TRI^T Hpc, S6 10 (257), THANG 10-2012
Vfe CAC K H A I N I £ M "GIA T R I N O I TAI" VA
"OUY^N DONG V A T " TRDNG DAD DtfC HOC MOI TRUflNG
NGUYEN VAN PHtJC^»
Theo tdc gid, vi^c xdy diing dgio diic mdi trUdng Id rdt cdn thiit. C&ng nhii nhSng gidi phdp khdc. d^o dUc mdi truifng c6 m^t vi tri, vai trb khdng thi thay thidti^ ddi vdi phdt triin bin vSng. Tuy vdy, khdng cdn thiit vd khdng thi x&y d^tng Aiitfc m^t thU dgo ddc mdi tnidng ddi l$p vd cao hdn truyin thdhg dgio diic cda nhdn logi. Bdi li, nhiing khdi ni^m: "Old trf ndi tgC vd
"quyin d^ng v^f ma m^t si hgc gid di xudt vdi tU cdeh cdc khdi ni^m nin tdng cua dgo ddc hgc mdi tritifng Id khdng thuyit phyLC vd khdng khd thi. Dgo diic mdi triidng Id m^t phiidng di^n, m^t linh vitc dgo diic cua con ngitdi, lodi ngiidi; nin tdng ciia nd Id l(fi (ch bin vOng ci!a con ngiidi, lodi ngiidi. Vi vdy, x&y diing dgo diic mdi tritdng Id vdn di cda con ngiUA, do con ngiidi vd vi con ngiidi.
E
hu chflng ta diu bidt, sU tdn t^i Cling nhfl sfl phfit triln ciia nhfin loai cfi bin vflng hay khfing lfi tfly thufic vfio vide mfii trfldng, trai ddt ngfii nhd chung ciia nhfin loai cfi dflpc bao vp hay khfing.Vide bao vd mfii trfldng Hdn quan ddn tdt ca cac phUdng di$n, cfic linh vflc ciia ddi sdng xfi hfli vfi con ngfldi. Vi vdy, cfic phfldng thflc, cfic giai phfip bao vp mfii trudng xudt phfit tfl cfic linh vyc ho^t dfing ngfldi ciing rfi't da d ^ g . Cfic cflng flde qufic td, nhflng quy djnh mang tfnh phap 1^ vfi lufit mfii trfldng quoc gia, lufit tyc cung nhfl nhiing rfin de tfin gifio lfi nhiing phfldng thflc, nhflng g^ai phfip nhfl vfiy. Trong dilu kidn hidn nay, chflng diu cdn thidt, nhflng, xdt . ddn cflng, chung lfi nhiing tfic nhfin mang tflih tha lufit, tfnh tdt ydu bdn ngofii. Trong trfldng hpp si^ phdt triln f thflc dao dflc con ngfldi chfla ngang tdm vdi nhflng ydu cdu, nhfllng dfii hdi cua
xa hfii thi con ngfldi vdn khfing th&t sfl tfin tfim vfii trach nhipm bao v^ mfii trfldng. Hi$u qua chfla cao cua nhfli^
nd lyc bao vd mfli trfldng nhiing thfip ky qua cfi nhilu nguydn nhfin, mfi mflt trong nhiing nguydn nhfin quan trpng lfi f thflc ty gific vfi tinh thdn ty nguydn ciia con ngfldi dfii vfii vide thye hidn trfich nhidm bao vd mfli trfldng cfin thdp. Con ngfldi, ca vfii tfl cdeh cd nhfin, ldn tfl cfich cfic td chflc, cfic thidt chd xfi hdi chfla n h ^ thflc ddy dii, vfi do dfi, chfla thye hi$n ddy dii trach nhi$m bao vd mfii trfldng. Nhflng h ^ che vfi bfi't cdp dfi Ifim cho v i ^ bao v$ mfii trfldng tfl gfic dd d^o dflc trd ndn ciCp thidt. Ndu d^o dflc mfii trudng trd thfinh y thflc thudng tn/c trong con ngUdi thi dfi khfing chi lfi mdt trong nhiing giai phfip (nhin tfl gfic dd giai phap), mfi con Id
(*) Ph6 gi&o Bil, tign a, V^ Trifi't hgc, Vi^ Khoa h9c xfi h$i VietNam.
v £ CAC K H A I NigM "GL^ TRI N Q I TAI" VA "QUY^N D 6 N G VAT"..
giai phfip tridt de nhdt, hflu hi^u nhfi't de giai quydt cufic khung hoang mfli trfldng hi$n nay. Chinh vi vfiy, dao dflc mfii trfldng dang trd thfinh linh vyc dflpc quan tfim ca v l m^t 1^ lufin Ifin v l mfit thye tiln.
