Nghien c&u QuSc tiso 2 (101), 6/2015:175-185.
vsi / s i r KIEN CHARLIE HEBDO NHIN Ttr GOC DO XUNG D Q T VAN HOA
PGS.TS. Nguyin Hodng Anh*
Tom tdt
Vjj thdm sdt tgi Tda sogn bdo Charlie Hebdo vd nhimg tranh lugn sau dd da dua mQt td bdo chdm biem dpc lap, rdt it ngudi biet, trd thdnh mot cdi tin duac biet din trin todn cdu. Nhimg xung dot ve tu tudng dd ddn den bgo luc tren quy mo todn cdu, thue ra bdt nguon tie xung dot vdn hda, trong trudng hgp ndy Id xung dot giua vdn hda Phdp vd vdn hda Hoi gido. Ld mgt ngudi nghiin cuu ldu ndm ve dnh hudng eiia vdn hda din qudn tri, tdc gid mudn dua ra mdt edch gidi thich dira trin mgt trong nhiing md hinh vdn hoa hdng ddu cua the gidi, md hinh vdn hda ciia Hofstede.
Tdng quan v^ vdn hoa
Vdn hda Id mpt pham tid qud ldn ndn ed nhidu edch hidu khdc nhau. Ndm 1952 Kroeber va Kluekholn, hai nbd nghien cuu ngudi Ddc, ttong bdi vilt "Vdn hda, nhin lgi cdc quan nifm vd dinh nghia" da thdng ke dupc 164 dinh nghia van hda theo sau cdch tiep can khdc nhau, cd thd dupe chia ldm sdu logi chfnh nhu sau: (1) Cdc dinh nghia mang tinh
' Tnrdng D?i hpc Ngo^i thucmg Hi Nfi
mieu td: lift ke tdt ca nhung gl ma Idiai niem van hoa bao ham; (2) Cdc dinh nghTa lich sd: nhin manh cac qua trinh ke thua xd hpi, truyen thdng; ; (3) Cdc dinh nghia chudn muc: hudng vao quan niem ve ly ludng va gi^ j tri; (4) Cdc djnh nghia tdm ly: nhan manh tdi loi ung xu cua con ngudi; \ (5) Cdc dinh nghia cdu triic: chu ttgng tdi td chdc va cau tnic cua vdn j hda; (6) Cdc dinh nghia biin sinh: di tu gdc dp ngudn gdc cua vdn hda.' j
Trong cac tai lieu cua Viet Nam, van hoa thudng dupc hieu theo ; each thu ba, tdc la hudng vao quan niem ve ly tudng va gia tri, con each [ hieu ciia ngirdi phuang Tay thudng nhan manh tdi ldi ung xu ciia con | ngudi (each thu ta). Cach hieu nay cung tuong dong vdi khdi niem vS • van hda cua Hd Chu Tich.
Trang cudi ban thao Nhgt ky trong tU (1942) dudi lieu de Muc dpc sach, Hd Chi Minh da djnh nghia het sue bao quat ve van hda: "Vi le sinh tdn cUng nhu muc dich ciia cuoc song, lodi ngudi mai sdng tgo va phdt minh ra ngdn ngii; chir viet, dgo due, phdp ludt, khoa hoc, tdn gido, vdn hoc, nghe thugt, nhifng cdng cu cho sinh hogt hdng ngdy ve mgc, dn, a vd cdc phucmg thirc sii dung. Todn bo nhung sdng ldc vd phdt minh do tuc Id vdn hoa. Vdn hoa Id su tong hap cua moi phuang thuc sinh hoat cung v&i bieu hiin cua no md lodi nguoi dd sdn sinh ra nhdm thich img nhimg nhu cdu dai song vd doi hoi ciia .su sinh ton".^
Geert Hofstede, mgt chuyen gia trong ITnh vuc giao liru van hda va quan ly da dinh nghTa: '"Vdn hda Id su lap trinh chung ciia tinh thdn, giiip phdn biet cdc thdnh vien cua nhom ngudi ndy vai thdnh vien cua nhdm nguai khdc. Theo nghta ndy, vdn hda bao gdm he thdng cdc gid
Kroeber, Alfred L. anci Kluckhohn, C. (1963), Culture: A cntical review of concepts
and Definilwns, New York, Vintage. j ' Hd Chl Mmh, Todn tap. tdp 3, Nxb Chinh tn Qudc gia, Ha Npi 2000, lr.431.
oim
Nghien c&u Quoc tisSl (101)
tri, Vli cdc gid tri l^ nen tdng ciia vdn tida"?
