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QUAN Li CHUAN DAU RA VA MOI QUAN HE GlUA NHA TRlfilNG Viil OUANH NGHIEP OE NANG CAD CHAT lUDNG OAO TAD
ThS. O A O VI^T H A '
1 . 0 nudc ta hien nay, thuc te thj ta/dng lao ddng dang ton tai nghjeh li:thua lao dgng khdng phuhgp vdi nhung nganh nghe n i m trong djnh hudng phat trie'n nhung lai ratthieu nhan lue cd trinh do cao d nhung nganh can thiet cho suphat trien. Vi vay, nhilu ngudi that nghiep hoae mat viec lam nhung khdng il doanh nghi?p lai khdng tuyen dung dupc lao dgng cdlay nghe:
Nhu vay, ed the'nhan dinh, nguydn nhan that nghiep ed't Idi la vain de dao tao (DT) nguon nhan luc, dubao nhu cau, phan bd'nguon nhan luc vacae chinh saeh thu hut, su'dyng lao ddng edn mat can dd'i, chua dap dng nhu cau thi/c te. Do dd, edng tacDT nguon nhan Iyc cua eac trudng can g i n kelehat ehe vdi nhu cau eua doanh n g h i ^ . Nhata/dng vacae doanh nghiep eln hd trpchatchdvdi nhau trongvidcdjnhhudngDT.tim hieu nhu cau, dam bao chat iupng va hidu qua nguon nhan lue xa hpi.
6Vi9tNam,quan nidm vec/ia//uongtfao/^(CLDT) cd3xuhydngchuyeu:-CL0Tlamircdddatdupccac myc tidu OT; - CLDT la suthda man eac nhu cau cua ngudi sudung (san pham cua DT); - CLDT la dat dupc cac muc tieu trong qua trinh DT (chat lupng bdn trong) va lasuthda man cae nhu cau cua ngudi sddung (chat lupng ben ngoai). Nhuvay,de'nang cao CLDT can giai quyetdongthdiiiaivande:-Nang cao mdc dp dat dupc sovdimyetieu.cacchuan (kien thiic, kTnang (KN), thai d$) de ra trong qua trinh DT; - Nang cao mde do dat dupc so vdi yeu cau dat ra cua ngudi su'dyng lao ddng.
DT dua tren na/Jff/uctfiolj/i/er)dang la xuthd'mdi ciia giao dye (GD) ndiehung, G D nghenghiep noi rieng.
U"u die'm nd'i bat cua loai hinh OT nay la dap dng dupe nhu c l u cua ca ngudi hpc lan ngudi sudung lao dgng.
Vol ngudi hpc.sau khi tdt nghiep ehuong trinh OT, ngudi hpc se ednang luc thyc hanh thanh thao cae cdng viec cua nghe dat chuan quy djnh, Nguoe lai. doanh nghiep sesu'dungdupcnhOnglaodpngkTtfiuat (LDKT) cd tay nghlcao.
Viec quan li (QL) CLOT e l n quan tam d i y du cac ydu t6'g6m:OZ.dgi/rao(lnput),0/.pua/m/) (Process), QLdi'ura{Outpui)yaQL cae yeu id'tac dgng cija moi
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/n/dr)g(Conlext).Trongdd,clnehutrgngdenQLchuan 6auta{C€>H)vaQL moi quan he gida nha tmcmg va doanh nghiep.
2.Quanlichuandaura
COR lanhung quydjnhvemyctieucy thecua mdt chuong trinh hoae cac hpc phan/module mpt each chi tietnhim mdta nht/ng ngidung kien thue ehuyen mdn;
KN tu duy, KN thue hanh, kha nang nhan Ihuc eong nghd va giai quyet van de; thai dp hpc tap, pha'm chat dao dlic nghe nghiep; nhung cdng viec ma ngudi hpc ed thedam nhan sau khi hoan thanh thanh cdng eliuong Irinh hoae cac hpc phln/module cung cae yeu elu dae thij khac dd'i vdi tdng trinh do. nganh n g h l D T . COR dupc ra soat. dilu chlnh, bd'sung va hoan Ihidn hang nam nhlm dam bao cam ket cda co sddao tao (CSfiT) vdi ydu cau cua xa hdi, cua ngudi su dung lao dpng.