Tuy nhien, trdn binh didn ly lufin, vide khdng dinh vai tro cua dao dflc mfii txfldng 1^ ddn de'n vdh dl: Dpo dflc mfii trfldng Ifi mfit n l n dao dflc mfii hofin tofin dflc Ifip vfi cao hdn d^o dflc truyin thfl'ng hay chi lfi mfit linh vyc, mflt phfldng didn cua dao dflc nfii chung?
Tra ldi cfiu hdi nfiy, mdt sfi' hpc gia da dl xudt mfit dinh d l (Postulate): Mpi sinh thd, mpi vat thd diu cfi gia trj nfii tai Gid tri ngi tai (Inherent Worth) chinh la khai nidm nln tang cua mfit sfi' khuynh hflfing dao dflc hpc mfii trfldng hidn dai. Tuy nhidn, gia trj nfii tai la mflt khfii niem gay nhilu tranh lufin.
Mflt so nha dao dflc hpc mfli trfldng phUdng Tay hidn dai, tidu bilu nhdt la P.Taylor, ngUdi sfing Ifip Bao dOc hgc duy sinh vdt, coi gid tri ngi tgi lfi mot phat hipn, mot budc tidn dfit pha trong nhfin thflc cua nhfin lo^i. Trong tac ph^m Bqo dUc hgc tdn trgng thiin nhiin (Ethics of Respect For Nature), fing cho rfing, mdi sfl vfit, moi thflc the bfi't 1^ deu cfi hai loai gifi trj: Gid tri thiiC dung (Instrumental Worth) vfi gid tri ngi tgi (Inherent Worth). Gia tri thflc dung cua sy vfit lfi gia tri cua nfi dfii vdi con ngfldi, tflc la kha nang dfip flng mot nhu cdu nao dfi cua con ngfldi. Chfing han, nfldc cfi t h l dap iing nhu cdu nfldc cho cd t h l ngfldi, cfi t h l dap flng nhu cdu giao thfing vfin tai, nhu cdu canh
tfic cho con ngUdi,... Nhflng kha nfing dfi bilu hipn nhiing gid trj thflc dyng khac nhau cua nfldc dfii vfii con ngfldi. Tfl trUfic tdi nay, con ngfldi chi thdy nhflng gifi tri thye dyng ciia nflfic. ThUc ra, nUdc con mdt loai gid trj nfla, dfi lfi gifi tri ndi t^i cua nfi. Gifi trj ndi t^i cua nflfic lfi gid tri vdn cfi cua nfi vfii tfl each mdt thye t h l tfldng flng vfi binh dfing vdi cfic thflc t h l khfic. Gia trj ndi tpi cua nfldc khfing t\x^ thu§c vfio vi$c nfi dap flng hay khfing dap flng nhflng nhu cdu nfio dfi cua con ngfldi, nfi cfi lpi hay cfi h ^ dfii vdi con ngUdi. Chi thdy gifi trj thye dyng mfi khfing thdy gifi tri nfii tai cua sU vfit, con ngfldi nhin nhfin sfl vfit nhfl lfi vfit sd hflu, nhfl lfi cai sinh ra chi dl phyc vu con ngfldi. Nhin nhfin thien nhidn nhU vfiy, con ngUdi ty cho minh quyln mfic sflc khai thfic vfi huy hoai thidn nhidn nhfim phyc vy cho nhflng nhu cdu ich ky nhfin loai cua minh. Vfi, dfi chinh lfi nguyin nhdn sdu oca cua nhflng vfi'n di mfii trfldng dang de nang len nhfin loai hien nay.
Theo P.Taylor vd mfit so' nhfi dao dflc hpc mfii trfldng phUdng Tfiy hien dai, nd'u nhin nhfin thien nhien vfi cac yeu tfl' cdu thfinh nfi dflfii mfit finh sfing mfii, ta sd thdy gia npi tai. Le ty nliidn, dfldi anh sfing cua gia tri nfli t ^ , ta thfi'y thidn nhidn binh ding vl mfit gifi tri dfii vfii con ngfldi vfi tfl dd, sd ddn ddn thai dp tfln trpng thien nhidn. Sfl tfin trpng thien nhidn vfii tU cfich lfi thai do vfi tinh cam d^o dflc khfing chi ddn ddn trach nhidm bao vd mfli trfldng, ma hdn thd, con tao ra nhfllng ngudn cam hflng mfii Ifim cho cufic sfi:^ cua con ngfldi cfi
27
NGUYEN VAN PHTJC
i nghia hon. Con ngUdi tii dfiy s8 sing trong mfit t h l gifii mfii, t h l gifii cila si^
giao tilp thfin thifn, cua si^ tfin trpng lin nhau giila tfi't c i cfic thfinh vifin trong tinh t h i n binh d&ng mdi tn/dng (BiosphericalEgalitarianism)(l).
