BANVEDU'ANLUAT
GU I H D A HAY KII0N6 G U I HOA GAC QUY DINH BO IUAT HINH SUflf GOP PHAN NAN6 GAD Hilu QUA
DAU TRANH PHONG, GHiNGiOi PHAM
NgnyCn Th| Nggc Hoa*
• TS. Gi^m doc Trung tSm kh^o thi v& d5m b i o chat luong 6ko tao, Hpc vien Bio chi va Tuy#n truyen
rhon|> tin bai \ i c t : Tif khod: BQ lu^t Hinh si^;
cv the h6a; hi$u qua dau tranh; phong, chong IQI ph^m; quyen con nguoi Lich str bdi viet:
Nhjn bar 16/01/2017 Bien tip: 10/02/2017 Duy?lbai: 17/02/2017
Vrlick Infomalion:
Keywords• Penal Code;
Concretise; Fighting Effi- ciency; Crime Prevention;
Human Rights Article History:
Received: 16 Jan. 2017 Edited: 10 Feb. 2017 Approved: 17 Feb. 2017
Tom tat:
Trong qua trinh sira doi BQ lulit HliUi sg (BLHS) \^^t Nam nfim 2015, co hai quan diem trii nguQc nhau ve v i ^ cy the hoa hay khong ci^ the hoa cac quy djnh cua BLHS de gop phln nang cao hieu qua dau tranh ph6ng, chong iQi ph^m, bao ve tot hon quyen con nguoi, quyen cong dan; bao dam phat h i ^ chinh xac va xu ly cdng minh, kip th6i mQi hanh vi ph^m tpi.
Abstract:
In the process of amending the Vietnam Penal Code of 2015, there have been two diametncally opposed points of view about whether or not to concretize the provisions of this Criminal Code so that it would be able to improve the efficiency of the fight against crime, better protection of human rights and civil rights, ensure the accurate detection and intelhgent handling timely offense.
1. Quan di^m thir nhat, Bp luSt Hinh su cing c\f the bao nhieu thi cing lim giam hi^u qua dau tranh phdng, chong tpi ph^m bay nhieu
Quan diem nay lgp lugn tren hai phucmg dipn sau:
Thu nhdt. neu BLHS cing c\i thi bao nhieu thi ngudi phgm tpi cing c6 di^u kipn d^ "lich lugt" biy nhieu. vi vgy, tpi phgm c6
nguy CO xay ra nhieu hon mi khong bj xir ly Vi du 1: NSu khoan 1 Diku 134 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh tpi cd y gay thuong tich hogc gay ton hgi cho sue khoe ciia ngudi khic nhu sau: "Ngudi nao cd y gay thuang tich hogc gay ton hgi cho siic khde ciia ngudl khic mi ty le tdn thucmg co the tir 11%..." thi ngudi phgm tpi se biet va de
"lich !i4t" theo hudng, hp chi gay thucmg Se05<333)T3/2017^Uip p H A P
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BAN v l Dir AN LUAT
tich cho sire khoe cua ngudi khac vdi ty I?
tdn thuang co th^ dudi 11 % (\ a khong thupc cac trudng hpp da dugc liet ke tgi khoan 1 Dieu 134 niy)'.
Vi du 2: NIU khoan 1 Di^u 173 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh tpi trpm cap tai sin nhu sau: "Ngudi nio trpm cap tai sin ciia ngudi khac tri gia tir 2.000.000 d6ng..." thi ngudi phgm tpi se biet \a de "lich luat" theo hudng, hp chi trpm cip tai sin cua ngudi khic tri gia dirdi 2.000.000 ddng (vi khdng thupc cic trudng hf^p da dupc liet ke tgi khoan 1 Dieu 173 niy)-.
Thir hai, nSu BLHS cing c\i th^ bao nhieu thi ngudi ip dung cac quy dinh ciia BLHS cing "ludi" biy nhieu, hp khdng can niem tin npi tam, khong can no lyc, phan dau, ren luypn, hpc lap nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghipp vu. vi khi do tinh chat, mirc dp nguy hiem cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi phgm tpi da qua cy the, qua ro rang, cho nen hp khong phai mat nhieu cong siic de phan tich. dinh gii tinh chat, muc dp nguy hiem
cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi phgm tpi; khdng mat nhi6u cdng siic dk phan tich, danh gii tinh chit cua tinh hinh tpi phgm ciing nhu nguyen nhan, dieu kipn ciia tinh hinh tpi phgm, qua dd de xuat giii phap dau tranh phong, chdng tpi phgm.
2. Quan diem thu hai, Bp luat Hinh sy cing cy the bao nhi^u thi cang nang cao hipu qua diu tranh ph5ng, chong tpi pham bay nhieu
Quan diem nay lgp lugn tren 02 phuong dipn sau day:
Thu nhdt. BLHS cing cy th^ bao nhieu thi mpi ci nhan, doanh nghipp, to chirc, dan vj. co quan cang co dieu kipn de nhgn thiic ro hanh vi nao bj coi la tpi phgm.