Xay dung dupe COR se tao ra each liep can lay ngudihpc lam tmng tam.danh dau budc chuyen ddi td chd day nhiing gi giao vien (GV) cd sang nhdng gi xa hpi can. CDR edthe':-Giup ngudi hgcbietrd trong tuong lai h p s e nhu the nao, t u d d h p c a n CO g i n g trong hpc tap de eiing G V tap trung vao nhung tri thdc, KN thiet thuc; - Giup nha tuye'n dung co thong tin v l cac ung vien khi tdt nghiep; - Lam eo sd eho viec bien soan bai giang, giao trinh vdi ndi dung day hpc phu hop vdi nhu e l u xa hdi, phu hop vdi ngudi hgc mdi nganh, mdi trudng; - GiiJp cho viee day va hgc cd trgng tam, hethd'ng; han che tieu cyc; tao dieu kien dol mdiphUPng phap giang day, hpe tap; td'chiJFc day, hpc. kiem tra, thivadanh gia cost/thd'ng nhat;-Viec djnh COR hpc phan/module dung edn eho phep dinh lupng dupc nhung yeu c l u eho tdng dd'i tupng, trinh ddva theo hudng lien thdng.
Hien nay, vide xay dung vacdng bd'CDR cho cac nganh nghe DT da dupc trien khaitrong cac trudng (theo quy dinh va hudng d i n cya Cdng van so 2196/
BGDOT-GDOH ngay 22/4/2010cuaBdGD-eT).Day la mdl viec mdi me. ddi h a phai cd thdi gian nhan thuc va
* Tnfiing Cao dang Xay drag coog tnnh 116 ttij
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dieu chinh nen 6 hau het eac tn/dng, vide xay dung COR cdn mang tinh hinh &iuc, thie'u thuc tiln; mdi hpc phln/module,COR cdn mangtinh djnh tinh, thiaj djnh lupng; viec chuye'n CDR thanh de eupng chitiet tigc p h l n de'thuc hidn ehuan cho tdng bai. tung chuong chua ehira dupc nhung vandecpban.ehuyeu, nhung van dequan trpng cua hpc phan/module. Nhin ehung, ngay trong eae bai giang, nhieu G V khdng de cap tdi myc dich, yeu eau cua chuong, bai, ma ehinh van de naylacuthehdacuaCOR.Mdtsd'GVcddecapdd'n cung chldd'daphdvdi edng taeOLchdehua phai la dd' quan triet sau s i c trong sinh vidn (SV), tham chi, nhilu G V cdn sao chep giao trinh thanh bai giang ea nhan nen npi dung thidu c h i l u sau va tinh sang tao. Viec kie'm tra thudng xuyen hoae thi gida ki nhin ehung thudngthid'u khach quan, ehua bao quatdupehetnpi dung ChUPng Irinh.
CDR cua nganh baogom nhilu npidung,Irong dd cd cacyeu c l u chuan vekie'n thuc; ve KN (KN cung, KN mem); thai d g . V j ^ xay dung CDR cua nganh lamgt qua trinh, khdng thd'xay dyng mgt lln la xong vi: - Khixay dyng CDR mdl chl 1^ xac djnh muc dich, yeu c l u D T cua nganh cua tn/dng, cdn CDR do dap ung dupc nhu cau cua xah^imdc dp nao laiphai dieu tra,khao sat. nghien cuu vdinhijng da tupng khac nhau;-Viec xay dung CDR visa qua cdn mang tinh hinh thdc va khdng cdcp sdde' giam sat, bdi vi cac tn/dng cdng bd'CDR chi la nhung phat bilu do chinh nha ta/dng dua rava khdng ai biet chic nhung COR ddedthe'datdupc hay khdng. Dovay, can phaicd cac td'chuc, nhijng don vj dgc lap dedo nang hJC ngudi hpc.
BpGD-OT da quy djnh,hing nam nhata/dng phai ra soat, dilu chmh CDR cho phu hpp vdi yeu c l u thyc tidn, suphat ^ d n cOa khoa hgc - cdng nghe va dae bidt la dap ling nhu c l u xa hpi.