Theo ehung tfii, khfii nif m gid tri n^i tai khfing phii lfi phfit kiln mdi eiia mfit s l nhfi d^o dflc hpc mfii trudng phuong Tfiy hifn dji. NhQng tU tudng vl phdt tinh vfi binh ddng phdt ttnh trong Phfit gifio, d^c Mfit lfi Phfit gifio D^i thiia, vl thuc chfi't, tuOng ding vfii tu tudng vl gifi tri nfii tai. Nhu chiing ta da bilt, Phfit gifio sfl dung khfii nif m phdp dl philm chi tofin bfi cac sU vfit, eae thfinh tfi' elu thfinh vii tru, thifin nhifin bao gfim ca gidi hflu sinh vfi gifii vfi sinh. Mpi sU vfit (v^n phfip) diu do nhan duySn mfi sinh ra hay m i t di.
NhUng dfi chi lfi hien tupng, cai bilu kien, thfi'y dupc; con ding sau cfii bilu kien lfi ph|it tinh, lfi the b i t sinh bfi't diet cua mufin lofii. Mpi vfit, mpi lofii deu CO the giac ngp de vupt qua gidi han cua ddi sfi'ng hipn tai mfi die dao, trd thfinh PhSit. Chfnh vi vfiy, van phfip lfi binh ding phfit tfnh, binh ding sinh mfnh. Nfii theo ngfin ngii cila dao dflc hpe mfii trudng hifn dai, van phfip hay mpi vfit thl, sinh t h l diu binh ding vl mfit gifi tn.
Tuy nhifin, vific khing dinh gia tri nfii tai cua sU vfit 14 khfing thuylt phuc.
Theo chiing tfii, gifi tri 1^ inot khfii nif m dupc hinh thfinh vfi phat triln trong ddi sfi'ng cua xa hpi v i con ngudi. Gia trj phan finh quan hf gifla chii t h l vfi khfich the, hdn the, chu the phai 14 chii
t h l - ngudi (cfi nhfin, xfi h|i). Dii vdi gia tri, chii t h l khfing t h l lfi ngoai gifii ho$c cfic thfinh t l cua ngo^i gifii; cfin khfich t h l cfi t h l 14 gifii tif nhiSn hofic con ngfldi, cfic quan hf ngUdi, tU tudng...
M|t khich t h l ch! dupc coi 14 cfi gifi tr;
khi nfi cfi k h i nfing dfip flng (thoa man) m | t nhu clu ho$c lpi feh nfio dfi ciia chii thl. Nhu clu dfi efi t h l 14 nhu clu vfit chit ho|e nhu clu tinh thin, nhu clu trUfic m i t ho^c nhu elu trong tfldng lai, nhu clu trvTc tilp hay nhu clu gifin tilp. Vfi, vl ring, chii t h l efi t h l lfi cfi nhfin, c|ng ding, xa h|i, quic gia, tofin t h l nhfin loai tai m^t thdi dilm hch si^
hay trong suit tiln trinh phat triln ngn nhu elu dupc hlnh thfinh mpt each xfic dinh, cv t h l vfi dupc nhfn thflc tuong flng vfii cfic ph^m vi chii the dfi.
Dl cfi t h l dfip flng dupc mfit nhu clu ho$e lpi feh n h i t dinh cua chii thl, khfich t h l phai cfi nhvbig die tfnh khfich quan nfio dfi (khach quan hilu theo nghia khfing phij thufic vio ^ chi ciia chu thl). Nhung tU nfi, nhflng d$c tfnh niy khfing phai l i gia tri ciia khfich thl. Chflng ehi trd thfinh gia tri trong quan hf vdi chu thl, nghia 14 phai cfi kha nfing dfip ijtng dupc nhQng nhu clu, nhiing lpi feh nfio dfi ciia chii thl. Nfii BXt vf t (khfich thl) cfi gia tr} lfi ngu ^ ring, si^ vf t dfi cfi gifi tri cho / dSi vdi mf t e h i t h l nfio dfi. Khfing cfi gifi tri t\f thfin hofc nfi tai ciia sif vfit.
Trong bfii vilt Bao dUc mdi sinh Id gi? ding trfin tf p san Triit hqc vd Til
(1) Xem: Envimnmental Ethics. Osforrd University Preu, 2002, P. S3-96.
v^ cAc KHAI NI$M "GIA TRI NOI TAI" VA "QUY^N DQNG VAT".
tiidng (Tfip san hai ngoai), nhfi triet hpc Nguyen Vinh De tuy nhfin thdy vide gfin gifi trj nfii tai cho thidn nhidn lfi bdt hpp ly, nhflng fing lai cho rdng, khfii nidm nay rfi't cfi f nghia dfii vfii con ngfldi vd tac phdm nghe thufit. Theo fing, tac phdm nghp thufit, tinh ban, tinh ydu, nhflng ky vfit,... la nhiing cai cfi gifi trj nfii tai. 6 n g vidt; "Ydu dich thflc mpt ngfldi lfi ydu ngUdi dfi vi ngUdi dfi, chfl khfing phai vi ldi ich thflc td mfi ngfldi dfi cfi the mang lai cho minh"(2).