Vi vgy, hp se trinh khdng di vio con dudng phgm tpi va dieu nay cd tac dyng rat tot trong diu tranh phdng. chong tpi phgm. Quy djnh cy th^ trong BLHS gidng nhu den do giao thong, neu nd cing ro thi ngudi tham gia giao thdng cang de nhan biet de dimg lgi
CAc truang hi.'p duqc quy dinh h^i kc t^i khoan 1 Dieu 1 ^4
a) Dimg hung khi nguy hicm hojk thu doQn g&y nguy h^i cho tu 02 ngu6i trcr Icn;
b) Dimg a-xit sunfunc IH2S041 hoa<. h6a chat nguy hiem khac gay thucmg tich ho$c gay ton h^i cho site khoe cua nguiri Ui4c;
c) Gay CO t^i nh? cbo nw nhAo;
d) Ph»m tQi 02 lan trd len.
d) Phfin tQi dci V en 02 ngu^ tro Ien;
c) Da\ v{n nguin dudi 16 tu6i, phy nii ma biet \i co thai, nguiri ^la yeu, 6m dau hogc ngucri kh^c khdng c6 khi ning IWH--
g) E)di vi^ ong, hk. cha, m c nguoi nuoi duong minh. thliy gido, co gi^o ciia minh;
h) C616 chirc;
i) Lt^i dyng chirc v\i, q u y ^ h^n.
k) Ph^m IQI trong thin gian dang b| t^m giiJ. t^m giam. dang ch^p hanh hinh ph^t tii hojc dang b| ip dyng bi$n p h ^ dua vio CO so giao d\ic bit buQc. dua vao trucmg gi&o dudng, cct sd cai n ^ i ^ n bit bupc;
I) Thuc gay thuong tich bo(c gay loo h»i sue khoe hojc gay thuang tich ho$c gay ton hgi siic khoe do duQC thuc;
m) C6 tinh chit con do;
n)Tii ph^m nguy hiftm.
o) E>6i vdl nguin dang ttu hanh cong vy ho$c vl ly do cong vy ciia ntui nhan.
C&c truimg hgp du(ic quv d|nh li^ ke lai khoan I D i ^ 173:
a) Di h\ AU phai vi phfm hanh chinh vc hanh vi chiem doat tii san ma con vi pham.
b) Da bj ket in vi tpi nay hojc vc mpt trong cic t$i quy d|nh t^i cac di^u 168, 169. 170. 171. 172, 174. 175 vi 290 cua Bp luit niy, chua dtrpc xoa in tich ma cdn vi ph^m,
c) Gay inh hudng xiu den an mnh, ffjt ty, an loin xi h^i;
d) Tai san la phuang tifn kicm song chinh ciia nguiri bj h#i vi gia dinh hp, tii san la ky vJi, di vjt. d6 thd cung c6 gii tn diic biet ve mJi nnh than doi vdi ngudi bi h^i.
M
l N W I I I N CUU /—U ^ P H A P ^ S i 05(333) T3/2017
BAN VE D U AN LUAT k)p thdi. khdng \ i pham phap lugt \ a khdng
ga> hgu qui xau cho xa hdi.
Thir hai. BLHS cing cu the bao nhieu thi mpi ci nhan, doanh nghiep, mpi to chiic.
don vi, CO quan cang cd dieu kipn de nhac nhd, giio dye, ngan chgn ngudi thin ciia minh va nhirng ca nhan khic trong xa hpi;
ngan chin nhiing thinh vien trong doanh nghiep. td chirc, don vj, co quan minh tranh di vao con dudng pham tpi.
3. Nen iing hp quan diem nao?
Chiing tdi img hp quan diem thii hai, do la: "BLHS cing cy the bao nhieu thi cang nang cao hipu qua dau tranh phdng, chong toi phgm bay nhieu" vi bdn ly do co bin sau day:
Thu nhdt. chiing toi hoan toan nhat tri vdi hai ly do tren hai phuang dipn ma quan diem thii hai da neu tren.