Bg Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hot quy djnh va phdi hpp vdi cac Bd. nganh lien quan de td'chdc xay dung Tieu chua'n KN nghequoc gia choU>ng nghe vdi CO cau bae trinh ddta da laS b£ic;tren cpsdddtd'chuc xay dyng chucmg trinh khung,chuong trinhOT chitiet phuhc^.
Tren cP sdCDR cua nganh OT, eae bp mdn xay dung COR cua hpc phan. CDR kien Ihue, KN va yeu cau ve thai dpcua hpc p h l n dupe the hidn cu thetrong cac ehuong Mnh hpc phan, dupc thuc thi trong toan bd hoat dgng GD (giang day, hpe tap, thyc hanh....). COR hpc p h l n bao gom chuan c_ua mt^'dd/i 17/Tiien tfiut; cua hpc p h l n (mdl hpc trinh,mdi bai hc^c chuong,chude, chu d i ^ , m o d u l e ) . COR kien thuc, KN,thai dp cua m * ddn viki&'n ffiikia cac ydu cau ma ngudi hpc c i n dat
(ki 2-3/2013)-
dupc sau khi hoan thanh thanh cdng dan vi kien thiie l y . C a c C D R n a y c l n x a c d j n h d u p e d m u c d d c h i t i ^ , cy the'vl kien Ihue, KN ma ngudi hpc phai dat dupc b i n g djnh linh hoae dinh lupng. Cac COR nay se trd thanh eae ngi dung cua chuong Irinh mdn hpc.
Vide nhatuy»i dung (eoquan,tochuc,doanh nghiep) tham gia vao quatiinh xaydung, edng bdva dieu chinh COR hang nam cua eac nha tardng la van demdinhung can dupcthechehdadeCDR thuc sula kei tinh eijaea nhatn/dng lan doanh nghiep.
3.QL moiquan hegiua nhatrudng vadoanh nghiep Quatrinh OT hien nay cdn ttiie'u g i n ketvdinhu cau doanh nghiep mac du doanh nghiep da b i t d i u ehu dgng hPn trong vide lien ket vdi cac co sd day nghe nham tuyen dung lao ddng cdlay nghe. Mgl sd doanh nghiep cung hd tro cac irudng dd'tao dieu kien cho ngudi hpe dupc thue tap, thuc hanh ta/c tiep tai doanh nghiep. V l phia cac trudng cung da chu ddng lien kd't DT vdi doanh nghiep; tuy nhien, vide ddng gdp ykien phan hoi vexay dung ehuong trinh OTdd'nhalordngcd s y d i l u chinh phu hpp vdiyeu cau thuc td'cua doanh nghiep van ehua dupe doanh nghiepquan tam, ngupc lai, con nhatrudng cOng chua khao salnhu c l u thucsu eua doanh nghiep ma van "DT theo cai minh ed" nen hieu qua mang lai ehua eao.
De'nang eao CLOT, can cdsuQLtdtmdiquan he gida nha trudng va doanh nghidp trong vide sudung lao ddng. Myc tidu cPban eua cdng tac QL nay la:
-BoivdiCSDTLOKT{gq\chung\aT]ha\nsdng):
Nang cao chat lupng va hidu qua DT, Ihudng xuyen eai lien ngi dung, chUPng trinh OT phu hpp vdi ydu cau thuc te cua lhi tn/dng lao ddng, tang cudng cae ngudn lucchoDT,capnhatcdng nghe san xuat tidn tien, thuc tidn san xua't, truyen dat kinh nghidm lam viec, kl luat lao ddng, tae phong edng n g h i ^ cho ngudi hpc ngay trong qua trinh DT, chuyen tisDTdua tren nhung giCSDT CO san sang DT dt/a tren nht^ggixa hgiean n h i m thu hep khoang each cung - c l u giua DT va sudung nguon nhan luc.
•06ivdicasasi/dungLBKT{g<yichung\a<ioanh nghiep): CdcP hpi tham gia dinh hudng mye tieu, ndi dung, chuong trinhDT; tham gia danh giakdtquaOT;
chu ddng trong edng tac bdi dudng, DT lai luc lupng LDKT dam bao chat lupng theo yeu c l u cua phattrien san xuat va edng nghe, gdp p h l n nang cao nang suat lao ddng va Ipi nhuan cua cac doanh nghiep.
