Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hgc Thai Nguygn MifeN NUI PHiA B A C VIET NAM - KHONG GIAN LANH THO TUONG T A C DIA - V A N H O A T H O N G N H A T T R O N G » A DANG: NHAN T H U C V A C A C H TIEP CAN
Vu Nhu Van' Abstract
Northern Mountainous Vietnam - a cultural unity in diversity : Understanding and approaches to the geo - cultural spacio - territorial interaction
In the article some of issues are analized as follows : (I) General awareness of spacio - territorial geo-cultural interaction: (2) Three component parts of approaches to spacio-temtorial geo-cultural interaction; (3) Spacio-territorial geo-cultural differentiation m Northern Mountainous Vietnam. (4) Spacio- territorial geo-cultural differentiation in condition of camming comprehensive strategic partnerships of the two countries Vietnam - China. In conclusion of the report, the author said that the corollary of vision to the spacio - territorial geo-cultural interaction is the need to restructure / reshape Socio - economic Geography of Nor them Mountainous Vietnam towards green and sustainable development
1 NHAN THUC CHUNG VE K H 6 N G GIAN L A N H T H O T U O N G T A C DIA - V A N HOA MIEN NUI PHIA B A C
Mien nui phia Bic Vigt Nam duoc cac nha dia Ii danh gia la vimg lanh tho rdng Idn gom hai thyc the Ddng Bac, Tay Bac tiong sy van ddng tir phan hoa lanh tho tmyen thong sang to chiic khdng gian phit trien md. Nguygn nhan va he qua phat tngn kinh ti - xa hdi viuig lanh tho nay dupc cac nha sinh thii hoc tgi Trung tam nghien ciiu Tai nguyen & Mdi tradng (DHQG Ha Ndi) dien giii nhu la mpt hg thong phiic tap, da dang vi mdi tradng ty nhien, phong phii ve van hda dan tpc hpc; dan s6 ngiy cang tang, tinh trgng ddi ngheo dang Ii van de ding Io ngai (!). Trgn quan diem Ueh sii van hoi, cic nha van hoa hoc Viet Nam (DHQG Ha Ndi), nhin nhan Tay Bic, Viet Bic Ii hai tieu vimg van hda trong Sa d6 7 vung van hoi eita VietNam .[1],[4],[8].
Tir nam 1956, va cho din nay. Mien niii phia Bic duac cic nhi ndng nghigp smh thii xic dinh nhu li mpt dan vj lanh tho trong So d6 7 vung ndng nghigp sinh thai eua dit nude. So do nay trd thinh bp khung tham chieu co sd trong phan vimg lanh tho phyc vu xay dung chiin lupc phat trien kinh ti - xa hpi cap qu6c gia v i dja phuang. Cac chuygn gia tgi Vign Chien luac v i Chinh sach phat trien (Bp KH&DT) cpi Mien nui phia Bac nhu Ii mdt don vi qui hoach lanh tho khdng cd tinh Quing Ninh sau khi tich / nhap tinh niy ve D6ng bang sdng Hdng va Vung kinh t i tipng diim BicBp. [3],[6]
Nhin chung, dudi gdc nhin da chieu tir dja Iy ljch sur van hoa - sinh thai nhan van, giiia cac nhi dia Ii Hch sii vin hoi va cac nha sinh thai cd sy thdng nhat quan diem danh gii Mien niii phia Bac la mpt hg thpng phdn hdi tich cue tu khuyich dai Ty nhien - Con ngudi - Van hoi. Qua trinh giao luu va tiip biin van hda d ndng thdn Viet Nam ngiy nay ndi chung va miin mii phia Bic ndi rieng, giiia cic tpc ngudi vdi nhau, giua dong bang v i ntien nui, giira c ^ dia phuang hai bgn quoc gidi Vigt - Trang dang dien ra manh me, sdi ddng. Nhiiu nhan t6 dja - van hda gin vdi qui trinh cdng nghigp hda, hiin dgi hda dang xuit hign trong ddi song tiidn ban, budc diu phat huy tic dyng, tgo ra cic gia trj van hda mdi. Ben cgnh dd sy diit giy trayen th6ng trong qui trinh tiip biin van hda da v i dang dan tdi nguy ca hyt hang, tie ddng tieu cue den ddi song van hoa va phat trien kinh te,xa hpi ndi chung,
Trinh dp van hoi va tri thiic dia phuang c i ve hieu biet va hinh ddng thyc tien, chinh Ii siic
"manh npi luctuangudidan - ehu-the sing tgo lich sir, can phii dupc tran trpng v i phat huy va Ii CP sd ciia sy thinh cdng trong cdng cudc cdng nghiep hoi, hien dai hoa dat nude. Nhgn thiic dupc bin chat van hoa ciia dan t6c, hieu duoc gia tri cua tri thiic dja phuang, thi nhieu vin de ^ a - van hoi mien mii phia Bic khdng chi dupc kien giii ve mgt ly lugn cQng tihu phuang phap nghign ciiu tiep cgn dia - van hoa khu vyc, se cd vai trd v i y nghTa quan trpng tipng hoach djnh chien lupc phit trien v i hpi n h ^ .
