Da dang hoa cac Mnh fhisc tin dimg ngan hang theo chudi gia tri gao a Met Nam
M i h Thi Thiiy Hfing Dang Thi Thoi Truong Dal hoc Quy Nhon
Nghien ctiu vg da dgng hda cdc hinh thue tin dyng ngdn hang theo chudi gid trj ggo d Vigt Nam giflp cdc ngdn hdng thuong mai Vi$l Nam cd thg da dgng hda cd cdc djch vy efla minh, ddng thdi cd thg md rOng thi tiudng, hgn ehg rfli ro lin dung ddi vdi linh vuc ndng nghldp. Ngu cdc ngdn bdng thuong mgi ed hudng dl thich hgp eho phan khfle tin dung nay thi Ngan hang Nhd nude eOng sd phai cd nhflng chinh sdch hd tig eho ede NHTM, ddng thdi Chinh phfl cflng phdi cd nhting bien phap thue day lign kg't ehudi gid trj Uieo nhieu md hinh khae nhau nhdm tang thu nh$p cho ngudi tidng Ifla ndi ridng vd eho ede thdnh vien trong chudi gid tri ggo ndi chung.
I.Batvande
Ggo id mOt Irong nhflng mat hdng ndng san xual khdu dem lgi hang tf USD cho ViOt Nam, san xudl gao da dem lai thu nhap cho ngudi ndng dan va la mat hang ndng sdn tmygn Uidng efla ngudi ddn Viet Nam.
Tuy nhidn, sdn lugng Ifla, ggo duge sdn xudt ra d Viet Nam trong 10 nam gdn day tdng khdng dang kd (hinh 1) md cdn gidm trong 2 nam 2016 va 2017 bdi vi nhigu nguyen nhdn:
Thu nhdt, higu qud sdn xual Ifla thdp, nen ngudi ndng dan chuygn dign ti'eh trdng Ifla sang nudi trdng cdy, con khdc.
Thfl hai, nhting khu vue san xudt Ifla chinh gidm dign ti'eh vi ban bdn, xam nhdp mgn, thdi tidt khde nghiet hon eho vige tidng Ifla.
Thu ba, sdn lugng gao du thua, nam nao du thua 7 - 8 trieu tdn ggo nen gid gao cd xu hudng gidm, xuat khdu cung khd khan hon.
Htnh 1. ToQg MU linrug Ilia, gna, san lirong g§o XIIHI kb^a cua Vi^t Nnm wooo
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Bgn canh dd, xudl khau gao efla Viet Nam ngdy edng khd khdn do egnh tranh ngdy cdng gia tang, nen san lugng xudl khdu ggo efla Vigt Nam khdng tang trong 10 nam gdn day ma edn giam (nam 2016), tf Ig ddng gdp vg mat gid tri efla nganh ggo giam ddng kg tiong tdng gid tri xudt khdu eua cd nude.
Vdi thuc trgng trgn, uu tign hdng ddu efla ngdnh ndng nghigp va phdt trien ndng thdn hidn nay phdi Id phai ddy mgnh Ihyc hign tdi co cau ngdnh theo hudng gia tang gid trj, cdi thiOn thu nhdp cho ngudi trye tigp Idm ra luong thye. Khdng the nam ndo eCing gia tdng diOn tieh vd sdn luong, ndm ndo cung du thfla ggo, md phdi hudng ddn ngn ndng nghigp thdng minh, Ihleh hgp vdi Uij trudng vd bidn ddi khi hau, nang cao thu nhdp cho ndng dan.
Dg giai quygt vdn dg trgn, lidn kgt chuOl gia trj la mOl giai phdp higu qud. Vi vay, da cd nhigu thay ddi trong sdn xual va kinh doanh trong vg mgt hang ggo cho tigu thy trong nude vd xuat khdu, viec lign ket sdn xudl theo chudi gia tri ggo dugc thfle ddy trgn todn qud'c nhdm gia tang gid In cho tat cd cdc thanh vidn Irong ehuoi. Tuy nhien, ed linh tigng ngudi tieu dung trong nude mua ggo Thdi Lan nhdp khdu mdc du gia gia gao nhdp cua Thdi Lan eao hon nhigu so vdi gid tmng binh efla ggo Viel Nam. Ben eanh dd, gid ggo xudt khau efla Vidt Nam thua An Dd, kgm Thdi Lan vd thdp nhdt trong 12 nam trd lai ddy (BO Ndng nghiep va Phat trign ndng thdn (hgp bao quf 111/2019). Nguygn nhan chfl yeu gay ra gia tri gao binh quan efla Viet Nam thap va ed xu hudng gidm la van de vg gidng, so ehe vd kigm tia an loan ve chat lugng eua mat hang gao. Vdn de ndy se dugc cai Ihign dang ke ne'u ngucri ndng ddn dugc hd trg gidng Ifla tdt, phdn bdn vd hd trg vg mat kf thudt cham sdc... Tat ea digu nay se duge cdi thien ngu ed sy hO trg vg mat Idi ehinh cho cdc thanh vien trong chudi gia tri gao. Dd thye hien tai trg vg mat tai ehinh cho chudi gia tn ggo, thi viee da dang cac sdn pham tin dyng ngan hdng eho chudi gia tii gao ndi ridng va ede san phdm ndng sdn ndi ehung la hgt sflc cap thigt, de cd the thich hgp cde digu kien khde nhau efla cde thanh vign trong chudi.