Ngi dung cPban cua QL moiquan he gida nha ta/dng vadoanh nghidp la:
1) Thiet lap he thong thong tin haiehieu decung cap nhJng thong tin gida hoat dgng BT cua nha
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tnfdng va qua trinh phat tnen cua doanh nghiep n hu:
danh myc nganh, nghe OT; nhu c l u v l LDKT cua cac doanh nghiep tren lung ITnh vue... Tren cosddd, xae dinh duoc liem nanp va xu hudng phal trie'n cua nha tardng; dong thdi, nam rd nhu cau DT, boi dudng, DT lai LOKT eua doanh nghiep. Ngoai ra, doanh nghidp cung la nguon eung cap thdng tin phan hoi ve nang luc ddi ngij da qua DT de nha trudng kjp thdi d i l u chinh cdng tac Q L v a td'chuc thi/c hidn cac chupng trinh OT n h i m dap ung nhu e l u cua doanh nghidp. Thuc hidn tot thdng tin hai ehilu se tranh lang phi khdng can thiel cho xa hdi; dong thdi cijng tranh viec cac doanh nghiep phai s d d y n g LDKT mdt each "cudng bdc" do chua dap ung duoc yeu c l u . Cae CSOT se n i m b i t dupc nhu eau cua eac doanh nghidp de'chu ddng xaydung ke hoach, mua s i m trang thie't bj, vat tu phyc vy OT va chuan bj lot cac phdng hgc, xudng thuc hanh... phu hpp vdi ndi dung, chuong trinh OT, gdp phan ndng cao hieu qua trong d i u tu. Ngudi hpc se ydn tam hPn trong qua trinh hpc ldp do da dupe hudng nghigp va ed dJa ehi lam vi^c sau lot nghiep nen cd ddng CP hpctap dung d i n ; tl Ig bd hgc, luu ban giam; ti le lot nghiep va hpc luc kha, gioi tang. Doanh nghiep se chu ddng hon trong bdtri luc lupng LOKT mdi luyen dyng vao dung vj tri lam vide, Iranh lang phi thdi gian va kinh phi cho vigc b6i dudng, DT lai.
2) Phoi hap trong viee xay dung m tic tieu, ngi dung, chupng trinh DT sat vdi yeu cau thuc te eua doanh nghiep vdi phUPng cham: DT theo cai xa hdi c i n , thay vl OT theo cal nha tn/dng cd. Theo dd, cac trudng can cd CP che de doanh nghiep dupe tham gia vao qua trinh bidn soan chupng trinh DT, tham ducac hdl Ihao khoa hpc, dd'i thoai, chuydn de thinh g i a n g , c h u p n g trinh tham quan t h u c t e doanh nghigp... Doanh nghiep c i n Iham gia true tid'p vao vipc xdy dung, cal tien chuong trinh OT thdng qua eung cap thdng tin, phan bidn ngidung chuong trinh.
Day la con dudng CP ban nhait de'cac ta/dng kjp thdi tudieu ehinh chupng trinh, noi dung phuong phap DT theo hudng ngay cang gan vdi nhu c l u doanh nghigp. Dieu nay giup sinh vien cd thdm kien thdc thuc td'bam sat nganh nghe dang theo hpc.
3) Phuhgp tht/c hien cac hoatdong cic ben cting quan tim nhuJhu hutthpbaccao. cae chuyen gia cd nhieu kinh nghidm thyc tiln Pcac doanh nghiep tham gia vaoquahinhOTtdkhauthietkechUPng trinh, lap ke hoaeh boi dudng va OT lai den khau to chde qua trinh OT. danh gia ketquaOT.gidithidu ngudihoc da td't n g h i ^ cho cac doanh nghidp...
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4) Phoi hep trong huy dgng va sudung hi$u qua n^uOTtefa/cft/n/i, CO sdvat chat, bang thietbj, phuong tien thi cdng tidn lien, day chuyen san xuat vdi cdng nghe hien dai, eac xudng san xua't... ctia cac doanh nghiep phuc vy cho quatrinhOT, dae biet la qua trinh thyc tap eua ngudi hpc; dong thdi, tao dllu kidn cho dpi ngu, can bd QL eua nha trudng hge hdl kinh nghiem thyc le, nang cao KN nghl.