Thu hai, chiing tdi bac bo hai ly do tren hai phuang dipn mi quan diem thii nhat da dua ra; cy the la:
- Neu quan diem thir nhat cho rang:
"BLHS cang cu the bao nhieu thi ngudi phgm tpi cang cd dieu kipn de "lach luat"
bay nhieu, \ i vgy, tpi phgm co ngu\ ca xay ra nhieu hem mi khdng bj xii ly" \a de chimg minh cho nhan dinh niy, quan diem thii nhat da dua ra hai \ i du. Tuy nhien, chiing toi cho rang, hai vi dy ma quan diem
thu nhat dira ra la khdng diing \ a khdng phu hcfp vdi quan diem "BLHS cing cy the bao nhieu thi... tdi phgm co nguy ca xay ra nhieu hon mi khdng bi xii ly" vi nhimg vi dy nay la nhung trudng hap khong bi coi la tpi phgm do khdng thda min bdn yeu to ciu thinh tdi phgm (tdi cd y gay thuang tich hogc gay tdn hai cho sue khoe ciia ngudi khac va tdi trpm cap tai san. nhat la chua thda man dau hipu hiu qua cua hanh vi phgm tpi). Cac trudng hpp niy chi hi coi la vi phgm hinh chinh va ngudi vi phgm se hi
\u ly theo quy dinh ciia Luat Xu Iy vi pham hanh chinh nam 2012. Luat Phdng, chong bgo luc gia dinh nam 2007 va cac van ban hudng dan thi hinh^ Do dd, ket lugn nhu quan diem thii nhat rang "BLHS cang cy the bao nhieu thi... tpi phgm cd nguy co xay ra nhieu han ma khong bj xu ly" li khdng chinh xac.
- Neu quan diem thii nhat cho rang:
"BLHS cing cy the bao nhieu thi ngudi ap dyng cic quy dinh ciia BLHS cang "ludi"
biy nhieu, hp khdng can niem tin npi tam, khong can no lyc, phan dau, ren luypn, hpc tgp nang cao trinh dp chuyen mon. nghipp vu, \ i khi do hp khong phai mat nhieu cong siic de phan tich, danh gia tinh chat, miic dp nguy hiem cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi pham tpi;
Dicm a kboan 3 Dicu 5 Ngh) d;nhso 167 2013'NE>-CPngay 12 11^2013 cua Chinh phu quy dinh xirph^I vi ph^m hinh chinh trong ITnh vyc an mnh. trit ttf, an toin xa bpi. phong. cbong If n^n xa hpi; piidng chiy va chua chiy;
pbdng, chong b^o l|^ gia dinh quy d|nh xir pb^t \i pham quy d)nh vc trat ty cpng cpng nhu sau: '*3. Ph^t tien til
•> fWio.OOO dong den 3.000,000 dong doi vdi mpt trong nhimg hinh vi sau day a) Tang trir, cai giau trong ngudi. dd v^t, phuang tifn giao thong cac lo^i dao. bua. cic I091 cong cy. phuang tifn khac thudng dung trong lao dpng. sinh hoai hing ngiy nhim tnyc dich co > gay thuong tich cho nguin khac;" (Ngh| d)nh nay hifn nay van thieu quy dinh ve ranh gidi ipi ph^nt c6 y gay thuang tich va vi pb^m cd y gay thirong tich).
- Khoan 1 vi diem a kboin 2 Diiu 49 Ngh| djnh sd 167/2013 N D-CP ngay 12/11^2013 ciiaChinhphu quy dinh xii ph9t Vl ph?ni hanh chinh nnng linh vyc an lunh, dit tv, an toan xi hpi; phdng. chdng tf n ^ xa hpi, phdng chay va chua chiy; (rfidng. cbdng bap lvc ^ a dinh quy dinh \\i phat hinh v 1 xam hai sire khdc thanh vien gia dinh nhu sau;
~ I. Phjt nen tir I 000.000 ddng den 1.500.000 ddng ddi vdi hinh vi dinh dip gay thuang tich cho thanh vicn gia dinh. 2 Ph^ttien tir 1.500 000 dong den 2.000.000 ddng dpi \di nipl trong iihiing binh \i sau day a) Sir dvng cic cdng cv. pbiiong " f l hojc cac vit dyng khac ga\ thuong tichchotbinh vien giadinh:.. "'.
- E h ^ a khoan I Dicu 15 Nghi djnh sd 16"' 2013 ND-CP nga> 12/11 2013 oia Chinh phu quy d(nh xu phat v. ph?m hanh chinh trong Einh vyc an nmh. tr^t n;, an toan va hpi; phdng. chdng tf nan xa bpi; phdng chiy va chira chiy; phdng.
chdng b»o lyc gia dinh quy dinh xu ph« vi j)h?m quy dtnh vc gay djiei hai din tii san ciia ngudi khac nhu sau "I Phitneniii 1 000 000 ddng den 2,000 000 dong doi \oi mpt trong nhimg hanh vi sau day a) Trpm cip tii san..