65
NGHliN OJU
tiianh vign la ddu mdi (leader), tu dd don vj ddu mdi sg eung flng tin dyng eho cdc thanh vidn khde yong ehudi gia til ggo. Vi vgy, eae NHTM ed thg cdp tin dyng theo ba hinh thiic sau;
RESEARCH
2. Tin dung theo chudi gia trj nong nghiep - Tin dyng: Theo Ludt Cde td chflc tin dyng (2010) cua Viet Nam: Cdp tin dung Id viee thda thudn dg td chuc, cd nhan sfl dyng mdt khoan tign bode cam kdt
cho phgp sfl dyng mOt khodn tign theo nguydn tde ed '• Tin dyng nhd cung cdp ddu vdo; Trong hinh thfle hoan trd bdng nghi$p vy cho vay, chldt khdu, cho thug "dy, nhd cung cdp ddu vao la ddu mdi nhdn tign vay tai ehinh, bao tiianh todn, bdo ldnh ngdn hang va cac ^^ ngau bang, tfl dd nha eung edp ddu vao se edp tin nghiep vy cdp tin dyng khac. dyng cho ngudi ndr^ dan khi cd hgp ddng mua bdn Nghia efla tin dung cd ttig dien dat bdng nhigu ^ ^ S ^°^- ^^^ "^^ ^^^ c^P ^^" vdo cung cdp ede cdch khde nhau. Nhung nOi dung co bdn efla eae djnh ^f" phdm ddu vdo (phdn bdn, gidng Ifla, mdy mdc...) nghia ndy Id thdng nhdt: ndu phdn dnh mdt bgn Id
ngudi eho vay, cdn bgn kia la ngudi di vay, quan hd giua hai ben dugc rdng huge bdi eo ehd tin dung, thda thu^in thdi gian cho vay, lai sudt phdi trd,...Viec chuygn giao gia trj hay hien vdt giua ngudi di vay vd ngudi cho vay ed ky ehuygn giao ngugc lal. Lugng gid trj hay hien vat khi ngudi di vay hoan tra cho ngudi cho vay phdi Idn hon lugng hg nhdn dugc ban ddu, hay ndi edeh khdc ngudi di vay phdi tid thdm phdn lgi tfle cho ngudi eho vay.
Tin dyng ngdn hdng theo chudi gid tii ndng nghiep Id viec thda thuan dg ede tde nhdn tiong chudi gid tri ndng nghigp sfl dyng mdt khodn tidn hodc cam kdt cho phgp sfl dyng mOt khoan tien theo nguygn tde ed hodn trd bdng nghiep vy tin dung.
3. Cac hinh thirc tin dung ngan hang theo chudi gia trj gao
Theo cdc de xual efla cde nha nghign ctru ve tdi trg ehudi gia tri ndng nghigp va tai ehinh khu vyc ndng thdn, thi ede tmng gian tdi ehinh, ma ey thg la ede ngdn hdng thuong mgi (NHTM) ed thg eung cdp cdc hinh thfle tin dung sau eho ehuoi gid tri ndng nghigp.
HlDli 2: CAc hinb thin tin dnng mii cAc NHTM c6 tbi cuog r^p cbo cAc tbnab vlSn ti'ong chuSl glA trj nQng Dgbifp
Nguon Tong iigp aia nhdm t/ic gid
Tuy nhign, khi thye hien cdp tin dyng cho chudi gia tri thi cae NHTM sg khdng thye hien cdp tin dyng cho timg thanh vidn trong ehuoi ma se cdp tin dung cho
eho qua trinh sdn xudt Ifla cho ndng ddn (hoae nhiing tde nhdn khde trong ehuoi gid Iq) chdp nh$n cho ndng ddn tid ng khi thu hogch hoac thcri gian thda Uiudn khae khdng phdi Iflc mua hdng. Chi phi tin dyng (lai) thudng duge cdng vdo gid. Tin dyng nhd cung cdp ddu vdo cho phep ndng ddn trdng Ifla tidp can cdc ddu vao cdn thigt trong khi tang docinh sd efla nha cung edp.