' Khoa Dia ti Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyin
Kpyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd 7 ~ HIMI
Hoi Dia ly Vigt Nam Dai hpc Thii Nguyen 2. BA BO PHAN H Q P THANH CACH TIEP CAN TUONG T A C KHONG GIAN LANH THO DIA - V A N H O A MIEN NUI PHIA B A C
2.1. Tiip cin tuotig tie Ty nhign - X i hgi - Con ngudi
Nghign ciiu cic vin de ve tiep bien van hoi vat the ciing nhu phi vgt the, xet ve bin chit, do la viec tinh tdi cac nhan to khdng gian va thdi gian mdi tmdng dja Iy, tiong dd cac yeu t6 ty nhign, con ngudi vi xa hpi van ddng theo qui luat khich quan. Trong tu each la chu the dja - van hoa, con ngudi phii dieu tiit hanh vi img xu trong mdi tmdng dia Iy, ndi hep lai, la each irng xii trong san xuat, tap quin khai thac tii nguyen, bio vg mdi tmdng sinh thii; ndi rgng ra, dd l i each img xir voi toan bp quan he mdi tmdng xa hpi cua cac cdng dong cu dan dja phuang, cic quan he lien viing : viing cao / viing giira / viing thdp; trong dieu kien Mign nui phia Bac, dd li cac quan hg giUa reo cao / reo giua / reo thdp, xa hon, do la cac quan hg kmh ti, van boa sinh thii nhan van giua ba logi hinh khdng gian dia - van hoa : virng nui cao phia bdc / viing thung lUng / vitng trung du - ddng bdng sdng Hdng [5]
Nhung lien ket khdng gian dia - van boa, dupc bieu hign qua cie yiu t6 ngon ngii, tin ngudng, trayen th6ng, phong tuc, tap quan chung, cac gii tn nhu tinh lang nghTa xdm, tinh dong bio, tinh que huong, ldng yeu nude . deu Ii nhiing ket tn, ve ndi dung la dia - van hoa, vi hinh thiic van ddng, goi chung la cic kit tri khdng gian dia - vdn hod.
Trong ljch su Viet Nam cic kit trj khdng gian dia - van hoa hinh thanh tir cie hogt dpng ciia cu dan ndng nghigp trong cic cdng xa ndng thdn - mdt to chiic xa hpi mang tinh on djnh tir ddi nay qua ddi khic, gan bd nhung con ngudi trong mdi ling xa / thdn bin thanh mdt khoi, rdi lai lien kit chat che cac ling xa nay vdi nhau ciu thanh mpt dat nude, ciing nhau khai khan dat dai, thuin hoa cay tiong, vat nudi, Iam nhi cua, dudng di loi lai. Dong thdi vdi su hinh thanh cac hinh thiic giao luu van hda cpng dong nhu cimg ti, le hpi, chp biia, trao d6i sin pham, kit nghia, cuu mang nhau khi dong loai gap khd khan, hogn nan; doin kgt hy sinh chong ngogi xam, bio vg que huong, dit nude. Tat c i duge ket tinh trong he thong tri thirc bin dia, lam nen bin sac van hoa viing mien, suy
rpng ra l i bin sic van hpa qu6c gia - dan tpc Viet Nam. ' 2.2. Tiip cSn tmrag tac dia - sinh thai nhan van
Cho dii chua the san sing dua ra kien nghj cho mpt chien lupc phat tiien cy the, nhung vdi each tiip can tuong tac dja - sinh thai nhan van dii vdi Mien niii Viet Nam cic nha dia Ii thign ve mdt so van de cd tam quan tipng hang dau. Dd Ii :
• Thay ddi ca ciu nhgn thiic (thi gidi quan) Ii van de c6t loi. Mdt chuong trinh dii ban va tap trang vio cic lmh vyc nghien ciiu, giio due, dio tgo va pho biin thdng tin l i yeu t6 chii chot trong viec hoa giai khd khan, thich thiic, ddi hdi mpt sy c6 ging ben bi va lau dai. Myc dich ciia sy c6 ging nay la de kigm nghiem mdt Ipat cic gia thiit tmdc day chua dupc kiim tia va di kham phi nguygn nhan ciia nhung tiiuan loi va khd khan cd tinh dja - smh thai qui djnh trong quan he tuang tic vdi dja hinh, dit dai, khi hgu, thdi tiit, tinh da dgng sinh hpc, van hoa, sinh ki tdc ngudi - ggi chung Ii cic nhan to dia - sinh thai nhan van.
• Doi thogi ve cac van de phat trien mien nui can phii dupc phat huy va md rpng. Cic ket qua nghien eiiu phai duoc thao lugn rpng rai, cdi md d c ^ dp cpng dong va ca nhan. Dua ra cic gii thuyet, dat cau hdi nghi van ve tinh hpp ly va Ipi ich cua nhiing phgm tni dang t6n tai, phin bign djnh kien, khudn mau va bio thu l i phuang phap can dupc thuc hign trong khudn kho doi thogi vdi con ngudi trong moi quan he w i mdi tnrdng s6ng do dupc qui djnh bdi cac nhan to mdi tradng tyt nhien nhan tic v i chii the nhan tic dd Ii con ngudi thdng qua kinh nghiem ban dia ciia hp.[l]
• Viec ap dyng he th6ng cac chi sd quin Iy tii nguyen chp tiiay Miin mii phia Bic khdng the phat trien ben virng chi bang nhung chuong trinh mang tinh cyc bd, thign ve lpi ich ting tmdng kirih ke bing vigc chuyin giao ky thugt cdng nghe mdi, hudng tdi thi tmdng tiiam kbit tii nguyen, khdng tinh tdi loi ich ben viing cua ngudi dan dia phuang. Dd la vigc phai giiip dd ho trp mdt each cd trich nhiem de ngudi dan thich nghi duoc vdi sy biin doi moi tmdng nhanh chdng v i phuc tgp,
Kyyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dm lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hoi Dia Iy Viet Nam Sai hoc Thii Nguygn nhit la trong diiu kien bien doi khi hau toan ciu; nhu IPCC canh bao Viet Nam nam trong top cac quoc gia cd nguy ca chiu inh hudng nang nc nhat.
