PHAT TRIIN NANG lUG GIAI QUYIT VAN lit GHO HOG SINH KHI OAY HOG
PGS.TS. N G U Y E N THj THE B I N H " - BUI THI N H U N G "
T
rong nhflng nam gan day, nu'dc ta dang tien hanh doi mdi chutmg frinh giao due tijf dinh hudng ngidung day hgc (DH) sang dinh humg p/?a7fre/7/7anp/yC{NL),ttii/chien muc tieu phattrien toan dien nhan each ngi/di hpe, chfl frpng NL van dung kien ttiflc vao ttiiiC tien. Do v i y , viec hinh ttianh vaphatfrie'nchohpcsinh{HS)hetii6ngNLcdtldila nhiem vudac bietquantrpngctja cac mdn hocdtiirdng frung hpc pho ttidng (THPT), frong dd cd bd mdn Lichsd^lS).1. NL chung va NL rieng cua bp m d n LS NL la kha n i n g dat duoc mdt ket qua nhat dinh tix)ng mpt edng viec cu tfie do mpt eon ngfldi cu tiie tiiuc hien. Nd la mpt tiiupc tinh tam li phue hop; to'hop cac tiiupc tlnh ddc dao cua nhan each; diem hdi tucua nhung yait6nhutiitfiLn:,kTnang,thaidd, kinh nghiem, san sang hanh ddng, bach nhian dao dije... NL khdng phai cd s i n , m i duoc hinh tiianh v i phattrien trong quafrinh hoatdpng. Vivay, hoatdpng la dieu kien can thiet chosflhinh tiianh va phattrien NL.
"NL chunglaNL caban, tiiietye'umabatkingu^
nao cung can desong va lam viec. Cac NL chung dugc hinh tiianh va phat tiien qua eae mdn hgc va hoatdaigtiainghiem sangtad" {];^5),g6m:luhqc;
gial quyet vi'n de va sang tao; sfldung ngdn ngflva giao tiep; hpp tie; tinh toan; sfldung cong nghetiidng tin va fruyen fridng;ttiam mT, tiie'chat (1; fr 5).
Can efl v i o NL ehung, frong quatrinh DH, hJy tiiudc vao dac tiung eua mdn hpc can hinh tiianh cho HS he ttidng NL rieng. NL dac ttiu mdn hpc la "NL duge hinh tiianh ba IAJ tiie eua mdn hgc. No lien quan chatehetctidaediem cim mdn /jpc"(1; tr5). Ddi vdi bd mdn LS, den nay cac nha khoa hpc chua di den tiiong nhatve nhung NLcdt Idi canhinh ttianh va phat frien cho HS. Vivay, can e i n eflvao NL chung, dac diem cua bd mdn, kien ttiflc LS, qua frinh n h i n ttiue cua HS va "chui'n dau ra" cua mdn hpc de xac djnh NL rieng cho bd mdn LS. Tfldd, ttieo chflng tdi, NL rieng cua bp mdn Z.S dfrudng THPT gm: tiiu tiiap va xuli ttidng tin ve LS; tai hien qua khflLS; xac
28 Tap chl Gido dye so 364
djnh mdi lien he logic cua LS; danh gia sukien, nhan vat ttieo quan die'm LS; ttiuc hanh v i van dung kiwi ttiflc LS vao cupc s o i g ; frinh bay kien ttiflc LS.
2. Phat trien nang luc giai quyet van de ( N L G Q V D ) c h o H S t r o n g D H I S d l r u d n g THPT
Trong qua tiinh DH d tivdng pho ttidng, /VZ.GOl^£}dflOccoitamptfrong nhflng NLcdt ldi can hinh tiiinh vaphat frien cho H S . D i y la 0'hgpcacNL tiie hien dcac kinang (thao tac tuduy va hanh dgng) tiong hoat ddng hgc tap nhim giai quyet co hBu qui nhung van dehgc tap, tinh hudng va nhiem vudatrn.
Ngudi cd NLGQ VD phai dam bao ba yeu t a c d kl^n tiiflc (hieu biet)vevan decan giaiquyet;cdkTning giai quyetvande (GQVD); cd ttiai dp dung khi GQVD (y thflc ti/giae, tich cflc, say me, hung tiiu). Trong do, ki n i n g G Q VD la thanh td cdt Idi, quyet dinh viec hinh thanh va phattrien NLGQVD cho ngfldi hpc.