Tyu trung lai, ehdng ta cd tfal thiy vdn hda chfnh Id tit cd nhung gid trj vat ehit vd tinh than d^c trung eho mft nhdm ngudi, dupc hinh tiidnh dd thich dng vdi nhfing nhu cdu ddi sdng va ddi hdi cda sy sinh tdn. Nhdm ngudi dd cd the la mpt ddn tdc, mdt qudc gia, mdt ddng hp hay thdm chf la mpt td chdc.
Cac nhd nghidn cdu cho rdng, vdn hda ed nhfing ddc tinh sau: (1) Vdn hda mang tinh xd hgi: Van bda khdng thi tdn tgi do chfnh bdn than nd md phdi dya vdo su tao dung, tdc ddng qua lgi vd edng cd cda mpi tiidnh vidn trong xa hpi; (2) Vdn hda Id sv[ chia se: Dilu do c6 nghia Id vdn hda midu td nhumg hdnh vi dupc chip nhan hay khdng dupc chip nhgn ttong xa hOi nhu mang khdn che mdt Id binh thudng vdi ngudi Hdi Gido nhung lgi khdng dupc chip nhgn d eac xa hdi khdc; (3) Vdn hda dugc truyen tic ddi ndy sang ddi Ididc vd hoge do hgc hdi: Con ngudi ngodi vdn van hda cd dupc tu noi minh sinh ra vd ldn len, cdn ed thi hpe dupe vdn hda mdi td nhfing noi khdc; (4) Vdn hoa mang tinh liin tuc vd tich ty: Vdn hda dupc truyin td thi hf ndy sang thi hf khae vd ddn ttd tiidnh di sdn cho mdi ddn tfc; (5) Vdn hda mang tinh dge thu: Ngudi ddn thufc cde nin vdn hda khdc nhau cd suy nghi khdc nhau vl cdng mpt sy vdl. Do v$y, ctmg mft sy vifc cd thi dupc hieu khde nhau d cdc nin vdn hda khdc nhau; (6) Vdn hoa ludn tien hda: Vdn hda ludn tien hda cho phb hpp vdi tinh hinh mdi vd trinh dd mdi. Vi vgy, v5n hda cua ddn tpe cung din thay dli theo thdi gian vd do sy hpc hdi td nhihig nin vdn hda khdc. Chfnh vi vgy, dd edn rat non ndt so vdi nhfing ndn vdn hda khdc nhung van hda My cd sdc hdt mgnh do tdih dung hop cao; (7) Vdn hda dugc tgo nin de phyc vy cho nhu cdu con nguai: Dilu dd ed nghia la
* Geert Hofstede (1991), Culture and organization - the software of mind, McGraw, Hill Book Company, Londoa
"mpi phuong thuc sinh hoat cdng vdi bieu hidn cua nd nhdm thfeh ung nhfing nhu cau ddi sdng vd doi hdi cua sy sinh tdn" ma Hd Chu Tjch da ndi. Vd cung chmh vi vdy, khdng cd van hda tdt hay xdu, chi cd vdn hda phu hpp hay khdng ma thdi.'*
Md hinh van hda cda Hofstde
Mpt ttong nhfing cdng trtnh ngbien euu ndi tidng bdc nhdt tten till gidi vl vdn hda ttong thi ky 20 la cda Geert Hofstede. Ong da tdng kit sdu khfa cgnh dl phdn bift sy khdc nhau giua eac nen vdn hda ddn tpc, do Id (1) Sy phdn cdp quydn lyc (power distance), (2) Tfnh can ttpng (uncertainty avoidance), (3) Chu nghia cd nhdn/chu nghia tap thi (hidividuaUsm/coUectivism), (4) Nam thih/nfi tinh (Mascuhnity/
Femininity); (5) Tfnh thyc dyng (Pragmatism) va (6) Thih khdt khe hay chieu chupng (hidulgence).^
- Sir phdn cdp quyin lue theo Hofstede la thd hidn mdc dd cdc thdnh vien chap nhgn sy mit binh ddng ttong xa hpi. NhGng nin vdn hda c6 sy phdn chia quyln lyc cao thudng d§n ddn sy bdt binh ddng vl quyln lyc vd eua cm, edn d nhfing ndn van hda cd sy phdn cip quyln lyc thip Id nhung xd hdi cd gang hgn chd sy bit bmh ddng din muc cd thi.