2.3. Tigp can tu-ffng tac dia - van hoa xanh va ben virng
Trong dieu kien miin mii nude ta, ndi chung muc dich ciia nen van hoa xanh la hudng toi hgn chi viec khai thac qua mire tii nguyen trong gidi ban tai sinh, giam nhe nguy ca can kiet, suy thoai khdng thi khdi phyc dupc. Npi him ciia nen van hoi xanh ay phai dupc nhan dien :
• Xu hudng van hoa xanh phai trd thinh nguyen tic tiip nhan va bien doi van hoa thudng tryc trong tu duy v i hanh dpng, tid thanh y thiic ty giac cdng dan, d muc cao hem, l i trd thanh thdi quen tiong san xuat, tap quan sinh hogt; van hoa xanh trong giao due, cac boat ddng khai thic tri thiic bin dja theo hudng than thien mdi tmdng, vi mdi tmdng s6ng chung cho cdng dong,
• Van hoi xanh l i ndi ham t)uan trpng trong chien lupc tang tradng xanh, trong dd tang tradng kinh te, giai quyit eic van dg xa hpi khdng lim tdn hgi cac ngudn lyc ty nhien, khdng pha vd tiang tiiii can bing mdi tmdng, trii lai, lam cho mdi tmdng sinh thai phat triin can bing vdi phat triin xa hgi;
• Nguyen tic hinh dpng vi nen van hoi xanh la Tu duy todn cdu / Hdnh dpng dia phuang tren co sd lya chpn thdng minh, tiep can sing tao, hudng tdi mdt nin van minh xanh, nin van hoa dung hpp tri tug con ngudi than thign, tdn trong cae qui luat ty nhien.
3. SU THONG N H A T V A P H A N H O A K H 6 N G GIAN - L A N H THO TUONG T A C DIA - VAN HOA MIEN NUI PHIA B A C
3.1. Mien niii phia Bac - mdt viing tirong t i c dia - van hoi thong nhat, gom hai thirc the : Tay Bac / Dong Bic
• Mpt viing dia - vdn hod thdng nhdt
Tinh thing nhit khdng gian lanh tho dja - van hoi cua Mign mii phia Bic, ve mgt tu nhien, dupc qui dinh bdi vi tri dja ly sat chi tuyen Bic (23°22' N) va dia hinh mii (tinh c i nude, mien niu chiem V* dign tich dat Hen). Tren nen khi hau nhiet ddi am gid miia, cd su pha tidn cic ygu to can nhiet v i dn ddi - hai thudc tinh ca ban v i pho biin quy luat dja ddi va phi dia ddi vdi sy thi hign sinh ddng trong qui trinh sudn dm hinh va hoat dpng phong hod bi mdt Dae diira m nhien dd dupc coi la yeu t6 dja - van hoi nen tang, chi ph6i vin boa sirtii ki ciia dan cu, trade hit Ii van hoi canh tic theo dja hinh, vdi hg canh ndng Iam ket hpp theo nuong ray, mdng bac thang v i he thdng dieu tiit khai thac va sir dyng ngu6n nude {muang, phai. Idi, lin). Ciing vdi do la ba biin vj vin hoa sin xuit theo dp doc dja hinh: rimg ddu ngudn (phin dinh mii, doi), viing nong ldm kit hgp (sudn niii, ddi), viing canh tdc ndng nghiep hdng hod (cic vung dat tuong doi bang phang chin nui, thung liing giua mii, b6n dja). [6].
La mdt thyc the dja - sinh thai th6ng nhit, Miin mil phia Bac dupc cic nha kinh t i ndng nghiep xie djnh l i mpt tiong 7 vimg ndng nghiep sinh thai cua dit nude. Tuy cdn tianh lugn d miic dp khic nhau, cac nha qui hogch kinh t i coi mien niii phia Bac la mpt tiong 7 vimg kinh t e - x a hpi ca ban trong ke hogch hoa quoc gia Ve phuang dien van hoi, cic nhi dan tdc hpc coi Mien niii phia Bic la viing dja ly dan tpc hpc die thu vdi dae diem cu tni dan xen cua hem 30 toe ngudi theo sudn dja hinh v i nguon sinh thuy (tuang img vdi sy phan tang theo reo dja hinh: reo cao, reo giaa.
rio thdp).
. Trong t3m,lhiicj3g«ai_Yiel_thudng theo hudng ddng sdng tir diu nguon xudi ve dong bing roi d6 vao Bien Ddng. thuang du. trung du. hg du, ddng bang; ket qui cuoi cimg la hinh thanh lanh tho qu6c gia thong nhit dupc dien giai cd dpng bing 7 chu: tam san, tuhdi, nhdt phdn diin (linh the nude gom ba phan la mii, mdt phin la dong bang, b6n phan la biin; bien nude ta la Bien Ddng - hii Ddng hii da ) .
Trong thdi dgi hdi n h ^ qu6c ti, Miin mii phia Bac dang dien ra qua trinh doi thogi v i tiip bien dja - van hoa ba chieu: Tu phia Nam lgn, tiic l i Dong bing sdng Hong va Thii dd Ha Npi, tir phuong Bic tdi - chii yeu tir Trung Qu6c vdi nen kinh te dang tioi day manh me; va theo chiiu Kyyiu Hdi nghi Khoa hgcDia lp todn qudc ldn tha 7
Hdi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thii Nguygn diing, tir "tren trdi xudng" do sy tie ddng ciia mgng vien tiidng tir VINASAT-i, VINASAT-2 Diy la chua ndi din vai trd quan trong cua mang ludi nang lupng, thdng tin, vien thdng mat dat truyen dan kip thai va sau rong ducmg l6i chinh sich cua Dang va Nha nude, tin tiic thdi sy tiong nude va quoc te [2].