Tuy nhidn, theo chiing tfii, ngay ca trong cac trfldng hdp dfldc ndu tren, vipc sii dung khfii nidm gia tri nfli tai ciing khong thuyet phuc. Khi ta nfii gia trj ciia mflt tac phdm nghd thufit khflng cfi nghia la tac phdm dfi ty nfi cd gia tri theo nghia khdp kfn, bidt Ifip. Gia trj cua mpt tac phfim nghd thuat chi dupc xfic dinh, the hien thfing qua quan he vdi cfing chflng (ngUdi thudng thflc).
Cfing chiing dfinh gifi mfit tac phfim nghd thufit lfi cfi gifi trj khi nfi dap flng nhu cdu thdm my cua hp. Hdn thd, ban than tac phdm nghd thufit chi lfi nghe thufit chan ehinh, dfch thye khi nfi cfi quan he vdi iiidn thflc, cupc sdng, nghia lfi nfi phan finh dfldc mfit cfich sinh dfing tfim tfl, tinh cam cung nhfl nhflng dfing lyc thflc sfl cua nhiing hoat dpng sdng cua mfit cfing ddng ngfldi, mpt dfin tfic hofic mfit thdi dai thflng qua nhiing hinh tfldng nghp thufit. Nhfl v^y, gia trj cua mfit tfic phdm nghe thufit dflpc xfic djnh vfi t h l hipn ra qua tdng hofi cua nhilu ldp quan hd: Trfle tidp, gifin tidp, dan xen Ifin nhau. Tfldng ty nhfl vfiy, ydu mpt ngUdi nfio dfi, co nhien, khfing
phai Id vi lpi feh thye td, trUc tie'p mfi ngfldi dfi mang l^i. NhUng ndu hilu lpi ich khflng ddn gian chi la ldi ich vat chdt, ho^c lpi ich tnic tidp thi khi ydu mflt dfii tfldng nfio dfi, ngfldi ta cung thoa man dfldc nhu cdu yeu vfii tU cfich Id nhu cdu tinh thdn; sy thoa man nfiy tfi't cfi lpi cho sU phat trien ddi sdng tinh thdn cua mfit chu t h l nhfi't djnh. Cfin gifi trj ciia con ngfldi dfldc ydu hfin ciing khfing phai lfi gifi trj nfii tai hilu theo nghia khfing cfi quan hd, khfing dfip flng mfit nhu cdu hay mflt lpi feh nfio dfi cua ngfldi khac. NgUdi dfing dUpc yeu chf ft cung phai lfi ngUdi cfi nhfin cfich, mfi nhfin cfich cua con ngUdi lai dUdc xfic djnh trong nhiing quan hd cua anh ta vfii nhiing ngfldi khac, vdi dan tfic, vdi thdi dai ma anh ta sfl'ng. NhU vay, trong ba't k^. trfldng hpp nao, dflfii bdt 'ky gfic dfl xem xet nao, gifi tri cua con ngudi, cua sy vfit, cua thidn nhidn ciing chi cfi nghia khi dfit trong quan hd vfii con ngfldi, vdi xa hfii. Gia tri gfin vfii nhu cau, vdi lpi ich cua con ngudi, lofii ngudl. Nhu cdu dfi, ldi ich dfi cfi the lfi vfit chdt hofic tinh thdn, cfi t h l lfi tnic tidp hofic gian tidp qua nhieu khfiu trung gian. Do dfi, khfing efi gia trj nfli tai theo nghia mfi mpt sfl' nhfi dao dflc hpc mfii trfldng phfldng Tfiy hien dai xfic dinh.
Tfl sfl khfing dinh gifi trj npi tai cua vpn vfit, mfit sd nhfi d^o dflc hpc mfii trfldng phfldng Tfiy hipn d ^ da di tdi khdng djnh quyln cua vpn v^t, dfic bidt la quyin cua ddng vdt. Lfigfc cua vfiii de
(2) Tri^ hgc va tit tt^ng. sfi* 2, tr.64.
29
NGUYiNVANPHtJC
lfi, nlu chiing ta thfla nhfn gifi trj nfi tfii cua dfng vf t thi dUOng nliifin, df ng vft binh ding vdi con ngfldi; nlu eon ngfldi efi quyln (nhfin quyln) thi dfng vft cung cfi quyln sfi'ng, quyln cfi dUpe nhflng dilu kifn dam bao cho si^ sfing bin vilng cua ehung tuong ti^ nhu nhfin quyln.