NLGQVD cua HS trong qua frinh DH bp mdn d tnrdng phd'thdng, gom: - Phathien vi'n de LS vaneu van de can giai quye't; - N h i n tiiflc v i Ifla chpn dfldc cachthflcGQVDtdiuunha't;-Nghiencfluti/lieu,tim kiem thdng tin lien quan de'n van de; - Dfla ra cac phuong an tra Idi va chpn phuong an tdi uu; -Trinh bay dien bien cua sukien LS qua do dung fruc quan;
-Tim ra md'i lien he ban chatcila sukien LS va danh gia sukien LS; -Van dung kien ttiuc LS degiai quy^
nhung van de ttiue tien; - Trinh bay, bao cao (tiiuye!
trinh) ketqua hoatdpng hpctap eua minh.
De phattrie'n NLGQVD cho HS frong quafrinh DH LS, giio vien (GV) can tiii/c hien cac bfldc can ban s a u : / ^ Hudng d i n HS tim hieu/phat hien vail de b i n g each tao tinh huchg c o v i n de; phat bleu va dat miic dieh i'e GQVD dd; 2) Hudng d i n HS GQVB b i n g each lam rd m a quan he gifla cai chfla biet vdi cai da biet; de xua't va ttiflc hien hudng GQVD; frinh bay each GQVD; 3) Nghien ctjtj va kiem ti^ ldi giai;
de xuat nhflng van de mdi cd Gen quan va GQVD (neu cdttie).
* Tnr^ag fiai hpc stf pham Ha Npi
" Tnrimg fning hpc pbfftoag Chuyen Le Hong Phong, NanOjnli
(ki 2-8/2015)
Trong mdi bai hpc, tiet hpe, G V can van dung ynh hoat cac phuong phap day hoc (PPDH), bien phap su pham eu the'dephat trien NLGQVD c h o H S .
3. Mpt s d p h u a n g phap phat trie'n NLGQVD cho HS l(hi DH cudc Tong tien cong va noi day Xuan 197S {LS12)
3.1. Van dung nguyen tic DHneu van de. DH neu vi'n d e l i each day cduutiiedae biet dephat tiien NLGQVD cho HS. Khi DH ve eude Tong tien cdng wnCTday X u a n / 9 7 5 , G V e d t i i e d a n d i t H S vao tinh hud'ng cdvan detiidng qua bai tap nhin tiifle: Vdi viec kiketHiepdjnh Pari n i m 1973,MTphaieam kettdn trpng nen dpc lap, ehuquyen, thd'ng nhi'tvaloan ven linhtiid'cua VietNam,phai n j t q u i n v e nudc. Chiing ta da hoan tiianh nhiem via 'danh cho MJcuf, song
"Nguy van ehua nhao". V$y, am muu va tiiu doan mdi cua MJva chinh quyen Sai Gon sau Hiep dinh Pari nhu tiie nao? Chung tada chu ddng dd'i pho vdi am mtm mdi cua chiing ra sao? Bang te dera chu tn/ong, kehoach giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam tiong hoan canh nao? Thai ca cua eugc Tdng tien cdngvanadayXuan 1975? Nghetiiuaiquansucua ta qua didn bi&i cac chien dieh ? Nguyen nhan thing lgi, y nghia LS cua eugc kfiang chien ehdng MJcdu niA?i;cJanftandante?Ddlanhflng npidung coban nhatean giaiquyet frong bai.
Dd'hieu dflpc "am muu, thu doan mdi cua IVIiva chinhquyenNguySaiGdn'',US6qcsachg\aokhoa, quansatkenhhinh,taihlen kien tiiuc dihpc, ket hpp vdi trao doi ttiao luan de hie'u dupe: tiJy MT va quan dong minh da nit khoi mien Nam, nhung chung v i n de lai han2van cd van quan su,6atvientitrvu khi, kinh te, chl dao quan dpi Sai G ^ tien hduih chien dich "banngap l^h tii&, m d c i c cudc hanh quan de "binh dinh va^
cft«m"vflng giai phdng cua ta. Thi/c chat, d i y l i hanh ddng tiep hJc chien lua: "VietNam hoa chi&i tianh'cOa MT.Vephiata,dobandaukhdngdanhgiahetimmuu p h i hoai Hiep djnh Pari cua djch, nen d i bj mat mdtsd dia ban dan eu quan tipng.