- Tinh cdn trgng phan dnh mdc dp md thdnh vidn cua nhfing nin vdn hda khac nhau chap nhgn cdc tinh thi khdng ro rdng ho^c bit In.
Cdc thdnh vien cua cdc nudc ed nen van hda mang tmh ein ttpng cao thudng ddi hdi sy dn dinh cdn thanh vidn cda ndn vdn hda ft cin ttpng se ddm chip nhgn riii ro hon.
- Tinh cd nhdn/ tinh tgp thi: Trong nhung xa hdi mang n ^ g tinh ca
* Santha Pujari, "Culture: The Meaning, Characteristics", and Functions, http://www.
yourarticIelibrary.com/culture/culture-the-meaning-characteristics-and-fiinctions/9577/
Hofstede, "Culture dimensions", http://geert-hofstede.coiii/dimensions.htmI
Nghien c&u Quoc tisS2 (101)
nhdn nhu My, sy rdng budc, hdn kit gifia cdc cd nhdn la hit sdc ldng ldo vd thdnh edng cimg nhu ty do cda mdi cd nhdn dupc ddnh gid rdt eao.
Cdn d nhimg xa hfi mang tinh tap the nhu chau A, mpi ngudi diu phai vi lpi fch cua tap ihl.
- Nam tinh/ NO' tinh: Trong mdi trudng nam tinh nhu cdc nude Trung Qude, My..., vai trd cua gidi tinh vd cdc "gid trj nam tfnh" truyin tiidng nhu sy tiidnh dgt, quydn lyc rit dupe coi trpng. Trong mdi trudng nft tfnh nhu d Bac Au (Dan Mgch, Na Uy...), vai ttd cua gidi tfnh ft dupc coi ttpng hon vd ttong edng mpt cdng vide, ft ed sy phdn bidt gifia nam vdnft.
- Tinh thicc dyng: Vdi nhfing nudc cd chi sd thyc dyng cao, con ngudi sdn sdng thay ddi theo thdi gian cdn nhfing nudc ed chi sd thip s6 chti ttpng din truydn thdng hon.
- Tinh khdt khe hay chiiu ehuong, chi vifc xd hpi cd xu hudng thda man udc mudn eua cdc thanh vidn bay mudn kiem soat chfing. Xd hdi phuong Tay thudng cho phep con ngudi thod mdn y mudn cd nhan con xa hdi phuong Ddng thudng khdt khe hon.
M§c dd md hinh ndy chua the bao quat het nhftng khfa canh cua vdn hda nhung da dupe rdt nhilu nhd nghidn cuu su dyng dl danh gid anh hirdng cua vdn hda den nhimg bdnh vi dng xu cua eon ngudi.
Phiin tich su- kifn Charlie Hebdo theo md hinh vdn hoa cda Hofsted
Quay ttd ve hifn tupng Charlie Hebdo, cd the coi ddy Id mdt vf dy diln hinh vl xung dft cde gid trj vdn hda. Theo md hmh cua Hofstede ta cd thd thiy sy khde bift vdn hda Id khd ldn.
