc ve bdn sic dan tfc.
- Thdi dd ddi vdi phgm vi sd d\tng tieng /np de:
Vdi cdc phgm vi giao tilp md chiing tdi de xuat, phgm vi md ngudi dan mong muln tieng mg dd dugc sfi dyng nhilu nhit Id trong giao tiep hang ngdy (100%), tiep din Id trong nghi le cftng bai (84,5%), trong cdc phuang tifn tmyIn thdng (67,5%), trong gidng dgy d trudng hgc (54,4%) vd trong giao tilp hanh chfnh (50,3%).
Phgm vi md ti If ngudi dan it lya chgn nhit Id trong vifc in pane dp phich (20,3%). Kit qud ndy phin nao dd phdn dnh y thftc ciia ngudi Thdi vd ngudi Mdng v l vai trd efta tiing Thdi vd tiing Mdng dong thdi cho thiy siic sing cua hai ngdn ngft ndy trong cgng dong Id rit Idn.
s l 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G g & P ^ f f S b N G
- Thdi dd doi vdi viic di^ tri tiing tidn tgc:
68.9% so ngudi dugc hdi cd mong muln con cdi minh thdnh thao tiing mg dd, khdng chi de giao tilp md cdn d l bdo ton bdn sdc ddn tfc.
Kit qua ndycho thiy ngudi ddn ^ tiiftc rit cao vl vifc luu gifi bdn sic dan tfc ciia hg, trong do cd ngdn ngft. Ding thdi cung khdng dinh vai trd efta sfic sing ciia tieng Thdi vd tieng Mdng trong cfng ding.
c) Thdi dd dii vdi nhihig ngdn ngfi dugc sfi dyng trong cfng dong
Vifc sft dyng tiing m? dd d trong bdn ldng dugc ngudi ddn rit thfch, vd k l cd khi ndi tiing dSn tfc minh d nai cd nhilu dan tgc khae thi ngudi dan da so deu cam thiy binh thudng (85,3%). Ngudi ddn khdng cd qud nhilu sy Id tiii, phdn bift gifia cdc ngdn ngft. Vd doi vdi ngudi ddn, vifc cd nhilu ngdn ngft ciing ton tgi va dugc sfi dyng trong mgt cfng ding Id dilu rat binh thudng.
d) Thdi dg ngdn ngfi trong vin dl lidn quan din hdn nhdn
Khi tim hilu xem lifu vifc ngudi bgn ddi cd ndi dugc hay khdng tieng dan tgc cd anh hudng den quylt dinh kit hdn khdng till 75,3% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt la dilu dd khdng dnh hudng din quylt dinh efta hg. Cdn dii vdi con cdi, khi dugc hdi y kiln ve vifc con cdi kit hdn vd ngudi bgn ddi tuong lai efta eon cdi khdng Met ndi tiing ddn tfc thi 86,5% so ngudi duge hdi cho ling dd la vifc binh thudng, khdng qua quan ti:gng.
4. K i t lufn
Trdn CO sd nhihig kit qud dd thu dugc trong qud trinh nghidn cim v l CHNN d Thufn Chdu, chdng tdi nit ra mft s l ndt diln hlnh efta CHNN d Thufn Chdu nhu sau:
* Ve mft dinh lugng: CHNN d Thufn Chdu Id CHNN da tiidnh to.
* V l m § t djnh chit:
- Do trgng thdi cfng cu xen kd nhilu dan tfc ttdn Cling mft khu vyc nen d Thufn Chdu hifn tugng song ngfi xd hfi khd p h i bien. Nhu vfy, CHNN d day Id cdnh hulng da ngfi.
- Xdt v l cfi nguon vd logi hinh cdc ngdn ngft dugc sft dyng trdn dia bdn, CHNN d
Mudng Chd Id cdnh hulng da ngfi phi dong nguon vd ding hinh don Igp.
- Xdt ve ndng lyc vd phgm vi giao tiep cua cdc ngdn ngfi, tiing Vift dugc sft dyng ldm phuang tifn giao tiep chung cho cdc nhdm ddn tgc cftng sinh sing d Thufn Chdu ti^ng mgi lihh vyc efta ddi song xd hfi. Tiing Vift Id ngdn ngft chfnh thftc, duy nhit hdnh chitc trong phgm vi qudn If nhd nude ciia Thufn Chdu.
Ngodi tiing Vift Id ngdn ngft phi thdng thi tiing Mdng vd tiing Thdi ddng vai trd Id ngdn ngft viing.
* Ve mdt djnh gid:
- Ngudi ddn tfc tiiilu s l d Thugn Chau cd y thftc cao ve vai trd cda tiing Vift vd thdi df tfch eye doi vdi ngdn ngfi efta ddn tfc minh. Hg ty tin sft dyng ngdn ngfi ciia dan tfc minh trong cfng ding nhung cung cd thdi dg hda hgp, khdng kl thi khi nghe ngdn ngfi khdc dugc sft dyng trong bdn ldng cua minh. Dilu ndy cd dugc la do sy cfng cu nhilu dan tfc trdn cdng mft dia bdn (xd).
- Ngudi DTTS d huyfn Thufn Chdu cd f thftc Idn dii vdi vifc duy tri ngdn ngfi efta dan tfc mhih eho till hf sau. Nhfing kit qud cd duge cho thiy vai tro vd sfic sing efta tiing Thdi vd tiing Mdng trong cfng dong Id rit ldn.
T A I L I | : U THAM KHAO CHiNH 1. Trin Tri D5i (2003), Chinh sdch ngdn nga vdn hoa ddn tdc a Vi?tNam, Nxb DHQG Hd Nfi.
2. Nguyen Vdn Khang (2012), Ngon ngjr hgc xaAp;,NxbpDCH.
3. Nguydn Hftu Ho^nh (chii bidn), Ngi^ln van Lgi, Tg Vdn Thdng (2013), Ngdn ngu, chu viit cdc dm tgc thiiu sd a Vi^t Nam (Nhung van dl chung), Nxb Tft diln Bdch khoa.
4. Nguyin Vdn Lgi (2000), Mdt sd vdn di vi chbih sdch ngdn nga d cdc qudc gia da ddn tgc, T/c Ngdn ngft, s l l .
5. T r k Phucmg Nguyen (2013), Nhung nhdn td dnh hudng din cdnh hudng ngon ngfi eiia ngudi Chdm a Nam Bg, T/c Ngdn ngft, s l 2.
6. Tg van Thdng (2011), Gido dye ngon ngi a vung ddng bdo cdc ddn tgc thiiu sd d Vi?t Nam, T/c Ngdn ngft, s l 7.2011.