Khitim hie'u veehutiirongva kehoach giaiphdng mien Nam cua Dang, GV neu vi'n de: Visao cu&
nam 1974daunam 1975, Bang ta^Sra chu tn/ang giaiphdng mien Nam tronghainam 1975va 1976?
Chu tiuong va kehoach do tiep tuc duoe dieu chhh nhutiienao? Visao cosu dieu chinh dd?Deg\a\
quyetduocnhungvi'n denay, HS phaidua vao sach giao khoa, tai lieu tiiam khao, kien ttiflc da hpc, tim hie'u ve tiidi co cua cupc Tmg tien cdng va naday Xuan 1975. Sau chien tiling Phudc Long (1/1975), so sanh ttJC Udng cd k?i cho ta, Hdi nghi Bd ehinh fri
(ki2-8/2015)
Tnjng uong Dang (cucS 1974 - dau 1975) de ra chu fruong, kehoach giai phonp mien Nam frong hai n i m 1975-1976, dong ttidi nhan m ^ h , nam 1975 la ttidi cova "n&j tiidicoden vao dau hoac eua nam 1975, till lap bkg^phdng mien Nam tiong nam 1975'.T\S do, giup HS nhan tiifle dupc su sang tao, nhay ben cua Dang tieng viec giaiquyeimotquan hegiua tiling kjildn vequan sutien chien tiudng v^dieu chinh chu tnrang, quyetdjnh giaiphdng hoan toan mien Nam.
HStieptiJctimhieusi/dieu chlnh ehu tiuong giai phdng mien Nam bang viec phan tich m a quan he giua tiiang Iplcua chien djch Tay Nguyen vdi ke hoach giai phdng Hue-Da N i n g cua Dang. Chien djch T i y Nguyen tiiang lpi, dua cudc khang chien cua ta tfl Hen edng chien lupc'phattiien tiianh Id'ng tie'n cdng chiai luct"fren tijan chien frudng mien Nam. Kehoach giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam tiep tiJC dUpC dieu ehinh khi chien djch Hue - Da N i n g gianh ttiing Id nhanh ehdng (21/3-29/3/1975). Bd Chinh frj Trung uong D ^ g nhan djnh va quyet dinh chien djch glal phdng Sai Gdn -Gia Djnh mang ten Chie'n dich Ho ChiMinhvdiphuang cham: Than tdc, bat ngd, tao bao, ehic tiiang", 'Dinhanh d&i, danh nhanh tiling";
"iVIdt ngay bang 20 nam".
Nhuviy.quaviectimhiaj mdiquan heglfla tiling loiquin suvcrt viee dieu chinh kip thcS chu truong, ke hoach giaiphdng mien Nam, giflp HS hie'u sau s i c duoc ttidicp cua cudc Tong tie'n edng va naday Xuan 7575. Mdi ttiing Id quan sfl lai tao ra tiidi comdi cho cudc khang chie'n cua ta, tij'dd, danh gia 6uqc vai frd cua Dang dd'i vdi sfl nghiep giaiphdng mien Nam.
3.2. Van dung PPDH theo duan.PPDh ttieo dfl an rit ed uu ttie frong viec phat tiien NLGQVD Clio HS. Cd tiie to chfle DH "duan tiieo tilnh frr h/a ehpn de tai va xac dinh muc dieh cua duan, x i y dung ke hoach tiiue hien; thi/c hien dt; i n ; cdng bd san phi'm;danhgiadflan.