P.Taylor vfi mf t s l nhfi d?io dflc hpc mfii trudng phUOng Tfiy hifn d^i cho ring, vifc nhfn thflc dflpc gifi tri i f ' t ? ' eiing nhu quyln cila dfng vfit, v^n vft khfing chi giup lofii ngUdi bilt tfin trpng lofii vft, tfin trpng thifin nhifin, t\f nhfn thfi'y trfich nhif m bao vf mfli trudng mfi hon thl, cflng vfii dilu dfi, nhfin lo^i sfi tao ra cho minh mf t ddi sing cfi ^ nghia hon. Nfii cfich khfic, con ngudi tfl chl lfi con ngudi mang ban chfi't feh ky nhfin loai se trd thfinh eon ngUdi mang ban cha't dao dflc vii tru.
Tuy vfiy, cung nhU khfii nif m gifi tri npi tai, khfii niem quyln cua dfing vf t 14 mfit khfii niem mO hi, khfing efi cin cfl xfic dfing. Quyin 14 mft khfii nifm thufic linh vUc luft hpe, ehfnh tri hpc, dao dflc hpe (d day, ehu ylu chiing ta nfii din quyln tfl gfic dp dao dflc).
Quyen hfin quan din con ngudi vfi phan anh ddi song con ngUdi, lofii ngudi. Thl ky XVII, XVIII, cfic nhfi tu tudng ldn nhu Locke, Rousseau dfi dl xufi't thuylt Phdp quyin tU nhien. Theo dfi, quyln con ngudi 14 quyln tU nhien dflng trfin v4 cao hOn phfip lufit cila nhfi nude. Tuy nhien, theo chung toi, khfing nfin hilu quyln con ngfldi mfit each trilu tupng vfi mang tfnh bim sinh. Quyen con ngudi phin anh quan hf gifla nhfi nUdc v4 cfi nhan. Quyg~n con ngfldi 14 mfit gifi tri xa hpi; nfi phai dupc nhfi nflfic ghi
nhfn vfi bio dam bing phfip luft tU mfii trd thfinh hifn thijc. Do dfi, sij hinh thfinh vfi phit triln quyln con ngudi bi quy dinh bdi sy phfit triln eiia ddi sing xa hfi vfi con ngudi; ding thdi, dfinh diu nhQng trlnh df phfit triln nhit dinh ciia x i hfi v i con ngUdi. Mft trong nhflng tfnh quy dinh quan trpng nhit mi thilu nfi thi khfing thl xfic dinh dupc quyln, dfi 14 quyln ciia cfi nhfin.
Hi Chf Minh tflng nhin m^nh ring, nUfic dupc dfc Ifp m4 dfin khfing cfi til do thi dfc Ifp cung chfing cfi ^ nghia ^ Nhu vfy, quyln (trong trudng hpp niy lfi quyln dfc Ifp phfit triln) cua mft cf ng ding khfing thl tich rdi quyln cfi nhfin (ti^ do cua mSi ngUdi dfin). Quyln eiia efng ding lfi dam bao eho si^ thi^
hifn quyln ciia cfi nhfin. Quyln cua cfi nhfin lfi bilu hifn vfi 14 si^ xae nhfn cho gia tri <^ch thilc ciia quyln efng ding.
Khi khing dinh dfng vit cfi quyln, P.Taylor hilu ro quyln tnldc hit lfi quyln ciia cfi thl. D S vdi flng, hinh dfng dllng v l mft d^o dflc l i hinh dfng bilt tfin trpng lpi feh rifidg cHa tflng cfi thl. NhUng doi hoi niy khflng thl th^c hifn dupc trfin thi^c t l vdi tu cich m#(
dbi hoi, mdt yiu cdu dfio di/c mang tinh phi qudt cho cd gidi hihi sinh. Sd di P.Taylor phfi phfin d^o dflc truy&i thfl'ng vi flng eho ring, d^o dflc truyin thing gidi h?n cdng ding dfu> di2c trong phfm vi eon ngfldi, loii ngudi; theo nghia dfi, nfi l i mft thfl dfio dflc mang tfnh feh ky nhfin lofi. Vfii khai nifm gia tri nfi tfii v i quyin dfng vat, fing muln xiy dijing mft thfl dfio dflc mdi fip dvmg cho toin bf gifii hOu sinh m4 trong dfi, eon ngfldi chi 14 mft thfinh tfi'. A.Leopold
vfi CAC K H A I NigM "GlA TRI NOI TAI" VA "QUY^N D Q N G VAT".