5) Phoi hap trong nghien euu khoa hgc, chuydn giao cong nghe trong san xuai.J(t\h\Jc tien san xua'tse nay sinh cac van d l ddi hdl phal cai tien kTthuat, hpp li hda quy Irinh san xua't n h i m tang nang suat, ha gia thanh... Nhung van de nay sedupc giaiquyet hidu qua hPn neu cdsutham gia cua dpi nguGV cung vdi cac kT su, ehuyen gia, tho bae cao eua doanh nghiep thdng qua cac d l tai, duan, chuong trinh nghien cdu khoa hgc, ung dyng cong nghekTthuStvaothuctiln s a i xult vaquatrinhOT.
6) Ve vai tro cua Nha nudc, cd the' nghien cdu thanh lap mgt co quan dieu phdi ehung v l phattrien nhan Iyc. Sulien kel se dat dupc hieu qua eao va thiet thuc khi doanh nghiep va nha tn/dng cd suphoi hgp trong viec dai hang DT, eung dng lao dgng ed chat luong cao. Ngoai ra, trong thu tyc thanh lap doanh nghiep, nha nudc can cd quy djnh bat bupe cam ket phoi hpp vdlcac CSDT decung tiiam gia quatrinh OT cho doanh nghiep va xa hdl. Doanh nghiep phal Inch lap quy hd trpOT, boi dudng nang cao trinh dp eua ngudi lao ddng tai doanh nghiep. Cac khoan ehl eho DT luc lupng lao ddng va nghidn cdu khoa hpc 6\sqc tinh la chi phi san xuat hpp li. Ben eanh dd, can nang cao nhan tiidc eho eac doanh n g h i ^ , CSDT va ngudi lao ddng vichat lupng n g u « i nhan luc. Can xac djnh- dupc khung chuong trinh DT phu hpp, cd chd't lupng phu hpp vdi nhu cau cdng viec xa hdl va cac doanh nghiep. Han che viecDTtuphatkhdngdam bao chait lupng gay tinh trang Ihua - thieu lao dgng va gia tang thai nghiep. Cd s u dong bd gida hoat dgng hudng n g h i ^ , hjyen sinh, DT. thuc hanh vdl nhu cau su'dyng lao dpng ngdn han, tmng han va dai han cua cac doanh nghidp eung nhu nha t n / d n g . •
(1) Hij^ng dSn xiiy dimg \k cOng bd chudn diu ra ng^nh d&o Uio (ban hknh k i m COng vfln sO' 2196/
BGD-DT-GDDH ngay 22/4/2010 cua BO GD-DT).
T&i lifiu tham k h a o
1. Chifin luij-c phat irifin d?y nghfi thdi ki 2011-2020 (ban hanh kfem theo Quyfit djnh sd 630/QD-TTg ngSy (Xem ti^ Irang 15}
-(ki2-3/2013)
phap day hpe (thdng qua ban II thuyet chuyen de), vua hid'u each Hiuc ap dung II thuyet vao thuc tidn boat dpng day hoc ben kip. Hinh ttidc "hpc di ddi vdl hanh".
"II ludn g i n lien vdi thuc tidn" nhu vay giup hp tin tudng va manh dan ap dung dd'i mdi phuong phap day hgc n h i m ndng cao chd't luong day hpc tid'u hpc.
Thuc tiln khoa hpe giao due da chdng minh G V la nguc^tiuctiepquyetdinh chat luc^^ giaodue HS;CBQL (hieu tn/dng, phdhldutn/dngvatdlardng ehuyen mdn) quyet djnh chat lupng cdng tac quanli cac hoat ddng day hpc, giao dye Irong nha Irudnp. Vay. trinh ddva nang Iyc dpi ngu CBQL laydu c l u ldi tfilajdd'ndng cao chat lupng giao dye cua mditrudng tie'u hpe. Neu ddi ngu nay quan li lot cac hoatdpng day hgc, giao due trong nha trudng, hp se biet boi dudng eho GV cua tn/dng minh du nang luc thi/c hien nhidm vy. Odi vdi cac cap quan ll giao dye, viec quan tam bdi dudng, ndng cao nang luc quan li cho dgi ngu CBQL tn/dng tieu hpc la yeu c l u bdc thiet irong thdi ki hdl nhap quoc teveGD-DT hign nay. •
(1) T r i n Thj Tam Dan. Bdo c4o trir^c Qudc hpi ngiy 7/11/2006 ktft qu5 gi5m s i t vS dgi ngfl nhS giAo vk
c i n b6 quan li giSo due trong ITnh virc giio dye, dSo tao v i day nghd. www.vigtbao.vn
(2) TrSn Vi^t Lmi. "Phat tri^n dOi ngfl n h i giio v i cin bd quan li g i i o due trong giai doan hi€n nay". Tap chi Tuyin gido, ngiy 20/8/2012.