Tuy nhign, Miin mii phia Bic dang phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khan, thach tiuie tu tixing ra ciing nhu tu ngoii vao, vira cd tinh tmyin th6ng va phi traygn thdng. Tu ngoai vao, dd la su xam nhap van hoi cd hgi, tg nan xa hdi, IPI spng thyc dyng, ngpgi lai, chua ndi l i cdn cd nhieu dien bi^
phirc tgp Hen quan dgn an ninh bien gidi. Tu trong ra. dd la sire ep dan so ngay cang ting, tii nguygn dit limg, khoing san bi khai thac qua mire, d nhiem mdi tmdng ngiy cang nghigm trgng, Thien tai, bien doi khi hau dien biin thit thudng, gay hai ngay cang Idn v i khd ludng Tat ci deu gian tiip hay tmc tiep gay ip luc Ien mdi tmdng dja - van hoi toan vung, khdng cd ngogi Ie,
Tom lai, Miin mii phia Bic nude ta Ii mpt thyc the tuang tic dia - van hoi da chieu, s6ng ddng v i thong nhat Dd la sy thong nhat bien chiing, dia ly v i die thii, nhu Le Ba Thio nhan xet. Mien mii phia Bic nude ta la mpt cip phan vj thong nhat gom hai thyc thi: Tay Bic, Ddng Bic. [4],
• Thuc the dia - vdn hod Tdy Bdc: La mpt mign niii cao hiem trd, chia cat sau sac bdi dSy Hoang Lign San vdi fflnh Phanxipan cao nhit Vigt Nam (3143 m), Ii noi bat nguon cua song Da, Tay Bic giau tiem nang thuy dign, dong thdi dupc vi nhu ndc nha Viet Nam. Tay Bic la ^ a ban cu tni cua cic dan tpc Thai, Mdng, Dap, Mudng, Kha Mii, La ha, Xinh Mun, Tay.. Moi dan tpc deu cd bin sic van boa rieng, gdp phin tao ngn tinh da dgng tiong sy thong nhat van hoi vung Tay BSc, Ngudi Thai vdi trinh dd phit tnen cao hon, da sdm di cu din viing dat nay, bit diu qui tnnh hon dung v i tiep bien van boa, tao nen sic thai vung van hoa Tay Bic thdng qua vdn hod ndng nghiip thung liing.trong tu cich Ii ddng van hoi vat the ehii luu.
Cac dan tdc trong vung deu cd tin ngudng "mgi vdt diu c6 lmh hdn". Sd thich am nh?c ehung ciia cac dan tpc Tay Bac l i hg rihgc cu hoi cd ludi g i bang tre. Xoe la dgc sin nghg thuyit miia va tid thinh biiu tuong van hoa Tay Bic. Ngudi Mdng noi tiing vi cac dieu mua khen, di chan hiing dung ciia nam gidi. Ngudi Kha Mii v i Xinh Mun lai dpc quyen dieu miia lie mong, lupn eo. Hau het cac dan tpc deu yeu thich ca vu ddng ngudi, uong mgu can, giao luu cdi md voi anh mit y tii, ny cudi hon nhien
Net chyng nua tiong van hoi Tay Bic l i sd thich vdi sic dp gam miu ndng; rat nhieu mau dd vang tuai, xanh da tidi tiong y phyc, do dung, vii tho cam, trang tri le hpi Phai ching miu nong khang dinh sy cd mgt cua con ngudi giira cai mgnh mdng cua hoa ban rd nd moi dO xuan vi tren dit rimg Tay Bac.
• Thur thi dia - vdn hod Bdng Bdc: Dgc trung mdi tmdng ty nhien ciia vimg nay la dja hinh cd dp cao trung binh, ydi cd cau tnic theo cac day niii hinh canh cung, chum lai d Tam Dio md ra 6 phia Bac va Ddng Bic; phan hudng loi quay ra bien. Hau hit lanh tho vimg thupc luu vyc s6i«
Hong v i sdng Thai Binh. Khi hgu nhigt ddi am cd miia ddng lgnh thich hpp vdi eay trong cgn nhiet va dn ddi. Cu dan cd dan so ddng Ii ngudi Tay va ngudi Nimg. Ngoii ra cd mpt so dan tpc thiiu si kbac nhu Mdng, Dao, Ld Ld, San Chay. Thyc ra, xua kia ngudi Tay v i ngudi Nimg cd chung mOt ngu6n g6c ljch su, thupc khpi Bach Vigt. Tpc danh Tiy cd the xuit hign vao n i a cuoi thien nien k^
thii nhat sau cdng nguyen. [8].
Nhiing-dgc diem ty nhien, lich su, xa hpi cua vimg Ddng Bic tic dpng din van hoa vimg, trudc tien la van hda phi vat tiie. Ddi song van hoi tinh than ciia cu dan nai day cd nhiing net tuang don Ve tin ngudng, tdn giio dan gian cua cu dan Tiy - Nimg hudng niem tin ciia con ngudi tdi than bin mgnh, trdi dat - to tien. Cic tdn giao nhu Khong giao, Phgt giao, Dgo giio deu inh faudog tdi ddi song tam linh cua ngudi dan. Tam giao cung dupc dan tpc Tay tiip thu gin giong vdi ngudi Kinh. Ngudi Tiy - Nimg d giai dogn cgn dgi cd chu Ndm, giai dogn hien dai vira cd chii Ndm, viia cd chii Latinh. Van hpe dan gian kha phong phii ve the logi. Rieng dan ca rit da dgng, dgc bi^t la Idi ca giao duyen (sly, luon) dupe gidi trg ua chupng. Ngiy hpi cua toin cpng dong la hpi Long
Kpyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd 7
H6i Dia ly Vigt Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen tong (Hdi Xuong dong), vi bin chit dd li mdt loai hinh sinh hoat van hda Iiia nude, duac to chiic diu xuan ngay sau Tet am Ijch.