De van dung vao bai day n i y , GV cho HS ttiao lu|n chu de Idn cua dt; an (cd tiie la Am vang Taig ttsn cd/jp A'uan 75) va xac djnh chu de nhd cho tijfng nhdm •.-Nhom ZtimhieuvechiendjehTiyNguydn;
- Nhom 2 tim hie'u ve chien djch Hue - Da Nang;
- Nhm 3 tim hie'u ve chien djch Ho Chi Minh. De hoantiianhduan,nhdm trfldng mdi nhwn phai phan cdng nhiem vy eho tijfng ttianh vien (suu tam \u lieu, tiBnh anh, ban do, phim fr; lieu, frao d a , ttiao luan, tap hpp bao cao, tao san pham, chuan bi va bao eao ket qua). Sau mpthjan chui'n bj, cae nhdm bao cao ket qua. Vidy, san phi'm npidung cua nhom 1 can ligiai cac van de cot ldi: Visao ta chgn Tay Nguyen ^hu^g
Tap chi Gido due so 364 29
ti&i cdng chuy&l tiong nam 1975? VisaochgnBudn Ma Thudt lam diem md dau eua chie'n djch Tay Nguyen ?Nghethuatquansutrong chien dich? Ket qua vay nghia cua chien djch Tay Nguyen? Trong qua trinh ttiuc hien d u an, HS phai li giai dupc: Ta chpn T i y Nguyen lam hudng tien cdng chu yeu tiong n i m 1975 vi Tay Nguyen la mot trong 3 vung chien lupc quan trpng tren chien trudng mien Nam.Tflday, eddfldng giao tiidng quan trpng t i n edng xudng Da Nang, SaiGdn. Do vj triquan trpng nen catava dieh deu CO n i m gifl. Ve phia ta, d T a y Nguyen cd cP sd hau can vflng manh, gan dudng chie'n lupe B i c - Nam nen edng tac van chuyen luc lupng r i t tiiuin Ipi.
Tien cdng T i y Nguyen se pha vd he ttidng phdng ngflcuadjch, thyc hien chia c i t Idn tren chien tnidng mien Nam; tao dieu kien tiiuin Ipi eho ta phat trien chie'n lupc tie'n edng fren cae vung edn lai. Ve phia dich, Tay Nguyen la noi chung cd nhieu so hd, dieh lai phan d o i n sai hudng tien edng eua ta, chung t i p trung luc lupng chu yeu d Pliyku, Kon Tum, so h o d BudnMaThupt.
Vehinh tiiflc san pharn, cac nhdm can suu tam he tiiong franh, anh, phim ti; lieu, ban dd, cau ehuyen lien quan de'n tiJng chie'n djch...
3.3. V$n dung PPDH trai nghiem sang tao.
D i y la PPDH tao ra nhieu hoat dpng de' HS kham pha khanang sang tao eua minh, lam quen vdi phuong phap nghien cuu, thu ttiap, xd li tiidng tin; frinh bay b i n g eae hinh tiiflc da dang nhfl: trien lam, thuyet trinh, bao tfldng, kjch ndi, dong vai...
Khi day ve cudc Tmg tien edng va noidayXuan 1975, GV cdthe van dung phflOng phap "ddng vai"
giup HS t i l hidn gid phut dau hang vd dieu kien cua Td'ng tiidng DflPng V i n Minh v i npi cac Sai Gdn (1j3h45' ngay 30/4/1975 tai Dinh DpcLap). Kjch ban g6m:3HSddnipvaichie'nsTquan giai phdng tren xe tang 390 hucddcd'ngDinhDpc Lap, tiai vao b i t sdng loan bd ndi cae Sal Gdn; 1 HS ddng vai Td'ng tiid'ng Duong Van Minh dpc ldi tuyen bo dau hang khdng dieu kien tiudcquan giai phdng... Hoat ddng tiai nghiem nay giup HS khdng chi hie'u s i u kien tiifle, ma cdn tao xuc cam L S v i g i y hflng ttiu hpc tap cho eacem.
3.4. Van dyng phuang phap tranh luan. Vdi phupng phap nay.GV gpimdcho HS suy nghT, danh gia ve mdt vi'n de LS ttieo nhflng hudng khac nhau.
GV vfla langudineu vi'n dephan bien caeykien cua ngfldi hpc, vua dong h i n h vert HS deban bae, khuyen khich tfl duy ddc l i p , sang tao va kha n i n g lien he thuc tidn eua HS de van de tranh luan dflpc phong phu va tiiu hut.Day la phuong phap tdtnhi't dephat
301 Tgp chi Gido due so 364
tiien frrduy phan b i ^ ; v i v i y , n d rated uuttiedephat trien NLGQVD eho { i s { 2 ; f r 1 9 ) .