(3) So GD-DT Vinh Long. Bdo cdo tdng kit ndm hoc 2011-2012.
T i i lieu t h a m khdo
1. Chl thi 40-CT/TW ngiy 15/6/2004 cua Ban Bi thir TW Dang (Kh6a IX) vi viic xdy dung, ndng cao chdt lugng ddi nga nhd gido vd cdn bd qudn ll gido dftc.
2. Thfing bao sO' 242-TB/TW. Kit ludn cUa Bd Chlnh tri (Khda X) vi tiip tuc thitc hiin Nghi quyit Trung uang 2 (Khda Vlll).
SUMMARY
Most of the management staff of the education sector in Vietnam have not been trained, professional training on management of primary schools and pri- mary inspection: perform management tasks mostly based on experience: lack of knowledge about many aspects. This article ouUlned the current situation and proposed a number of measures to Improve the quality of primary school management staff Tra On District. Vinh Long.
Vai tro trudng thirc hanh...
(Ti^ theo trang 8)
cdc trudng su ph(im" (Ki y^u Hpi thio khoa hgc). TP. Hd Chi Minh, 2007.
3. Dpi hpc qudc gja H i NOi. "Hudng ddn xdy dung vd hodn thiin chuong trinh ddo ipo theo chudn ddu ra &DHQG Hd Npf\ 2010. (xem tpi: hitp://
uIi.-i.vnu.deu.vn/taxnnQmv/term/223/748)
4. Nguy&i Thinh Hai - PhQng ThtJy Phupng - Dfing Thj Bich TTiuy. "Gidi thifiu tndi ^phuong phdp gidng day cdi tiin giup sinh viin hoc tdp diit ddngvdtrtdnglufitndptcdcchi^dduratheoCDIO"(}iCi&\doCDlO(?i E^i hpc qudc gia TP Hd Qii Minh), 2010.
5. Nguyfin Vto T i "Dgi ngO giio vien phd thfing v(^ v i ^ Ifen luy?n kl ning su phpm cho sinh vifin". Tpp chi Gido dftc, sd 156/2007.
6. Nguyfin Due Tn. G i ^ dvK i ^ £ n^iiSp - mOt stf v & de h'hiSn v i thix:
ti&i NXB Khoa hpcvdKi thudt, H. 2010.
Duting the process of training pedago0cal students, teaching practical schools play an important part in the formation and devel- opment of capablllUes. skills and qualities of profession for stu- dents. CuTTcntfy. we realise that the combinaUon between teaching practical schools and collets ofeducation still has amny limita- tions. Therefore, the making of appropriate mechanism to increase the participation of teachers at teacher training schools Is a right direction to solve these shortcomings to distribute the improvement in the teacher training qualities for pedagt^cal students
Quan li chuan Sau ra...
(Ti^ theo trang 6) 29/5/2012 cua Thu tuiJng Chinh phii).
2. NguySn Minh Duong. D i o t a o theo n i n g luc thiTc hi£n. T i i li^u b6i dufing giio vien, H. 2004.
3. Nguygn Due Tri. "Tiip c^n ddo tgo nghi dua trin ndng luc thtic hi^n vd xdy difng tiiu chudn nghi ". B i o c i o tdng ktfl ai t i i cJfp Bg B93-38-24. Trung t i m Nghien cihj dai hpc v i g i i o due ehuyfin nghiep, H. 1996.
SUMM/URY Process management and quality liif- provement to meet the needs of the soci- ety have always been Issues of social concern: in which output management and the relationship between educational institutions and business are the most Important issues in contrastive anafysis and accurate assessment to tiainlngob- jectives. Good management of those two issues will meet the needs of both learn- ers and employers.