Trong sinh hogt van hoa ciia cu dan Ddng Bac khdng thi khdng ndi den sinh hoat cha Tinh Tir xa xua, v i din nay, chp Tinh l i noi de trao ddi hang hoi dgc biet, chi noi day mdi cd, dd li hing hoi "tinh cim", cho de higu, b i con dan tpc gpi dd la "chg tinh" , mot logi chp trao doi hang hoa rit trim tupng ma cy thi, gan gui, sau lang, dam chat nhan van, Igi cd nguon goc xuat xti nira.
Do li Chp tmh Sa Pa, Chp tinh Bic H i (Lao Cai), Cha tinh Khau Vai (Ha Giang). Chp tinh i i noi de thanh nien nam nii giao duyen, tim ban ddi tuang lai; ciing Ii noi dinh cho nhiing ai mdt thdi ygu thuang m i khdng nen duyen va chong, hing nam cii phign chp mua xuan, den hen lai de di giao luu chia sg noi niem, hoac dan gian chi nhin thiy nhau cho thoi long mong nhd. (Cho tinh Khau Vai, moi nam chi hpp mdt phign vio 27 thing Ba am Ijch). Chp tinh ngiy nay dong vui, nhdn nhip, thu hiit khich thgp phuang, cd bin ci hang boa tieu dung v i dgc sin dja phuang.
3.2. Sy hinh thanh vi phat trign ba loai hinh khong gian tirong tic dia - van hoi: niii cao phia bic/ thung lung/ trung du - dong bang song H6ng
Cd gia tri tiong nghign ciiu qua trinh tiep bign van hoi giiia cic tpc ngudi vimg Mien mii phia Bac van Ii cich tiep cgn khdng gian dia - vdn hod do Vign bao tang van hoa cac dan tdc Vigt Nam - Thai Nguyen de xudng. Nhd each tiip can nay, cd the bao quit duae mdt s6 chii the van hoa . Ngudi Mdng, Dao cu tni chu yeu d vitng dia - vdn hod nin cao phia Bac; Ngudi Thai, Mudng d Tay Bac, ngudi Tiy, Nung d Viet Bac thudng cu tni d viing dia - vdn hod thung lung giira nui, Ngudi Kinh cu tni chii yiu d viing dia - vdn hod trung du - ddng bdng sdng Hdng (ngudi Kinh cung sinh song tai nhieu vimg thung lijng va reo thip).
• Khdng gian dia - vdn hod nui cao phia Bdc: Tigu bieu cho van boa viing cao phia Bac li ngdi nha eua ngudi Mdng d D6ng Van, Meo Vge - Ha Giang; cinh quan xung quanh ngdi nha gom vudn, hang rao, cong vao nha v i nhieu cay man, dio tro hoa moi khi xuan vg, nuong tho canh hoc di, nuang tiong lanh; tren dudng vio khu vung cao phia bac la cic dja danh hanh dien nhu cong trdi Quin Ba, Dong Van, Liing Cii. Net dgp van hoi vimg cao cing trd ngn dim tham v i sinh dpng trong khung canh thien nhien hung vT va bi in ciia Khu Cdng vign i£a chit toan ciu - cao nguyen di Dong Van - Ha Giang vdi niii Cd Tiin, quan Vong tinh trgn ddc Ma Pi Leng, nhin xudng ddng Nho Qui nhu dii lua quanh co u6n lupn giiia hgm nui sau tham, lgng le lan vao ciia bien de dua nude tu nguon ve Toidi.
• Khdng gian dia - vdn hod thung lUng: Khii nigm khdng gian dia - van hoa thung lung cd tinh tuong d6i, ehii yeu la viing thung lung giiia niii, tiong nhiiu tmdng hpp dd la nhung canh dorig Idn, khi bing phing (Mudng Thartii - Dign Bien, Vin Chin - Yen Bii, Hoi An - Cao Bing, Bic Son - Lgng Son, Dgi Tu - Thai Nguyen) va nhung canh dong hon Aa cd c i d viing cao, vung giua / reo cao, reo giiia. Dgi dien van hoa thung lung nay la cac dan tpc Tay, Thii, Nimg, Kinh va mpt s6 dan tpc cu tni dan xen. Tren gdc dp tiip biin van hpi, ngudi ta thiy noi lgn vai trd chii the cua ngudi Tiy, Nimg d Ddng Bic, ngudi Thai, Mudng d Tay Bic. Hai rihdm dan tdc nay cd qugn he tmyen thing van hoa lau ddi.
• Khdng gian dia - vdn hod trung du - ddng bdng sdng Hong- Khii niem khdng gian vung dia - van boa trung du - d6ng bing sdng Hong Ii khai mem tgp hap, biiu dgt ndi him kep cua tinh tuong tic dja - vinhoi^tiungtiir- d6ng bing. Cd y kiin cho rang tnmg du Bic Bp ciing cd the coi la viing dong bing d6i. Dgi dign cho vung niy la van boa cua ngudi Kinh vdi dgc trung van hoa Iiia nude, van hoi ling xa va tinh ning dpng eiing nhu su Ian toi mgnh me theo cac thung Hing, cac tryc dudng giao thdng de xim nhgp sau vao cac thung lung hgp giiia mii, roi tir do lan toi inh hudng sau hon, xa ban, tan vimg cao bien gidi.