—: , HOHIlN einj o ^ S605<333)T3ra)17V_LAp P H A P " '
BAN VE Dir AN LUAT
cung khong mat nhieu cdng sire de phan tich, danh gii tinh chat cua tinh hinh tpi phgm cung nhu nguyen nhan, dieu kipn cua tinh hinh tpi pham de qua do de xuit giii phip diu tranh phdng, chdng tpi phgm"
ciing khdng chinh xic. Bdi le, Dieu 50 BLHS da quy dinh ve can cii quy^t dinh hinh phat nhu sau: "1. Khi quyet dinh hmh phat. Toa an can cii vao quy dinh ciia Bp luat nay, can nhac tinh chit vi miic dp nguy hiem cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi phgm tpi, nhan than ngudi pham tpi, cac tinh tiet giam nhp vi tang n^ng trach nhipm hinh sir 2. Khi quyet dinh ap dyng hinh phgt tien, ngoai can cii quy djnh tgi khoin 1 Dieu niy, Toa an can cu vao tinh hinh tai san. khi nang thi hanh cua ngudi phgm tpi".
Quy dinh niy cho thay. cho du BLHS CO cy the bao nhieu thi ngudi ip dyng cic quy dinh cua BLHS vin phai"... can cii vao quy djnh ciia BLHS, can nhac tinh chat va muc dp nguy hiem cho xa hpi ciia hanh vi phgm lpi, nhin than ngudi phgm tpi, cic tinh tiet giam nhp va tang ngng trich nhipm hinh sy; tinh hinh tai san, kha nang thi hanh ciia ngudi phgm tpi" va khi do, hp cang cin hem niem tin npi tam, can no lyc, phin diu, ren luypn, hpc tgp nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghipp vy hon, vi cd nhu vgy hp mdi CO kha nang phan hoa ro ban timg trudng hpp phgm tpi da dupc quy djnh rat cy the trong BLHS.
ITiir ba. chimg toi iing hp quan diem thii hai con vi yeu cau ngiy cing cao ciia vipc bao dam quyen con ngudi, quy^n cdng dan, tren co sd the che hoa Cuang linh xay
dyng dit nudc trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi, ke thira Hien phip nam 1946, Hifin phap nim 1959, Hidn phip nim 1980, Hifin phip nam 1992 va d|ic bipt la yfiu ciu thfi che hda Difiu 14 Hien phap nim 2013:
"1. CJ nudc Cpng hda XHCN Vipt Nam, cic quyfin con ngudi, quyfin cdng dan ve chinh tri, dan sy, kinh tfi, van hda, xa hpi dupc cong nhgn, tdn trpng, bio \'p, bio dam theo Hifin phap vi phap lugt. 2. Quyen con ngudi, quyfin cong din chi cd the bj hgn che theo quy dinh ciia lugt trong trudng hpp can thiet vi ly do qu6c phdng, an ninh quoc gia, trgt ty, an toan xa hpi, dgo due xa hpi, siic khoe cua cpng ddng".
Thu tu, BLHS cang cy thfi bao nhieu thi cang chong oan sai tot bay nhieu va nhd vgy, cing nang cao hipu qui dau tranh phong, chong tpi phgm. Nhgn djnh niy hoan toan phil hpp vdi danh gii cua Uy ban thudng vy Quoc hpi khoa XIII ve nguyen nhan dan den tinh hinh oan, sai trong vipc ip dyng phip lugt ve hinh sy: "Mpt sd quy djnh ciia BLHS cdn bat cgp, thieu hudng dan cic tinh tifit dinh tinh nhu: hgu qui nghiem trpng, rit nghiem trpng; sd lu<;mg ldn, rit ldn, d$c bipt ldn; quy md thuang mgi, dpng vgt dupc uu tien bao vp...; vin de djnh lupmg tii sin trong mpt so tpi phgm"*
chinh la nguyfin nhan cua tinh hinh oan sai trong hogt dpng dieu tra, truy td, xet xii trong thdi gian qua'.
Chinh vi bon ly do ca bin nhu da nfiu trfin, chimg toi khing dinh ring, BLHS cdng cg the bao nhieu thi cdng ndng cao hifu qud ddu tranh phdng. chdng tpi phgm bdy nhieum
4 Do*n 1 khoin 2 Mvc 111 Bao cao s6 870/BC-UBTVOHi3 ngiy 20/5/2015 cua tiy ban thudng vv Qu6c hpi v^ ket qui giam sil "Tinh hinh oan, sai trong vifc ip dvng phip lu^l ve hinh su. td tvng binh sy vi vi^c bdi thudna thiet hai cho ngudl b| oan trong hoat dpng to tyng hinh sv theo quy dinh ciia phip luit" o v >*
5 Xem cv the Hii Mye I Bio cao so 870'BC-UBTVQH 13 ngiy 20/5/2015 ciia Uy ban thudng vy Qu6c hpi v^ k^t qui glim sil "Tinh hinh oan. sai trong vifc ap dvng phip lugt v^ hinh sv, lA tyng hinh sv vi Mfc boi thudng ihiei hai cho ngudl b| oan uting ho^t dpng to tyng hinh sv theo quy dinh cua phip tuit",..
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NaHiiN cuuPHAPVsi05<333)T3/2017