GV ed thd'gpi mdcho'TlS tranh lugn theo nhdm ve nguyen n h i n quyet djnh d i n den tiling lpi ciia cudc Tmg tii'n cong va naday Xuan 1975va cupc khang chien chd'ng MTcflu nudc 1954-1975. Day la cau hoi cd nhieu dap an khae nhau nen rat phu hpp vdi phupng phap tranh luin.Deluan giaidupc viin de nay, HS phai neu dupe nhflng nguyen n h i n co ban d i n de'n thing Ipi, nhu: sulanh dao cua Dang; tioiyen ttidng yeu nude, stjfc manh doan ket chie'n dau cua dintdc;sflemanh cua h i u phuong mien B i c XHCN;
sflc manh eua khdi doan ketehien dau eua nhan dan 3 nudc Ddng DUPng; su dong tinh, ung hd eua cac nfldc XHCN va Iflc lufflig yeu chudng hoa binh ttifi' gidi... Mdinhdmedtheehpnmdtnguyen nhan khac nhau de thao l u i n ; tuy nhien, can dua ra dan chflng va lap luin c h i t che de tiiuyet phue cae nhom khac.
Nhuvay, ttidng qua phuongphap tranh luin, HS se n h i n tiiflc da chieu va sau sac v l LS; dong tiicri, phat trien kha n i n g thuyet trinh va NLGQVD.
P h i t trien NLGQVD cho HS la nhiem vu quan trpng tron^ quatrinh DH ndi ehung, DH Zsndi rieng.
Trong mdi bai hpc, neu GV td'ehflc theo hucrig phat trien NL, se gdp phan lam cho bai hpc hap d i n , sinh ddng, "cd khdng khi LS", tao hflng tiiu hpc t^ip cho HS. Tuy nhien, de phat trien NLGQVD, ddl hoi phai ren luyen tiiudng xuyen, cd tiiii dp hpc tap tich cflc, chu ddng, dpc lap, sang tao cua H S va sflhflii'ng dan t i n t i m cua G V . a
(1) Bo GD-DT. Chuong trlnh gido d^tc phd thdng ldng th^ trong chuong trinh gido d\fc phd thdng mdi.
TM lifiu hOi thio, H. 2015.
(2) Nguy§n Hoing H i . "Rfen luyfin nSng lire phSn bifn cho sinh vifin trong d^y hpc cdc hpc ph^n phucmg phap chuyfin nghnh sirpham mdm non". TgpchlCido t/{jc,sef 249/2010.
T a i lieu tham k h a o
1. Ban Tuyfin giao Trung uong. Tai lifiu hpc Mlp Nghj quyet H6i ngh{ Xin thu- 8 Ban ChSp hdnh Trung uong Diing COng san VietNam khoa XI (dung cho dang vifin c a s a ) . NXB Chinh tri qudc gia - Sifthdt, H. 2013.
2. Bernd Meier - NguySn Van C u ^ g . Pfidttri^n ndng luc thdng qua phuang phdp vd phmmg tiin day htfc m&i. T i i lifiu t$p huffn giao vifin trung hoc ph6 thOng, 2005.
(Xem Hep trang 27)
(ki2-8/2015)
gian, sukien LS, cau noi noi tilng, roi dao v| tri va yeu cau cac em ghep doi sao cho diing.
Wrfv.-A. 1. Binh Tay Dai Nguyen Soai.
2.'Bao gidTiy nhd hit CO nadc Nam mcH mdi ngudi Nam danh Ta/
3. Llnh dao phong trao nong dan Yen The.
B. a. Nguyin Tmng Tn/c.
b. Hoang Hoa Tham (De Tham).
cTniongDInh.
Dap an: ic; 2a; 3b.