Tieu bieu cho dja - van hoa trang du - dong bing sdng H6ng la cinh quan d6ng qug trii phii, binh yen sau luy tre lang; vio ling phii qua cong ling vua oai nghiem vira than thign. Dia canh ngogi thit tmdc nhi thudng cd ao thi, tha beo nudi lpn, giing nude, ben ao la vudn rau; sau nha Kpyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thu 7
Hpi Dia ly Viet Nam Dgi hgc Thai Nguyen trdng cay an qua, quanh nha la hang rao, rang tre, gdc mit; tmdc nha diim xuygt hing cau, dan trau. Mdi lang que trung du cung nhu ddng bing diu cd ngdi dinh thd thanh hoang, chiia thd Ph^
trade ciia dinh thudng trong cay da, cay de, khdm tnic, lai c6 giing nude trong de ca ling diing chung, vdi tgn goi cao qui ma trang trpng li giing Ngoc.
Diy la ling que ngay xua. Ngiy nay trang du - dong bang sdng Hong dang chuyen minh trong cdng cupc xay dung ndng thdn mdi vdi nhieu net hien dai, ddi sdng ngudi dan duac nang cao, van hoa phat triin Duy mdt dieu khdng tiiay doi doi vdi nhiing ngudi xa xii, hp luon mat^
trong minh noi nhd khic khoii que huang vdi cay da, gieng nude, san dinh, nhiing ngiy hpi lang, nhung bu6i chieu chan trau, tha diiu, nhiing ram tnmg thu trang sang.
3.3. Cic tuyin hanh lang tirong tac xim nhap/ lan toa dia - van hoi
• Theo cdc true dudng giao thdng, mgng ludi ndng lugng. viin thdng qudc gia He thing dudng giao thdng cua Mien mii phia Bic khi phit triin, gom dudng bg, dudng siit, dudng sdng. He qui tat yiu la su tuong tic van hoa manh me giua ngudi Kinh vdi cic dan t^c, giua dd thj va ndng thdn Dae diem chung ciia he thong giao thdng Mien niii phia Bac Ii dgu hpi ty vi Thii do Ha Ndi, d6ng thdi theo hinh nan qugt md hudng vi bien gidi Vigt - Trung, Viet - Lao, khiin qui trinh giao luu vat chit va nang lupng luu chay thdng suot tir trung uang den dja phuong, dem lai co hpi tiep nhgn van hoa dinh cap eua dat nude. Nhd md rpng mgng ludi giao thdng, cung cap dien ludi qu6c gia, trayin thdng qua mgng intemet v i trayen hinh qua VINASAT-1, VINASAT-2, ma qua trinh tuong tic v i tiep bien van hoi duac day len nic thang cao ban, tiip c^n vdi nen van minh cua dat nude va nhan logi.
• Theo cdc luu vuc sdng
Dgc diem chung cua Mien niii phia Bic l i su phu kin lanh tho bdi mgt tgp cao song suoi thupc luu vuc sdng Hong - sdng Thai Binh. Cac £ a phuang tiong ciing luu vuc gan ket vdi nhau bang nguon nude ty nhign, ngudn sinh thuy tir rimg diu ngudn. Cac dan toe eu tni trong ciing juu vyc chia se nguon nude, gin bd vdi nhau theo sy phan hoi thuong nguon / hg nguon; hg qui las|f hinh thinh nen van hoa tiong hg thong tuang tac - tiep bien thong nhit - giiia cac bp phan bgp thanh" viing cao - tucmg iing vdi thupng nguon / vidng giiia - tuang iing vdi khuc giiia - tning nguon/ trung du - ddng bdng - tuong iing vdi ha ngudn.
Hiu nhu moi luu vyc sdng diu cd ca 3 kieu tuong tic khdng gian lanh tho dia - van hoa.
vitng nin cao . viing vdn hod thung lUng, vimg trung du - ddng bdng. Theo luu vuc sdng cdn dien ra khdng ngimg sy tuong tie bd ba tdi nguyin ddt / rimg / nude dupc dieu tiet bdi van hoa img xii trong mdi tradng cic tpc ngudi vdi vai trd la nhan to tuong tac sinh thai - nhin van
3.4. Cic trung tim do thi - cong nghiSp thirong mai la nhSn to tic ddng xim nhgp / lan toa dia - vin hoa
Do Miin nui phia Bac sdm di vao cdng nghiep hoa (ngay tir Ke hoach 5 nam lan thu nhat I96I - 1965), Cling vdi sy hign dien cac co sd sin xuat cong nghiSp Idn (thuy ^en, khai kho^g, cdng nghigp nang hoa chit, vit lieu xay dyng vv...), nhieu DA Idn da va dang trien khai trgn dien rdng, khien cho qua trinh dd thj boa cd ca hdi phit trien rtiianh, trd thanh nhan to kich hogt mgnh me qui trinh xam nhap cua cic yiu t6 van hoa hien dgi, ben canh mat tich cyc, tien bp, cimg tgo nen nguy ca-diitgay, khimg hoing vdi mpt so yiu to van boa trayin th6ng.
Dd thj hoa gan vdi phat trien cdng nghiep v i dich vu ed vai trd kich hogt phit trien kinh te, van hoa cho cac dan tdc thieu s6 vung cao bien gidi, die biet tai cac huyen die bigt khd khan can uu tign dau tu phit triin. Higu iing kep cua mang ludi dd thj/ cdng nghiep, dich vy la sy tic dgng lan toi tir cie tnmg tam theo cac hudng Hgn kit khdng gian lanh tho, timg budc khep kin cac viing Idm, thu hgp khoang each ve trinh dp phit triin giiia cac vimg.
