THUAT NGir KHOA HOC
THUAT NGir NHAN LOAI HOC VAN HOA
GIAO DUC (education) va NHAN LOAI HOC GIAO DUC Giao due va giao due nha tru-dng
Trong thdi hien dai, con ngudi thudng cd xu hudng ding nhit giao due vdi giao due nha tmdng, hay noi dung hon la cupc sing ciia con ngudi trong giai doan diu ddi thudng bi
"nha hudng boa" va be luy keo theo la, d nhilu noi, khi noi tdi giao due nhieu ngudi thudng lien hrdng ngay tdi boat dpng trong nha tordng ma quen mit cac hinh thuc giao due quan trpng khac nhu giao due gia dinh, giao due cpng ding. Tnrdc thuc tl nay, co nha khoa hpc da dua ra mpt nghi vin ddi vdi thi gidi ngon ngft ring, giao due phai chang la chi noi tdi su dilu hanh trong pham vi nha tiirdng' Ban than tu "giao due" la mpt tu mdi nhung hien tiipng hpc ngon ngft (hpc noi) - mpt hinh thftc cua giao due thi da co tir lau ddi, no tin tai vuot qua mpi thdi dai nhu mpt bp phan ciia cupc sing.
Tft trudc khi cd giao due nha trudng, trong cupc sing da sic mau, d mpi noi, mpi liic, con ngudi diu cd thi trai nghiem hoat dpng hpc tap va giao due mpt each tu nhien thong qua cac thao tac ngon ngft hong nhdm, tuy theo cac giai doan phat tiiln/tinidng thanh trong cupc ddi, vdi nhi8u hinh thuc khac nhau nhu hat ru, choi cac tro choi dan gian, hat dan ca, dong dao, dien trd dong vai, chuyen tro (hpc noi) trong dam tire, kl chuyen cl tich, ding thoai, va ca nhflng ldi ddn..., noi tom lai la d mpi noi, hoat dpng hpc tap va giao due cu tu nhien dien ra hong muon ve cua cupc ddi. Nha nghien ciiu dan gian hpc Nhat Ban gpi do la
"giao due ngon ngft tien dai", va sd dT ong so sanh hinh thuc giao due tu nhien nay vdi giao due ngon ngft hong nha trudng la nham de phe phan su each bipt ciia giao due nha trudng vdi cupc song, su qua nhan manh vao chft viet hon la am thanh cua giao due nha trudng.
O mpt vi tri sac manh, ciing ran hon, Ivan Illich^ da len tieng phe phan giao due thdi can dai bo bupc sir phat trien tu do cua con ngudi va dua ra hpc thuyet Deschooling (loai bo che dp nha trudng) ndi tiing (hong tac phim Deschooling Society, 1971). Hpc thuyet nay mpt thdi da phd biln kha rpng rai, trd thanh co sd ly luan cho su xuit hien va phat trien cua ciia he thing trudng tu do (Free School).
' D6 \k vi a Nhat Ban hien dai, khi noi iis'x ngudi c6 giao due hay khong co gido due, nguoi ta thuemg lien tirong toi viec nguW do dugc huang giao due nha truang nhu the nao. Trong boi canh d6, nha dan gian hpc noi tiing ciia Nhat Ban Yanagita Kunio da dua ra nghi vdn neu tren.
^ (1926 - 2002), nha triet hoc ngu6i Lie, hoat dong a Mexico, phe phan vSn minh va xa hoi cong nghiep.
Ong \i nguai d6 xudng ra hoc thuySt "Khong c6 nhd trudng" (Deschooling) nham khoi phuc lai y nghTa chSn chinh cua viec hoc trong gido due nha trudng. Cung vdi gido due hoc mang tinh each mang ciia Paulo Freire (nhd giao dye ngudi Brazil) hoc thuyet Khong co nha trudng cua ong dd loi cuon dugc nhik ngudi tren thi gidi thong qua cdc hoat dpng da dang tu am thdm cho din cdc ca quan qu6c tl, trd thanh nen tdng ly luan cho phong trao nhd trudng t^r do (Free School). Cdc tdc pham lien quan dugc kl din nhu Deschooling Society (1971), After deschooling, what? (1976)...
Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi sdf3 (54) 2011 ^ Q
^ Minh Chi Co thi noi, quan dilm coi con ngudi la mpt tdn tai cin dupc giao due (san) la mdt san phim kha mdi eua thdi can dai, cflng gidng nhu quan dilm ve con ngudi kinh te hanh dpng vi tinh lgi ich chi cd hi sau khi xuit bien kinh tl tiu trudng. Trudc dd hoac d nhflng noi ngoai kinh tl tW tirrdng, hoat dpng kmh tl thudng bi chdn lip hong cupc song xa hdi, va ciing gidng nhu vay, giao due eiing khong tach rdi khdi sinh boat xa hpi.