cfin md rfing cpng ddng dao dflc ra ca gidi vfi sinh. Vfii fing, ca viing dfi't lfi mflt cflng ddng d^o dflc cfi gifi trj vfi binh dang vfii nhau. Theo nghia fi'y, flng gpi dao dflc mfli trfldng lfi dqi dia dqo diic (The land Ethics)(3). Tuy nhidn, chi edn mpt ly tri thfing thudng ciing cfi the nhfin thdy, sU sinh thfinh vfi tid'n hoa cua gidi tU nhidn (bao gom ca con ngUdi) lfi mfit qua trinh qufi "khdc nghidt". Dl tdn tai vfi phfit triln, bfi't cfl cfi the nfio, lodi nao cung phai st( dung cfic ca t h l khfic, lofii khac nhU lfi thflc phdm, nhfl lfi nguydn Udu de cfi'u thanh chinh cd the sinh hpc cua minh. NhQng nghien cflu sinh thfii hpc cho thfi'y, bdn trong mfit khu riing nhidt dfii mfi nhin tfl xa cfi ve tram tlnh, thfim chi dep, ndn thd, la mflt cupc hfin chieh Hen mien khflng bao gid cha'm dflt cua hfing ngfin loai sinh vfit to nho khfic nhau. O dfi, mfii con vfit deu tdn tai ciing mpt luc vfii hai tu cfich: Tfl each ke sfin mdi vfi tfl cfich con mdi. Cai sfl' lUdng con vfit dfldc sfing het tufii ddi sinh hpc cua minh la qua ft so vfii ddng loai cua chiing phai bd mang hoae tfl Iuc mdi sinh, hoflc trong qua trinh sinh trUdng. Cac sinh vfit nfiy chdng cfi quyln dao dflc tflc lfi quyen dfldc sdng, dfldc tfln trpng, dUdc bao vd;
chflng hofic la chdt ndii bj bidn thfinh mdi cho ke khfic, hofic lfi sdng tflc lfi bidn. ke khac thfinh mdi cho minh.
Nhiii^ khai nidm "gia tri nfli tai", "hmh ddng mfli trUdng", "quyln", "thidn", "ac"
dp dung vfio ddi sdng cua sinh vfit la vfl nghia. Ngay ca con ngUdi, loM ngUdi vdi y thflc dao dflc cua minh ciing khflng thoat dflpc quy lufit cua tao hoa. Chflng ta phai khai thac vfi sxt dyng thidn
nhidn (bao gdm ca dflng, thflc vfit) phyc vu cho cuflc sdng ciia chung ta. Trdn thflc td, con ngfldi, lofii ngfldi khflng tfin trpng dupc quyln sinh vfit (dpng thye vfit) vfii tu cfich lfi quyln sfl'ng cfi t h l . Ngay ca nhflng tfn d6 tfin gifio tfl bi nha't cung phai fin mfii cfi thl tdn tai d l md cflu nhfin dd thd. Nhflng fin, chi it lfi cdm vfi rau, ciing da la sfit sinh rii! Mfit hat lfla, theo qaan diem Taylor lfi cfi gifi tri nfii tpi, theo quan dilm PhSit giao Ik binh ddng phfit tinh vdi con ngfldi, nghia la hat lua dfi cfi quyln sfiiig, sinh trudng va truyen gifi'ng; nhUng vi sfl tdn tai cua con ngfldi, nfi dfi khfing cfi dUdc quyen dd. Xfi hpi vfi con ngUdi cang phat triln, cfing vfin minh thi kha nang va mflc dp khai thfic thien nhidn, mflc dp tidu diing cac san pham tfl thien nhidn cfing gia tfing. Dilu dfi cfi nghia la cfing nhieu ca thl dpng, thflc vat phai hy sinh quyen sfing cua nunh: Dfi la quy luat cua tao hoa! Quy lufit nay khong t h l phan xet dupc v l mat dao dflc. Nfii each khac, dao dflc, xdt ddn cung, chi lfi Iinh vflc cfl xrl gifla con ngUdi vfii con ngfldi d ca cap dp ca nhfin va cdp dp xa hfii.
P.Taylor cung nhan thdy khd khfin khi dp dung dao dflc tfin trpng thidn nhidn vfio thflc tiln; bdi vay, fing d l xudt mfit nguyen tdc gpi la nguyin tdc cong bdng phuc hoi (Principle of Restitutive Justice). Nguyen tdc nay dfii hdi con ngfldi phai cfi hfin phiLn den bu khi gfiy thidt hai cho sinh v^t. Chfing han, khi chfit mpt cfiy go, ta co bfin phfin trdng lai mfit cfiy khac; gidt mfit con thfl, ta phai tao dieu kidn cho bay
l)Xem:S(fd.,tr.27-33.