2.7. Tha van L S . D e ttiue hien TC nay, GV lay cac tac pharn sd hpc hoac nhflng ang v i n chuong vi^tve LS, g i n vdi phan ehuong trinh hgc maGV ed hudng d i n HS dgc ttiem, hoac nam frong su md rdng kien tiifle ma HS nen biet. GV nen chgn nhflng ciu, nhflng doan n g i n cdy tflsuc tich, dua rayeu eau bosung n h i ^ g tfledn khuyet va xac djnh xuatxfl(tae pham) eua doan van. Wc/u; 1) 'Oii phai gian lao khang chien, vdi mgt long kien quyet thing Vft nhat djnh se v l dSn t§c ta" (chfi de khuyet la tii "hi sinh", trich idi keu ggi loan qudc khang chien, ngay 20/12/1946 cua Chu tjch Ho Chi Mlnh) (1; tr 480). 2] Ta thudng tdi bi?a quen i n , nua dem vfi gfi'i,ruQtdaunhucat,nucrcm^ti5amdia,chi. chua xa thit Igt da, nuot gan uong mau Dau cho trim than nay phoi ngoai ngi CO, nghin xac nay goi trong da ngua ta cung vui long' (chfi dS' khuyet la ti) "cim tiic" va tii "quSn thu". trich "Hich tt/ong sF cua Hung Dgo Vuang Tran Quoc Tui'n) (2; Ir 55)
3. Nhu vay, viec td' chflc TC trong day hoc LS khdng chi don thuan la phuong tien giai tri bd' ieh ma cdn giiip HS d l hie'u, d i k h i c sau kien thflc, n i m
dugc mdt so kT n i n g quan trgng nhu kTnang giao ti'^; kTnang van ddng nhanh nhen, kheo leo; kTnang hgp tac; kTnang lam viec nhdm; k l n i n g ra quyet djnh. Dieu d i e biet hon ea la to chfle TC se kieh ttiich HS hge t i p , ITnh hdi tri ttiflc LS mot each d l dang,ed niem say me.hflngtiiuhon trong gidhpc LS dfrudng phd'thdng. i ^
(1) Hd Chi Minh toan t a p (t^p 4). NXB Chinh tri qudc gia-Su thdt. a 1995.
(2) N g * van 8 (t$p 2) NXB Gido d{ic Viit Nam, H.2004.
Tat li^u tham k h i o
1. A.X. MacarencO. Toan tSp (tjlp V). NXB Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc gido due, COng h6a Lifin bang Nga, Moskva. 1958.
2. G.A.Culaghina. 100 tro choi Ljch s&. NXB Gido due, Moskva, 1967.
3. Phan Ngoc Lien (chu bifin). Ddi mdi phutrng p h ^ p day HQC mdn Ljch su-d' t r u d n g pho thdng. NXB D^i hgc suphtfm, H. 2005.
SUMMARY
In the organizational form of teaching histoiy. the organization is a historic game In the form ofteach- ing to 0ve students a lot of excitement when access to historical knowledge. The article introduces the game designing forms in teaching History in order to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning interests for students for the History subject in sec- ondary schools.
Tich hdp glao due ki nano sOng...
(Tiep theo trang 24)
2. NguySn Khiic Phi (tdng chfl bifin). Ngd- vSn 7 vii NgO" vfin 9 (t(lp I. t$p 2). NXB Gido diic Viit Nam, H.2014.
3. Vy GiSo dye trung hpc, BO GD-DT. Chuong trinh phdt triin gido due trung hoc; Gido di^c gid tri vd ki ndng sdng cho hpc sinh phd thdng. Tai li^u tjp hu^n giSo vifin trung hgc c o s o , trung hpc ph6 thfing. 2010.
SUMMARY
Life Skills Education for mountainous ethnic mi- nority students is a task, as well as the advantages of the current philology. With a sense of responsibil- ity and quall/lcaUons, professional competence, con- ditions are assured, philology subject teachers should Integrate life skills education through the exploita- tion of teaching content, form and method of philol- ogy teaching in flexible and creative way. matching mountainous ethnic minority students.
(ki2-8/2015)
Phat tried nang Idt giai qnifil...
(Tiep theo Irang 30)
3. Trdn Trung DQng. " T 6 chiic ho^t d(>ng dfiy hpc a truung trung hpc ph6 thOng theo djnh huong ph&t iri^n nang liic hpc sinh". T?p chi Khoa hgc Gido d{tc, SO' 106/2014.
4. Phan Ngpc Lifin. Lich si> 12. NXB Gido difc, H.2008.
SUMMARY
In the process of teaching history subject in hi^
school, problem solving capacity is considered as one of core capacities needed to tie formed and devel- oped for students. In order to develop problem sohr- Ingcapacity, there are many forms, methods, teach- ing means and pedagogical measures. It requires a process of regular training, with positive, active, in- dependent and creative leaming attitudes of students as well as devoted guides of teachers.