Nhihig dieu khong thay trong giao due nha tnrdng
Cimg vdi viec tach rdi khdi cupc sdng smh boat hang ngay, npi dung giao due nha trudng cflng din trd nen "sach vd" khdng bao ham nhieu tri tbuc va ky nang thiet thuc vdi cupc sdng. Vay giao due nha trudng khdng day cho con ngudi cai gi. Gac cac chu de to Idn nhu each sing va each chit sang ben, co thi thiy ring ngay ca nhflng ndi dimg hen quan tdi viec tu dudng nhim dat tdi thai dp hoac ky nang mang tinh tiiirc tiln dang "nft cong tmh hoa" hay boi lpi, thi diu... chilm rit it hong thdi gian bilu cua nha trudng^ Nhflng kien thuc, ky nang nay kha xa la vdi cac gid hpc thong thudng, chi cd mat hong cac cau lac bp, tiTidng chuyen nghiep. So vdi loai hinh giao due dang "hpc viec" (de tft) vdi viec hpc bat diu tii hpc thai do sing thi nha trudng bi eit rdi khoi khu vuc smh boat ca ve thdi gian va khong gian, kiln thftc ciing cd xu hudng dugc dat hpng tam vao kien thuc chung hon la kiln tbuc vimg, miin dia phuong, nhan manh vao tri tbuc khai niem trim tupng hen tri thftc true quan lien quan den co the.
M.Mauss da timg cho rang giao due la mpt ten gpi khae cua sir tri he ve phan doan, hie la qua giao due, co nhiing cai dugc nd rp nhung ciing cd nhirng cai bi lui tan di va dd chinh la nhiing tri thuc thuc tien ve co the. Trong trudng hpp nay, phai ndi den su te hai cua viec qua nhan manh vao ngon tft (hay nhan manh chft viet), trong cac ITnh vuc cua cac tri thuc am thi khong the ngon tft hda thi that la sai lam khi cho rang "cu ndi ra la hieu". Nguyen ly tuong tu cd the ap dung vdi truyen thong tu hanh hong tdn giao. Sir hai nghiem than bi (bao ham ca sir hoi tam va cau tin) cd nhiing dieu khdng the giai thich phan tich dugc ma ngudi hai nghiem chi cd the eo gang the Men dieu trai nghiem qua mpt hinh thftc gian tiep khac nhu tho, kich hoac each an du vi von. The nhung mat khac, ciing cd the cd chung mpt con dudng di gan tdi sir hai nghiem bang each the hien sir tuan tu cua qua trinh chu khong phai la su giai thich true tiep qua ngon ngft. Dudng budng di tdi cd the dugc cbi ra nhung ban than hai nghiem cu the thi Idio co the dien ta dugc bang ldi. Va nhu the, su tuan tu va muc dich dat tdi hong nghe nang, vd dao hay tu hanh deu xac thuc, hong khi vdi giao due nha trudng nhiing dieu dd cd ve khong rd rang. Chinh vi vay, bao lau nay, mpt cau hoi luon dugc xa hpi dat ra vdi nganh giao due la, di hpc de lam gi, giao due nhim mue dich gi, khi ma rat nhieu ngudi tdt nghiep ra trudng bi that nghiep.
Vai tro cua giao due nha trudng
Doi vdi ngudi dugc day, muc tieu va vai hd cua giao due nha trudng khdng phai luon ro
^ Gdn day, trudc sir gia tdng ciia s6 tre bj du6i nudc, cd y kien dg ra la can dua mon bai loi vdo chuong trinh giao due nhd trudng nhu mpt mon hgc bdt bupc.
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Nghien ciiu Con ngudi sd3 (54) 2011Thudt ngu
rang, nhung tft hong mit cua cac nha thi banh chinh tii tiidi ky hmh thanh qude gia can dai thi lai rit rd rang. Trudc hit, cin phai phi cap thing nhit ngdn ngft chung bao tinm lanh thi quIc gia, xac dinh ngdn ngft cong hay ngon ngft tieu chuin va phi biln no thong qua he thong trudng tilu hpc va hung bpc hen ca nudc. Ngon ngft cong hay ngon ngft tieu chuin mpt mat khiln cho y chi hong quan dpi hd nen thiu suit, mat khac trd thanh co sd cua ngon ngft viit, khiln cho van tiiu cong dupc tiiuan lpi, hP ti-p die lire cho sir duy hi bp may hanh chmh quan chftc. Them vao vai hd mang tinh chi dp nay, sir thing nhit vl ngon ngft con dong mpt vai hd to Idn cho viec hinh thanh sir thing nhit y thuc toan dan thi hien d khai niem "chung ta". Ben canh sach quIc ngft, viee su dung sach giao khoa dia ly, lich su ciing khien cho nhflng net khac biet cua dia phuong va quan dilm Hch su, quan dilm nhan smh xuat phat tii dd trd nen "tilu di", nhd do dat dupc "dai ding" d quy mo quIc gia, va qua trinh nay dupc gpi la qua trinh quIc dan hoa.
