QUAN OIEM GlAO DUC CUA HO CHI MINH
QUA THU Giri THIEU NIEN, NHI DONG
N(;UY£N LI£N HUONG
Sinh thoi, Hd Chf Minh cd mOi tinh cdm ddc bifit n6\ vdi thieu nifin, nhi dong Vifit Ndm vd thi gldl. Dung nhu Ngudi dd vifit: Ai r6u cdc nhi 0ing bSng B^eHd'CMMInh, Cd cufic dtll, Nguiil da dd'u tranh iii gldl phdng ddn tfic, dem lai dOc i^p.
tu do, com no. do dm cho nhdn ddn, ddc bifit ddnh nhifiu yfiu thuong cho thil^u nifin, nhi dfing. Nguol da ddnh su quan tdm, chdm sde dn cdn, sdu s k tdi trfi em vd ddt ra nhifim vu cho todn Odng, todn ddn, phdi bfii dudng (h^ hfi cdch mang cho dol sau.
C
ic bQc thu vilt cho ihilu niin, nhi ddng Ihl hiln nhffng quan dilm giio due hit sQc tififn bd ciia Hd Chf Minh ddi vdl ire em. Ngay sau khi Cich mang thing Tim 1945 thinh cdng, Ngudi da gui thu cho hoc sinh nhin ngiy khai trudng diu lien ciia nudc Viet Nam din ehii cdng hda. Trung thu ddc lip diu tifin sau hem 80 nam nd lfi, NgUdi da vilt 2 bffc ihu cho cac chau vio ngiy 17-9-1945 va 22-9-1945. Tu day, du trong nhffng nim thing khing chiln chd'ng Phip trudng ky, nhffng nim thing chdng My gian khd, luc hda binh cung nhu chifi'n tranh. Ngudi diu cd thu vi tho gui cie chiu mdi khi tit Nguyfin din, ngiy 1-6, ngiy khai irudng. tit Trung thu. khi duoc tin cic chiu cd nhung thanh tich xui't sic, Tff nim 1945 din 1969, Ngudi da vilt hon 40 la thu dinh cho thilu niin, nhi ddng, di thim nhilu trudng hpc. gip gd ndi chuyfin vdi cic thiy cd giio, cic td chQc cua Hdi Phu nQ. DoinThanh mfin... vl vin dl cham sde giio due ihilu nifin nhi ddng. Ngudl da danh mudn van thuong yfiu cho cac chiu thilu men nhi ddng irong tffng vifie lim nhd hing ngiy va trong nhiing tu tudng chi dao vl chiln luge trong ngudi.
Tu nhung ngay diu nudc nhi giinh dugc ddc lip. lu do, Ngudi da dl ra nhifim vu difil giac dot dl md mang din trf.
dem lai quyin duoc hgc cho ire em; chi rd chim sde, giao due tre em li nhi|m vu ciia loan Dang, loan din, ciia cac ci'p. cac nginh, die biet li cua Hdi Phu nff. Etoin Thanh nifin.
Gia dinh. nhi trudng. xa hdi cd anh hudng quan trong din vific hinh ihanh nhin cich con ngudi: "Giio due cic em la vific chung ciia gia dinh, trudng hpc vi xa hdi"( 1). Gia dinh li cai ndi giio due diu tifin ed anh hudng ri't ldn tdi su hinh thanh. phit triln nhin each cua tre em nfin dng bi, bd me, anh chi... phai bi^t day tre nhihig dilu hay. Nha trudng la noi dgy chQ cung la noi dgy ngu&i. Trudng hgc ciia
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che do ddn dni nhdn ddn nfin phai dem lai nilm vui cho tre khi de'n trudng, phai gin nhQng hoat ddng Clia trudng hoc vdi lao ddng sin xui't, cudc da'u tranh cua nhin din, nhQng hoat ddng xa hdi. Su fifin he chit che giffa gia dinh, nhi trudng va xa hdi se tao ra mdi trudng giio due tiln bd, ddng vifin. khfch le duac tre em sifing ning hge tip. sinh hoat linh manh. hing hai gdp sQc minh cho xa hdi. Qua cac bQc thu, nhilu lin H6 Chf Mmh nhi'n manh phai quan lim chim sde giio due thilu nifin nhi ddng vi cic em chfnh li tuong lai eiia di't nudc, la nhihig chu nhin quylt dinh su cudng thinh ciia din tdc. Cdng tic giio due thilu nien nhi ddng ri't quan trong, dd Ii nhifim vu dao tao thi hfi tuong lai cho id qud'c. Trong Thu gui cdc em hoc sink nim 1955. Ngudi da vifi't: ngay hdm nay cie em li main. Ii blip nhung mai niy cic em se li nhung ngudi cdng din, nhung ngudi can bd cua di'l nude. Nfi'u duoc giio due tdt cac em se trd thanh nhihig cdng din id't, nhung cin bd tdt, lam ve vang cho non sdng di't nudc.