Ngudi Phdp vdn ndi tieng la mdt ddn tfc cd khodng each quyln lyc
d mue trung binh cao, tfnh cd nhan khd cao, nam tfnh dudi trung binh, tihh cin ttpng eao, kha thyc dyng vd khd bao dung vdi ca nban.
Hai anh em sdt thu Kouchi Id ngudi Hoi Gido Yemen, do qudc gia ndy khdng nam trong nghien cuu eua Hofstede ndn tdc gia tam lay hai qudc gia theo Hdi gido d chau A, noi tap trung nhieu ngudi Hdi giao cyc doan, ddng thdi cung Id noi hudn luyfn chidn binh IS Id I-rdc vd Xi-ri dl so sanh. Day la hai qudc gia co hon 90% dan sd theo dgo Hdi vd con cd GDP tuong duong vdi Y-d-men, vi mdc song cung tae dpng nhidu den vdn hda.^
Hinh 1: So sdnh cdc gid trj vdn hda cua Pbap vdi I-rdc vd Xi-ri France
ison wiih Iraq and Syna
ill III
I Iraq • Syria J
Ngudn: Geert Hofstede, France's Culture dimensions, http://geert-' hofstede.com/irance.htinl
Dilu diu tien cd till nhan thiy la Phdp Id nudc ed khoang edch
* Wikipedia, "Economy of the Middle East", http://en.wikipedia.org/wila/Economy_
of_the_Middle_East
Nghien c&u QuSc tisd 2 (101)
quyen luc d mdc trung binh, cdn hai nudc I-rac vd Xi-ri ddu cd chi sd ndy khd cao. Chfnh vi vgy, ngudi Phdp da quen dupe ddi xu binh ddng, cdn ngudi Hdi gido thi ngupc lai. Nhfing chidn binh Hdi gido thudng xuat thdn td tang ldp thdp ttong xa hpi nen kboaig cdch ndy cdng ldn, ddn den hp sdn sdng phyc tiing mdnh lfnh cua nhftng kd chi huy, du nhfing mfnh lfnh nay di ngupc lgi ludt phdp.
6 khia canh tidp theo, Phdp Id nudc cd chi sd cd nhdn cao, cac nude Hdi giao ed chi sd nay rit thip ndn quyln ty do cd nhdn cda ngudi Phdp rit dupc tdn ttpng, din muc ndm 2011, khi Tod sogn bdo Dan Mach bj dog ddnh bom, Tdng Thdng Phap Ifie biy gid cd ydu ciu Charlie Hebdo ngdng dua ra nhihig bdc ttanh vl Hdi gjao nhung td bdo da td chdi. Chinh phu Phdp chip nhdn ddng cda mpt sd co sd van hda vd ngogi giao d nudc ngoai vi e nggi khung bd nhung khdng bdt td bdo tudn thu vi ddi vdi nudc Phdp, ty do ngdn lugn du chi cua mpt nhdm phdng vidn ttong mft td bdo chi cd hon 60.000 dfc gid cung Id quyln bit khd xam phgm. Nhung ehi s6 ndy eua cdc nudc dao Hdi lai rat thap (I-rac Id 30/100, Xi-ri Id 35/100, chua bdng Vi chi sd eda Phdp). Vl vdy, y kiln cua cd nhdn khdng ddng quan tdm ma quan diem eua t$p thd, ttong tiudng hpp ndy Id cua tdn gido ddng quan tdm hon nhieu. Khodng cdch quyln lyc cao ttong cfng ddng Hdi gido cdng khdc sau them quan diem ndy. Vi vdy, cdc chiln binh Hdi gido ebo rdng cdc hpa sT dd xfic pham sau sdc ddn cpng ddng cua hp vd ai bdo vd nhfing hpa sT nay tdc la da xue phgm din dao H^i. Cdc gid trj nam tfnh nhu hidu thdng, quydt lift...
ttong cdc nude Hli gido cimg cao hon d nudc Phdp (I-rdc Id 70/100, Xi- ri Id 52/100 so vdi 43/100 cua Phdp). Chi sd nay eho tiiiy Phdp Id mpt nudc thidn vl nft tfnh, ttpng sy hda hpp, tdn ttpng nhau edn hai nudc H^i gido nay hodn todn ngupc lgi. Vi vgy, khi xdy ra xung dot ngudi Phdp tiifch dimg ngdi bfit cdn chiln binh Hdi gido, la bp phgn qua khfeh nhit
ttong cpng ddng Hdi giao, se de sd dyng vu lyc.