Ngay ca co thi la mpt ITnh vuc phi ngon ngfl cflng dupc "can dai boa" toan quIc thong qua viec dua co the vao khudn khd cua ky luat, thong qua mon bpc thi due, va viec hpc cac tu thi phu hop vdi gid hpc tren ldp. Cd thi noi, day la qua tiinh ra ddi cua mpt ldp tre mdi, c6 CO the va thdi gian sdng mdi chua timg co d thdi trudc can dai.
Nhan loai hoc giao due
Moi quan tam cua cac nha nhan loai hpc tdi ITnh vuc giao due sdm nhat co thi tinh tir thdi ky dau the ky XX, khi nha nhan loai hpc My Edgar Hewett dua ra dl xudng vl sir cin thiet phai tien hanh giao due van hoa cho nhom ngudi ban dia, sau do tdi chu truang (xa hpi hoa, van hoa boa) cua cac nha nhan loai hpc thuoc trudng phai Van boa va Nhan each thdi ky dau nhu Margaret Mead, John va Beatrice. Tuy nhien, de nhan loai hpc giao due ra ddi dudi dang cac nghien ciiu cd td chuc thi phai dpi den giai doan trudc sau hpi nghi Sandford (1954) do George D. Spindler, nha tam ly hpc thupe trudng phai Van hoa va Nhan each thdi ky sau chu tri. Qua hdi nghi nay, nhieu nha nhan loai hpc giao due ra ddi dudi sir dan dat cua nhflng nha khoa hpc tham gia hpi nghi, den nam 1968 Ban Nhan loai hpc va Giao due (Council on Athropology and Education) dupc thanh lap tiong khuon kho cua Hpi Nhan loai hpc My (AAA) lam hau thuin cho cac nghien cuu nhan loai hpc giao due dupc trien khai mpt each co td chuc. Chfl dl cua nghien cun nhan loai hpc giao due kha da dang, tuy khong phai tit ca diu la nhan loai hpc ung dung nhung sau chiln hanh thi gidi thu hai, trong bii canh nhilu nudc mdi gianh dupc dpc lap, do yeu cau cua hp hoac do chinh sach vien hp qude tl ma nhilu nha nhan loai hpc da dugc cu ra nudc ngoai lam chuyen gia tir vin giao due nha trudng - dugc coi la phuong tien hfln hieu cho viec xay dung van hoa quIc dan d cac nudc mdi phat triln va cac nha nhan loai hpc do da trien khai nghien cuu nhan loai hpc giao due hong chinh dia ban boat dpng nay. Thanh qua nghien cftu nhflng vin dl xung quanh mau thuin gifla van hda ban dia va van hoa giao due nha hudng da trd thanh nhflng thanh qua nghien ciru quan trpng cua nhan loai hpc ung dvmg va cac nha nhan
Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s63 (54) 2011 7 J
Minh Chi loai hpc giao due d day da hoan thanh vai hd ngudi dai bien cua nhan loai hpc ftng dung
Nhu vay, giao due hong nhan loai bpc van hda dugc nghien cuu tu khia canh da dang van boa, vdi co che mang mau sic khac nhau ciia qua trinh xa hpi hda, van hda hda cua cac dan tpc nhim biln eon ngudi tft mpt thuc thi sinh vat thanh mdt thuc the mang tinh xa hdi.
Trong linh vuc nghien cuu nay, cac de tai chu yeu cd tft trudc tdi nay phin ddng la nghien ciiu mang tinh ftng dung (nhan loai bpc iing dung), vi du chu y den van de mau thuan van hoa hong giao due kbi giao due nha trudng ngay mdt khuyech truang chiem vai hd tuyet doi trong giao due ndi chung, da lam nay sinh mau thuin van hda gifta nhdm van hda phu (nhat la cac dan tpc thieu sd) vdi nhom van boa cbinb (dan tpc da sd) chiem vai hd chu dao trong giao due nha trudng. Hon nfta, nhflng nghien cuu giao due hong Nhan loai hpc van boa con dong gop cho vai hd ngudi phan tich va ngudi xiic tien quy hoach cua nhan loai hpc ling dung khi nghien cuu ly do vi sao nhflng hpc sinh nhdm thieu sd thudng bd hpc va luu ban, tft do dua ra cac de xuat hieu qua ve bien phap cai thien tinh binb.
Minh Chi (bien soan)
4 Vai trd ciia Nhan loai hgc ung dung dugc kl ra la vai tro ciia ngudi dai bif n, nha phdn tich, ngudi xiic tien chinh sach..., tham khdo Tap chi NCCN, s6 5/2007.
' Tham khdo muc Thuat ngiJ, Tap chi NCCN so 6/2010.
<y 2 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s63 (54) 2011