Kp yiu Hpi nghi Khoa hpc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thi 7
H6i Dia ly Vigt Nam Dai hpc Thai Nguyen 4 TUONG T A C D L \ - VAN HOA MIEN Nl)l PHIA BAC TRONG QUAN HE D 6 I T A C CHIEN LUOC T O A N D I $ N VIETNAM, TRUNG QUOC
La phen dau phia bic dit nude. Mien niii phia Bac Vigt Nam tiep giap cac tinh Quang Tay, Van Nam, vdi chieu dai dudng bien 1400 km, va nam trong khdng gian inh hudng tmc tiep vdi hai tinh Quang Ddng, Hai Nam - Tmng Qudc, cd vai tfd quan trpng trong cdng cudc bao vg chii quyen dat nude, try virng va phat trien trade sy xam lang quan sy, van hoa. phuang Bac suot chieu dii lieh sii hing nghin nam Hon the, noi day timg cuu mang nhigu dan tdc nhap cu tir phuang Bac do hp khdng try ndi sy dan ip, lan ludt cua cic thg luc phong kiin cam quyen. Ndi cich khac, Mign nui phia Bic l i noi dien ra cac qua trinh tiip bien v i tuong tac dia - van hoa kep, tir bin ngodi vao va tir ben trong ra rat dgc thii trong boi cinh hdi nh|^ qudc te ngay cing sau rdng.
4.1. Sir tiep bign dia - van hoi tir bgn ngoai
Dd chinh l i sy tiep thu va bien ddi nhieu gii tri van hoa tir phuang Bic ca vg van hoa vgt the vi van hoa phi vat the thdng qua tie d6ng ciia cac ddi quan xam lupc tian xuong; cac tdc ngudi di cu vao Viet Nam dien ra nhiiu the ky; cac hogt ddng giao thuang bien gidi (trao d6i hang boa va djch vy trayen thdng qua cac cgp chp, eua khau, cac dudng mdn bign gidi); cie hogt ddng hpp tic huu nghj, tham than, hdn rtiian. tdi phgm xuyen bign gidi, gin day l i hoat dgng xuyen bien gidi cua cie dudng day budn lau, tron thue, budn lau ma tuy, budn bin phu nu, tre em dign ra hit siic phiic tgp, nhucnh6i (!).
4.2. Sir tgo l^p va khang dinh cic gii tri van boa ben trong
Dd chinh la hg gia tn van hoa dae thii, ma chiing ta hiiu dd la nin vdn hod Viit Nam tiin tiin ddm dd bdn sdc ddn tdc. Thdi dgi chiing ta, thupc tinh TVen tiin dupc hieu la ldng yeu nude va tiin bp ma ndi dung cot loi la Iy tudng dpc lap dan tdc va chu nghTa xa hpi, nhim muc tieu tit ci vi con ngudi, vi hanh phiic v i su phat trien phong phii, ty do, toan dien cua eon ngudi trong m6i quan he hai hda giiia e i nhan va cdng dong, giua con ngudi vdi xa hpi va ty nhien Tien tien khdng chi ve npi dung tu tudng ma c i trong hinh thue bieu hign v i chuyen tii ndi dung.
Bdn sdc ddn tdc bao gom nhiing gii tri ben virng, nhiing tinh hoa cua cpng d6ng cac din tdc Viet Nam dupc vim dap nen qua hch su hang ngin nam diu tranh dyng nude va giii nude. D6 Ii long yeu nude nong nan, y chi ty cudng dan tpc, tinh thin doin ket, y thire cpng dong gan kit ca nhin - gia ^nh - ling xa -To quoc; ldng nhan ii, khoan dung, trong nghTa tinh, dgo ly; diic tinh can eii, sing tao tiong lao ddng; su tinh te trong iing xir, tinh gian dj tiong loi song...
Ban sac van hda dan tdc edn dim net c i tiong cac hinh thire bieu hien mang tinh dan tdc ddc dao. Trong dieu kien toan cau hoa v i hpi n h ^ sau rdng ddi song quoc te va khu vuc, ma trade hit li trong quan hg vdi nen van hoi tir bgn kia bign gidi, vigc bio vg bin sac dan tpc phii gan ket vdi md rpng giap lira qu6c ti, tiep thu ed chon lpc nhung cai hay, cii tiin bd trong van hda cae dan tdc khic. Giii gin bin sac dan tdc phii di lien vdi chdng lgc hgu, loi thdi tiong phong tue, t ^ quan, Ie thdi cu.
He q u i t i t yiu c^a tirong tic giira hai qua trinh ben trong va bgn ngoai ndi tren dirge hiin thirc hoa b&ng sft khdng dinh cuang gidi phia bdc qudc gia, ma dinh cao la Higp dinh phan djnh bign gidi Viet - Trung v i Hiep d^nh phan dinh vinh Bic B6 dirge ky ket giQ-a hai nu^c Vi^t Nam, Trung Quoc nam 2000. [3|.
Dai bien gidi Viet - Trung hi|n diing trirdc van hgi ldn ciia vigc trign khai Tuyen b6 chung d6i tac chien lirgc toin difn Viet Nam - Trung Hoa ngiy 02 / 6 / 2013 tai Bic Kinh.