Dilm chung duy nhat vd van hda gifia Phdp vd hai nudc dao H6i nay chfnh la tt'nh cin ttpng (Phdp: 86, I-rdc: 85 va Xi-ri la 60/100), nen ddu ua thieh hanh dfng theo ludt If. Cd didu ngudi Phdp hdnh ddng tiieo luat If eua nudc Phdp, vdn ndu eao ngpn cd "Tu do - Binh ddng - BSc di", ludn cap nhgt ede gia tri mdi cdn cac chiln binh Hoi gido lgi nghigm ngat man theo kinh Koran, da hinh thanh tu vai ngan nam trudc. Vi vay, diem chung ndy khdng he ldm giam ma thdm chf edn gia tang nguy co xung dpt.
Tfnh thye dung cua van hda Phap d mdc trung binh ndn tuong doi dl chdp nhdn nhfing gid trj mdi cdn tfnh thyc dung cua vdn hda Hdi gido kha thap, din din hp sS chi hdnh dfng theo truyin thdng.
O khia cgnh cuoi cung, Phdp Id nudc cd chi sd chieu chudng d mdc trung binh (48/100) ndn sd thfeh vd udc mudn cua ca nhan khd dupc tdn ttpng. Khdng co thdng tin ve ehi sd ve tfnh khdt khe d Xi-ri nhung chi sl ndy d I-rdc rat thap (17/100) cho thiy sd thfeh vd udc mudn cua con ngudi d ddy ludn bj kiem sodt theo chuin myc ebung cua tdn gido. Chfnh vi vay, ngudi ddn hai qudc gia ndy khd cd thd thdng edm vdi su ty do thi hifn cua cdc nghf sT ttong tda soan Charlie Hebdo.
Sy khac bift trong vdn hda cham bilm
Nhung cd mpt khfa canh khdc eua vdn hda ciing rit khac bift gifta gid trj cua Phdp vd Hdi gido. Ngudi Phap tiifch ttdo phfing vd khdng cd gidi ban ttong vide ndy. Mac dti theo truyin thdng, nude Phdp Id nudc theo Thidn chfia gido nhung hp cung tung vS ttanh bilm hpa vl cdc nhdn vat ttong Kinh thdnh. La nhimg cdng dan tuan thu luat phdp, cdc hpa sT cua Charlie Hebdo ciing tung vg bilm hpa vl nhieu chfnh trj gia cua nudc Phdp. C6 le trdn thd gidi, hiem cd nudc nao cd nhieu an pham
Nghiin c&u QuSc tisS 2 (101)
chdm biem nhu nudc Phdp. Dieu hp chdm biem khdng phdi Id tdn gido hay chfnh tri md chi la nhftng khfa canh ma theo hp Id qud khfeh hay chua hodn hao md thdi. Vd bp tin la bdng vide chi ra nhiing khidm khuydt ay, hp se bupc ddi tupng bj chdm biem phdi thay ddi, do dd se gdp phan lam ITnh vye ay tdt len.