31
NGUYEN VAN PHtiC
thfl sinh trfldng vfi duy tri dflpc sd lupng cua bdy. Tuy nhidn, khi thye hidn bfl'n phfin cflng bdng nfii trdn, chiing ta chl tdn trgng diidc quyin sdng cua lodi cha khdng phdi cua cd thi Nguydn tdc cflng bdng phyc hdi khflng giup P.Taylor khfic phyc dupe khfi khfin khi dfii hdi phai tfln trpng quyln ciia cfi thl. NhU vfiy, theo chflng tfli, ndu coi sinh vdt, dfing v^t cfi "quyln" thi quyen dfi khfing the ddng nghia vdi quyin con ngiidi (nhan quyln) - thfl quyln khflng tfich rdi cd nhdn.
Khfic vdi Taylor, mfit sfi' nhfi d^o dflc hpc mfli trfldng khfic khfing dfit vfi'n d l quyln ciia cfi the sinh vfit, mfi lfi quyln ciia lofii. Ca A.Leopold vfi A.Naess deu cho rdng, con ngfldi cfi quyln khai thac ty nhien, nhflng cac fing dfii hdi phai tfln trpng lofii, phai coi cfic lofii sinh vfit binh dfing vdi con ngfldi, nghia lfi phai thfla nhfin quyen ciia sinh vfit, dpng vfit, thfim chf lfi dfi't, nfldc trong tfl each lofii. Nhflng, nhfl dfi chi ra, thfla nhfin quyen cua lofii mfi khflng thfla nhfin quyen cua ca t h l thi "quyen" nfiy khflng phu hdp ca vdi quyln vl mfit phap 1^
Cling nhfl quyln ve mat dao dflc trong ddi sdng xa hfli va con ngfldi.
Theo chflng tfii, khi nfii dd'n quyln v l mat dao dflc cua mot ngfldi nao dfi, chiing ta hilu ngfldi dd cd quyln dflpc bao ve, dfldc giup dd trong trudng hpp cdn dupc bao vd, cdn dflpc giup dd.
Ngudi cfi quyln d£io dflc Id ngfldi dflpc nhfin sy bao vd, sfl giup dd nhfl mpt dilu dfldng nhien. NhUng vdi tU cfich chii t h l cua mfit cfing dong dao dflc, mdi mfit ngudi cflng vfii quyln con phai cfi nghia vy, nghia vy bao v$, nghia vu
giflp dd ngfldi khde. Nhfl vfiy, khfing chl trong linh vyc phdp lu^t mfi ca trong linh vflc dpo dflc, quyln di dfii vfii nghia vy, trdeh nhidm.
Nhflng chi con ngfldi vfi hdn thd, chi nhflng ngfldi cd mdt sfl trfldng thfinh nhfi't dinh v l mfit f thflc, 1^ tri mdi nhdn thflc dflpc quyln vfi thi^c hi$n dupc nghia vy dao dflc cua minh. VI thd, ndu md rdng cdng ddng d^o dflc nhfl P.Taylor vfi A.Leopold dfii hdi, bao gdm ca dfi't, nfldc, thye v^t, ddng vfit thl khfii ni$m cdng ddng dao dflc khflng cfin dung nghia, nguyen nghia nfla. Ciing nhu vfiy, ndu sCt dyng khfii nidm quyln ddng, thye vfit thi cflng khfing thl coi quyln dfi lfi cflng ban chdt vfii quyln con ngfldi. Dfing thye vfit khfing cd y thflc, khfing cfi ly tri; ndu dfit chfli^
trong efing ddng dao dflc thi chiing lufin nhfin dfldc quyen (quyln ciia chung gia dinh nghia vy ciia con ngudi) trong khi chung khfing h i bidt den nghia vu, nghia vy dfii vfii con ngudi, n ^ a vy gifla chflng vdi nhau. Trong trfldng hpp nhfl vfiy, dfing thi^c v^t dfldc hfldng ddc quyin. Dfii vdi d§io dflc, ddc quyin lfi dilu khfing chfi'p nhfin dflpc; dfic quyln khfing phai lfi chfin gid trj, lfi thipn, mfi chinh la phan gid tri, la dc. (3d nhidn, doi hdi ddng thi^c vfit vfi nhflng vfit vfi tri, vfi gific phai cfi nghia vy dao dflc, tfin trpng quyln con ngfldi, quyln ciia thidn nhidn lfi dilu khflng thl, ndu khfing mudn nfii lfi hai hUfic. Nhfl vfiy, ngofii con ngfldi, loai ngUdi thi phdn con l^i ciia ty nhien khflng t h l la chu t h l ciia efing ddng dao dflc theo dflng nghia dfldc.