Mpt s6 ndi dung quan trpng Hen quan tmc tiip den vimg bien gidi phia Bac. Dd la- Triin khai Quy hogch phat triin 5 nam hpp tie kinh ti thuang mai Vigt - Trang giai dpgn 2012 - 2016 va Danh myc cac dy an hpp tac trpng diem, Thue day hpn niia hpp tac trong cac Ilhh vyc nhu ndng nghigp, ngu nghiep, giao thdng van tai, nang Iupng, khoing sin, cdng nghigp chi tao va phy trp, djch vy cung nhu hpp tac khu vyc "Hai hdnh lang. mpt vdnh daf; Tang cudng hon niia hpp tic Kyyeu Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp torn qudc ldn thd 7
Hgi Dia Iy Viet Nam Dai hgc Thii N^ygn giua cic tinh, khu tu tii bien gidi hai nude, nhat la giiia 7 tinh ciia Viet Nam gStp Diin Bien, Lai Chdu, Lao Cai, Hd Giang. Cao Bdng, Lgng Son. Qudng Nihh vdi 4 tinh (khu ftr tn) cua Trung Qudc gdm Qudng Ddng. Qudng Tdy, Hdi Nam, Vdn Nam; Phat huy vai tid cua ca chi hpp tic lien quan giira dja phuong hai nude; Tap tmng thuc day hpp tic trpng cac ITnh vuc kinh ti - thuang mai, ea sd ha ting giao thong, khoa hpc, giio due, van hoa, y ti..., Thiic day cac tinh, khu ty tri bien gidi hai nude ciing phit tnen.
Theo tinh than Tuyen bd chung ndi tien, cac gia trj tuong tic dia - van hoi Vigt - Tmng can dupc coi la tai san chung quy bau cua nhan dan hai nude, phai duac tiep tuc kien tri phuong cham "ldng giing hdu nghi, hgp tdc todn diin. dn dinh lau ddi, hudng tdi tucmg lai" vi tinh thin
"ldng giing tdt, bgn be tdt, ddng chi tdt, ddi tdc tdt", tang cudng Idng tin chien luac, lam sau sic them hpp tic Cling cd lai tren cic ITnh vye, thiic day quan he Viet -Tnmg phat trien Iinh mgnh, in dinh lau dii.
KET LUAN
(1) Mien mii phia Bic cin dupc nh.an dang trong tim nhin tuang tic dia - van hoa thong nhat trong da dgng, hudng tdi muc tieu phat triin xanh va ben vung;
(2) Sy phit triin cua Mien niii phia Bic dign ra tiong doi thogi, tiip biin va loan toi trong tuang tic ty khuyech dai - van boa, gii djnh bd ba each tiep cgn tiong nghien ciiu : Tiip can tirong tdc Tu nhiin - Xd Hdi - Con ngudi / Tiip cdn tuang tdc dia - smh thdi nhdn vdn / Tiip cdn tuang tdc dia - vdn hod xanh vd bin vUng
(3) Xay dyng tim nhin mdi va van dyng ba cic tigp can tuang tic dja - van hoa ndi tren de khing dinh Mien mil phia Bac Viet Nam nhu mdt khdng gian lanh tho thong nhat trong da dgng, Iam CO sd hoach djnh chien luac hpi nhap va phit tnen ben viing ;
(4) He lugn ciia vigc nghien ciiu tam nhin va each tiep cgn tuang tic khdng gian - linh tiio dja - van hoi Ii su cin thigt phai tai cau tnic / tai djnh dang Dja Ii kinh te - xa hdi Mien mii phia Bac dit nude hudng tdi hdi nhap v i phat triin. Day la nhigm vy khdng de dang, ddi hdi gidi dja ly nude nha khan tmang vao cupc. [3]
Kyyiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgcDia lp todn qudc ldn thic 7
Hgi Dia ly Viet Nam ©?" hoc Thai Nguygn
T A I L I E U THAM K H A O
1 Le Trpng Ciic (2011), Hien trang va xu hudng phdt tnin mien nui Viet Nam.
http://www.miennui. wordprress.com /Le Trong Cue/28.11.2011. .
2 Hiru Ngoc (2010). Ddi thogi giita cdc nin vdn mmh dudi goc dp tiep biin vdn hod d Viet Nam. : WEBSITE : httD7/www.E0v.vn/ Huu Ngoc. .
3. Dang Van Phan &nnk (2012). fiia li kinh te -xd hdi Viit Nam : Diin gidi vd hdnh dpng hudng idi Dia li hoc thdng mmh, sdng tgo. Ky yeu Hdi nghi khoa hpc Dja li toan qudc lan VI 6, Hui, 30/9/2012. Nxb Khoa hpc tir nhign va edng nghg, HiNdi, tr. 617 - 626
4. Le Bd Thao - NhOng cdng trinh khoa hoc dia li tiiu bieu. (Cym cdng trinh Giai thudng Ho Chi Minh nam 2011). Nxb Giio Dye, 2007, 976 ti".
5. Ngd Dire Thjnh (2000). Phdn vitng vdn hod Viit Nam. Nxb VHTI, H i Ndi, 250 tr 6. Nguyen Viit Thjnh, Do Thi Minh Dire (2012). Gido trinh Dm lp KTXH Viit Nam (tii ban lin tfiu 7 ). Nxb Giio Dye, Ha Npi, 251 tr.
7. H i Thj Thu Thuy & Duong Quynh Phuang (2012). Cdc ddn tpc Mdng Dao : Gdc nhin da chiiu tu dm li ddn tdc hgc lich su - sinh thdi nhdn vdn miin niii phia Bdc. Nxb VHTT, H i Npi, 469 ti.
8. Tran Qu6c Vupng (2005J. Mdi trudng. Con ngucn & Vdn hod Nxb Van hoa - Thdng tm
—Vien Vin boa. H i Npi, 410 tr.
9. Vii Nhu Van {lQVl).Miin nin phia Bdc VietNam trong tam nhin vd each tiep can tuang tdc dia - vdn hod. Hpi thao khoa hpc "Nhirng van de Dia Iy hoc va Biin doi khi hau" Tmdng DHSP TP H 6 Chi Minh, 11/2012, tr., 17-29.
10. Tuyin bd chung hai nude Viet Nam - Trung Qudc.
11 ,WEBSITE: http://www,chinhphu.oi^.vn.Tuvenbqchung Vidt Nam - Trang Oudc
A'v \iu iioi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ty loan quoc ldn Ihir