Nhung cham biem Id vifc cam ky d nbieu nudc kem phdt tridn vd trong mdt so tdn gido md dao Hdi Id mdt vf du. Nha nghien cuu ngudi My glc Hdn Euny Hong dd phdt bilu khi bdn vd thanh cdng cua Gangnam Style rdng dd chfnh Id mdt diu mdc thd hifn sy thay d6i budc ngodt frong van hda Han Qude vi ttong mdt nen vdn hda ddng eua, eham biem la dieu cim ky. Cho den nay ede thanh vien Hdi giao van nghiem ngdt man theo nhung quy djnh ttong kinh Koran tfi thd ky thd 7 ndn mpi y kiln nghi ngd hay mudn cdi cdch nhftng giao ly eda bd kinh ndy se bj coi Id dieu bdng bd, xdc phgm. Vi vgy, ngdi but cham bidm cua cdc hpa sT Charlie Hebdo ddi vdi hp la dilu khdng thd chdp nhgn. Thgm chf tiidng difp diy tfnh bda gidi ttong sd bdo phdt hdnh sau vy thdm sdt, vg hinh nbd tien tri Mohamed gio bieu ngfi "Tdi Id Charlie" de the hien tdn ttpng ty do ngdn lugn vd ddng chfi "Tdt cd deu duac tha thu'' dd chung td khdng cd y djnh thd bgn, ciing hi tfn dd Hdi giao cho la xuc pham, chd khdc ndo eau thdnh ngft chdu An: "TTiii-c dn eua ngudi ndy Id thudc ddc vdi nguai kia" khi bdn ve khac bift vdn hda.
Nghien cuu dd cho thiy, xung dpt van hda Id khdng ttdnh kbdi gifta vdn hda Phap vd vdn bda Hdi gido. Mpi phd phdn vd sy khdc bidt vdn hda gifta Phdp vd Hdi gido ddu khdng phd hpp vi khdng cd vdn hda tdt hay xiu, nhung rd rdng van hda truyen thdng Hdi Gido khdng edn phti hpp vdi dieu kien sdng mdi d Phdp. Bi quydt vupt qua khde bift van
' Euny Hong. The Birth of Korean Cool: How One Nation Is Conquering the World Through Pop Culture, Picador 2014.
hda Id sy tdn ttpng eac gia tri cda nhau va bao dung vdi sy khdc bift, trong trudng hpp nay khdng cd gid tri vi ngudi Phdp muln ngudi Hdi giao nhdp cu sdng boa nhdp vdi xd hdi Phap, edn mft sd nhd ngudi Hoi qud khieh lgi mudn xd hdi Phdp phdi chip nhan quy djnb cua Hdi gido.
Vi van boa co tfnh bdo thu nen se cham thay ddi hon ede ITnh vyc khdc ttong xd hpi nhu kinh tl, chfnh trj... nen sy khdc bift van hda se edn duy trt tirong mpt thdi gian nfia. Ld cdng ddn cua mpt xa hfi, mpi thdnh vi6n phdi hanh dpng theo phdp ludt de dam bao mpt xa hfi dn djnh vd vi vdn hda dupc tao ndn de phyc vy eho nhu eau con ngudi, ndn vdn hda sg tien hda dl hda hpp vdi didu kidn sdng mdi. Tudn thu lugt phdp vd td tu chip nhgn hpc hdi cdc gid trj vdn bda mdi de hda nhgp vdi cufc sdng d ddt nudc mmh lya chpn la con dudng duy nhdt dd tim lai sy hda hpp gifta ede cpng ddng van boa d bat ky qudc gia nao.
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1 Euny Hong, The Birth of Korean Cool: How One Nation Is Conquering the World Through Pop Culture, Picador 2014.
2. Geert Hofstede (1991), Culture and organization - the sojhvare of mind, McGraw - HiU Book Company, London.
3. Geert Hofstede, "Culture dimensions", hnp://geert-hofstede.com /dimensions.html
4. Geert Hofstede, "France's Culture dimensions", http://geert- bofstedccom/francchtml
5. Hd Chi Minh todn tdp, tdp 3, Nxb. Chfnh tri Qudc gia, Hd Nfi 2000,fr.431.
Nghiin c&u QuSc tisS 2 (101)
6. Kroeber, Alfred L. and Kluckhohn, C. (1963). Culmre: A critical review of concepts and Definitions, New York, Vintage.
7. Saritiia Pujari, "Culture: Tbe Meaning, Characteristics, and Functions", ht^://www.yourarticleUbrary.com/culture/culture-the- meaning-characteristics-and-functions/9577/
8. Wikipedia, Economy of the Middle East, http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East