ii. Tin dyng ngudi mua (thu mua): Theo hinh thfle nay, ngdn hdng cung cdp lin dung cho don vl ddu mdi la nhting ngudi thu mua Ifla (cac cdng ty ndy ed Ihg them boat ddng xay xdt Ifla), sau dd nhting ngudi Uiu mua eung cap tin dyng bang tign mat eho ndng ddn, thuong nhdn dia phuong hodc cdc doanh nghiep khac Irong ehuoi gid trj. Trd ng thudng Id hidn vdt. Cdc nhd budn ed Ihg mua sdn sdn ddu ra vd chdt gid mua, thay vdo dd ndng ddn vd nhting Idc nhdn khdc tiong chu6i cd the tidp e^n dugc ngudn tin dyng vd voit lu cflng nhu dugc ddm bao thj Irudng ddu ra cho san phdm efla hg.
EQDII 3: Cdc blob tlii>c tU tr? vM cic Oka mol (leader) khAc oban N g ^ bang Iliiroiig m^i
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nghifp/ Dili clie bieo.
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-Doags a pham tnj von cua NHTM cho Ihanh vien iroDg ehuoi / ^ Dong la tr^ a$i ehuoi Ngudn. Tdng ligp ciia iilioni ngliiin ci
Iii. Tin dyng doanh nghigp ddu mdi: Ngan hang cung edp tin dung cho don vi ddu mdi la cac doanh nghiep ehe bien, xay xdt (doanh nghiep nay cung cd tiig dong Uidi Id doanh nghigp thu mua Ifla). Mdt doanh nghigp ddu mdi hoae eung edp tai chinh tryc tiep cho cac tde nhan tiong chudi gia tii bao gdm ndng dan hoae ky kgt eae tiida thuan mua ban ndng san va cac tiida tiiuan ndy cd the dam bao cho ndng dan hoae cae tiianh vign khdc tiep can ngudn lai ehinh tu ngan hang. Tai tig cua doanh nghigp ddu mdi, thudng d dang hgp ddng eanh tae vai
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digu khoan mua igi, cung cdp tai chinh cho ndng dan, h6 tixy k^- tiiuat va tidp can thj tiudng, vd dam bdo chdt lugng sdn phdm cflng nhu vide cung c ^ sdn phdm kjp thdi cho doanh nghiep.
4. Thirc trang Qa dang cac hinh thirc tin dung ngan hang theo ehuoi gia trj gao
Trong giai dogn thye hign Ihi diem theo Quyet djnh sd 1050/QD-NHNN efla NHNN vd chuong trinh cho vay thi digm phuc vy sdn xudt ndng nghiep, da cd 06 NHTM tham gia vao cho vay thi digm cae chu6i gia tri ggo tai cac tinh: Thanh Hda, Tien Giang, Thai Binh, Ddng Thap, Nam Dinh, An Giang, Cdn Tho. Sau dd chuong trinh cho vay thi digm kgt Ihflc khi Nghj dinh sd 55/2015/ND-CP vg ehinh sdeb ti'n dyng phye vy phat trign ndng nghigp, ndng thdn ra ddi. Vi vdy, hidn nay ede NHTM tidp tuc thye hien cdp ti'n dung theo ehudi gid gao d mdt sd ti'nh thanh phd dac biet la cac tinh ddng bdng Sdng Ciiu Long ehigm hon 40% san lugng ggo eung edp eho ed nude vd xuat khdu [3].
Hien nay, vige trign khai cdp tin dyng theo ehudi gid tri lgi cdc NHTM hien nay id ehua phd bign vd nhigu NHTM edn khd de dat tiong vide phdt trign hinh thue edp ti'n dyng ndy. Hinh thiic tin dung ma cac NHTM dang dp dung Iheo chudi gia tri ggo chfl ygu la hinh thfle cho vay, cac hinh thfle tin dyng khde gdn nhu ehua duge dp dyng vd chua da dgng. Dieu nay thay rd trong phdn tieh d bang I.
Bang 1: So lia fc ip d^Dg thi
Sa dgng
Cic HbiH ante tin au gid Irf ndng ttsHi^ Irl Ih
Cho vgy
Chielkhiu Bsoianh Bao tbanh loan (BTTl
g ngSn hing tlieo ehuSI n aire ti ai ip d^iig Irfn
Cbo vay af&a ban Cho \-ay iniag va dai bgn Cbo vay iheo Idioan phai tbu (KPTl Cbo vay rheo bien nhan luu kho
rdc hinh thiic tin dang thee ehue.