Cd nhidn, nhiing ngfldi chii trUdng quyln cua dpi^, thflc vfit cfi ihi phan
v^ cAc KHAI NI$M "GIA TRI NQI TAI" VA "QUY^N DQNG VAT"..
bfic rdng, vi sao tre em, nhiing dfii tupng chUa trfldng thfinh v l y thflc vfi I^ tri, l^i nhfin dfldc quyln bao vp vfi chfim sfic trong khufin khd cua cflng ddng d^o dflc mfi dflng, thflc vfit thi khflng?
Vl vdn d l nfiy, cfi mfit khuynh hflfing d^o dflc hpc dfla trdn chu nghia khiiidc dfi tra ldi mfit each khfi thuyd't phyc.
Nhin nhfin cpng ddng dao dflc nhfl lfi mfit cfing ddng cua cfic chu the kf kdt khd flfic vfi thflc hidn khd flde vdi nhau, nhiing ngfldi theo chu nghia khd Udc cho rdng, dieu kidn tidn quye't dl nhiing ngudi trfldng thfinh cfi ly tinh dflpc hfldng cac quyen dao dflc qua k^ kd't khd flfic lfi, khi chfla trfldng thfinh, hp nhfin dfldc mpt each mfic nhien sfl chfim sfic vfi bao ve eua thd' hd trfldc. Khfing cfi sfl chfim sfic vfi bao vd dfi, hp khfing t h l trfldng thfinh d l trfi thanh ngfldi cfi ly tfnh. Chflng ta khfing the nfii, chdp nhan hay khflng chfi'p nhfin sy chfim sdc va bao ve cua the he trfldc, bdi sfl sinh thanh vfi trfldng thanh cua chiing ta lfi kdt qua tdt yeu cua nhflng hoat dflng sinh tdn ciia the he trfldc. Tfnh mfic nhidn dfi bufic ehiing ta chuyin mfit each vfi dilu kidn cho tre em ciia chflng ta sfl chfim sfic vfi bao vd mfi the hp trfldc da trao mfit each vfi dilu kidn cho chung ta. Mfli chflng ta diu nhfin sy chfim sfic vfi bao vd ciia the h$ trfldc mfit each tien nghidm; dilu nay quydt dinh mfit each tidn nghidm rdng, cham sdc vfi bao vd thd hd sau Id mfit trong nhiing "gen^' dao dflc cua chung ta vfi lfi mfit di san tinh thdn ehi phfii hfinh vi dao dflc cua chflng ta. Nhfl v^y, tuy quyln cua tre em la do nhiing ngUdi k^
kdt khd flde t r u d i ^ thfinh, duy 1^ thoa
thudn vfi trao cho, nhUng hp cham sfic vfi bao v§ tre em xufi't phfit tfl mdt lpi ich tidn nghidm dfic thfl. Hdn thd', trong tUdng lai, tre em sd trd thfinh ngUdi ldn;
khi dfi, chung ciing cfi du f thflc vfi nfing lyc thflc tiln dl gia nhfip vfio cfing ddng dao dflc, thflc hidn nghia vy dao dflc dfii vdi c^ng ddng, dilu mfi dflhg, thflc vfit khflng bao gid cfi dflpc. Trd em, do vfiy, lfi nhiing thfinh vidn hpp phfip ciia cpng ddng dao dflc vfi quyen ldi cua chiing dflpc bao vp tuyet dfii bdn trong bidn gidi ciia sy bao v§ quyen con ngfldi(4).
Dfing, thflc vfit khfing the lfi chu thl trong cdng ddng dao dflc. Nhflng khfii nipm; Gid tri ngi tgi, quyin dgng vdt, binh dang moi triidng... lfi nhflng khfii nidm md hd, khfing cfi cfin cfl xfic thye.
Tuy nhidn, theo chung tfii, tinh khfing xfic thflc cua cfic khfii niem trdn vfi cung vdi chung la tinh khfing xfic thflc cua cao vpng mufi'n xae Ifip mflt nln dao dflc mdi vflpt ldn trdn truyin thdng d^o dflc cua nhfin loai khfing loai trfl tfnh cdp thiet cua vide bao vd mfii trfldng tfl gfic dfi dao dflc; khfing loai trfl tfnh cdp thiet ciia vide xay dflng dao dflc moi trfldng trong dieu kien hidn nay. Cung nhfl nhflng vfiii d l dao dflc khfie, dao dflc mfii trfldng lfi vdn de cua con ngfldi, loai ngUdi. Xfiy dilng d^o dflc mfli trfldng, do vay, la mflt dfii hdi cdp bdch trong vide xay dflng dpo dflc nfii chung cua mdi cflng ddng ngudi ciing nhU cua todn nhfin loai nhdm dfip flng nhflng ydu cdu ciia phat triln bin vflng. • (4) Xem: NhSng vdn di mui nhgn trong nghiin ciiu triit hgc ditdng dai. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, H& N$i, 2008, tr.93-94.
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