^i tri gfo tren Ihifcti lid ip "VS tQiNBTMViitNBin Fbo bien Fhobien Con h ^ che Chua ap d\uig Con b^iQ che Can hjn ebe Chua ap duue Ngudn. Nhdm nghiin cuu
Ben canh dd, cdc hinh thfle ti'n dung duge dp dyng lgi ede NHTM theo ehuoi gid tn ggo d Vigl Nam ehi dflng Igi d hinh thue thu ba Id ehu ygu, tue la ngdn hang cho vay ddi vdi doanh nghigp (DN) ddu mdi la doanh nghidp chd bidn, xay xat, rdi tu dd DN ddu mdi nay cdp vdn lgi ddi vdi cae thanh vidn khac trong chudi. Vdy, cdc NHTM hdu nhu chua cdp tin dyng theo hinh thue thfl nhat (ddu md'i la ngudi eung cdp ddu vao) va thfl hai (ddu mdi Id Ihuong Idi, ngudi thu mua Ifla, gao).
Hgn che trgn Id do nhldu nguygn nhdn, trong dd nguygn nhan chfl ydu la lign kdt trong chudi gid tri cdn long ldo, de bj phd vd vd ndng ddn khdng tudn thfl quy Irinh sdn xudl theo thda Ihutin vdi doanh nghigp di vay (hodc cdn goi Id bg kgo, phd vd chudi efla ngudi ndng dan) do khdng ed chd tai; ygu td vg thay ddi bdt thudng efla ttidi liet, thidu cdc bien phdp bdo higm thdi tigt xdu. Digu ndy gay ra nhigu nii ro cho cdc
NHTM khi md rdng cdp tin dyng theo chuOl gid tri gao vd da dgng cae hinh thue khde nhau.
5. Ket luan va khuyen nghj chinh sach Tu kdt qud phdn tich trgn cho thdy, cdc hinh thfle ti'n dyng theo chu6i gid tri ggo cdn mOl sd hgn chd:
hgn ehd vg sy da dgng ede dich vy tin dyng, hgn che ve ddi tugng vay tiong chu6i; chfl ydu Id docinh nghigp xay xat va ehg bidn (doanh nghigp ddu mdi — lead firm). Hgn ehd ndy ehi ed Ihg dugc gidi quyet khi cd gidi phap ddng bO tu ede chinh sdch efla Chinh Phfl, Ngdn hdng Nha nude va cac ngan hang thuong mgi tham gia eung edp tin dyng eho ehudi gid trj ggo ndi rieng va chudi gia trj ndng nghigp ndi ehung.
Ddi vdi Chinh phfl. Quan trgng nhdt Id cdn ed mOl su quan ldm ddng kg hi Chinh phfl ddi vdi ehudi gid trj ggo dg xdy dyng Ihuong hidu vd nang cao gid trj sdn phdm gao cd trong nude vd xuat khdu ra thg gidi. Tu dd, cd mdt ke hogeh loan didn eho vige thfle ddy lidn ket chudi gid trj ggo hieu qud hon nua bao gdm ed eo ehd vg ludt phap cho lign ket ehudi, chinh sdch lin dyng, chinh sdeh hd tig vg ddo tao kf thudt, qudn tii, hidu qud tdi chinh chudi gid trj cho ede thanh vign trong chudi. Hieu qud hogt ddng efla chudi Id cdn efl ehfl ygu giflp eae NHTM mgnh dang md rdng cung edp cdc djeh vy efla minh ddi vdi chudi gid tri.
Ddi vdi ede ngdn hdng thuong mgi. Cdn ed nghidn eiiu ky vd tap huan cho cdn bd efla minh khi md rdng cdc hinh thfle edp tin dyng cho chudi gid trj ggo. Bgn cgnh dd ede ngdn hdng eOng cdn linh hogt hon khi dua ra cae hinh thfle cap tin dyng cho chudi, dac bigt biet ddi vdi ehudi gia tri ggo, vi thuong lai ddng vai trd quan trgng (thu mua Ifla ehinh), hoac nhflng nguW cung cap ddu vao (phan bdn, gidng, vat lu...), hgp tde xd (vua ddng vai trd Id eung flng ddu vao vfla ddng vai trd Id ngudi thu mua) thudng cd vl tri gdn ndng ddn trdng Ifla vd gan kdt chat ehg vdi ngudi ndng dan, nhung hidn nay hg ehua dugc xem xdt la ngudi ddu mdi (leader) nhgn cdc khodn tin dyng tfl cdc NHTM.
Vi vdy, vide ede ngan hang thuong mai da dang cac hinh thfle edp lin dung eho chudi gia tri ggo la edp bdeh vd cdn dugc quan tam dflng muc./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Vign nghign ciiu qudn ly kinh tg tmng uong (2017), Bdo edo ra sodt thg che ehudi gia tri Ifla ggo, Hd NOI.
Miller, C. & Jones, L. (2010). Agricultural value chain finance: Tools and lessons. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Practical Action Publishing.
http://vneconomy.vn/7-maf-hang-nong-san-xual- k h a u - m a n g - v e - h a n g - t y - u s d - c h o - v i e t - n a m - 20180909085202982.htm, ngdy tmy cap 25/11/2019