Bang nhflng ldi Ie gian di, Hd Chf Mmh da dinh hudng cho toan xa hdi vl ctiifi'n luge con ngudi VI lai ich mit&i ndm thi phdi trong cdy, vi Icn ich trdm ndm thi phdi trong ngucn, ihl hifin tim nhin xa trdng rdng ciia Ngudi vl giio due.
LAMTHFORI/ONGBAC D6\ vdi giio due, dio tao thilu nifin, nhi ddng. Hd Chi Minh nhi'n manh ndi dung giio due phai loan difin. phii hop vdi tflng dd tudi.
dap Qng duac yfiu ciu ciia xa hdi. Nhifim vu cua nhi trudng. ciia cic thay cd giio Ii dao tao dugc nhQng con ngudi cd ning lire, cd pham chi't td't dep, nhung ngudi true tilp xiy dung chil nghia xa hdi va chii nghia cong san Mudn viy thi ndi dung giao due phai toan difin, thifi't thuc, phai hinh thinh ddng ca hgc tip, lu dudng Iinh manh trong thilu nien. nhi ddng, Trong Thu gui cdc chdu luu hoc sinh Viel Nam hpc a Matxcava nim 1955. Ngudi di nhi'n manh hgc khdng phai dl cd bing cip, dl thda man sd thi'ch rifing mi hoe cdt dfi' phuc vu td qud'c, phuc vu nhin din. Trudng hgc la nai trang bi cho cic em nhQng kifi'n IhQc ca ban vfi xa hdi. lich su, khoa hoc... Thi due giup tre em cd thin ihl khde manh, bill giQ gin vfi sinh Tri due dem Iai nhflng hilu bill phong phu cho tre. My due giup tre bil't phin bifit cii gi la dep, cii gi li khong dep. Ngudi ludn dl ra nhiem vu phai Sling hoc ddi vdi thilu nifin, nhi ddng. vi chi cd nd iuc hoc tip mdi ca nhin mdi linh hdi duac in thQc cua nhin Ioai. bill cich de hoan thifin minh. cd nang Iuc de ddng gdp dung xiy dit nudc, Khi gui Thu chuc let cdc chdu nhi dong
B6c Hd vdi c6c chdu thidu nhi vung coo Vl^tBoc, 1960
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VAN H 6 A NfiHI^ T H U A T TBOMC Mirte
nim 1949, Ngudi biy id nilm vui khi bilt 95%
cic chiu tff biy. tim tudi trd Ifin diu bill dgc.
bifi't vie't vi khuyfi'n khich ch;iu nio chua bill chff Ihi phai gang hoc cho bilt. vi bill chQ giQp cic chau thuin loi trong hoc tap vi cd kha nang luhoc sud't ddi,
Trong ndi dung giio due ihifig nifin, nhi ddng. Hd Chi Mmh d l cao viec giio due dao dQc cach mang, vi dao dQc li nin ling hinh ihanh nhin cich cua mdi c i nhin. Thilu nien, nhi ddng dang d dd tudi hinh thanh nhin each.
Vi viy cin giio due nhQng chuin muc dao dQc de thifiu nien nhi ddng din din cd tu each ciia con ngudl mdi. khdng so khd. khdng so khd, bao dan, bCii gan phin di'u, ihinh nhQng con ngudi cd lai. cd dQc. NhQng chuin muc dao due da duoc Ho Chf Minh dQc ket thinh 5 dilu day thilu nien, nhi ddng: yfiu id qud'c, yeu ddng bao; hpc tip td'l, lao ddng id'i; doin kei lot, ky luii td'l: gifl gin ve sinh thit td't; khicm tdn thit tha dung cam. 5 dilu day thilu nifin nhi ddng gian di. sue tfch nhung da ham chQa irong dd nhQng phim chi't td't dep ciia eon ngudl ehin ehinh. da dua ra nhQng chi din cu the giup tre em dl thuc hien \iec tu dudng, phin di'u, O trudng thi yeu ban. d nhi thi kinh yeu giup dd cha me, ngoai xa hdi thi chung sQc tham gia vao nhung viec cd loi fch chung.
Trong thu gui cac chiu d cic trudng miln Nam, Ngudl cung giup cac chau hilu tinh cam doan kit chil che. li doin kit giffa cac chau ldn vdi cac chiu t>l; giffa cac chiu vung niy vdi cic chiu vung khic...
Hoc plidi dl doi vdi hdnh, nhi trudng phai gin lien vdi xa hdi la mdt yfiu ciu quan trpng trong ndi dung giio due. Hd Chf Mmh quan mem dao dQc. nhin each con ngudi duoc hinh thanh vi phit triln thdng qua hoai ddng ihuc lien vdi tu cieh la chu Ihl. Vi vay, Ngudi ludn nhac nhd nganh giio due, cac thiy cd giio phai Iua chon nhirng kiln thQc co ban, trang bi cho ngudi hpc. phu hgp vdi limg bic hpc. dip Qng duac yfiu ciu cua xa hdi; trinh dm ddm kiln thQc. tranh xa rdi thuc ll, trinh day hgc kilu iiiwi so, hoc vet. Ngudi ludn khuyfi'n khfch ngudl hoc phai manh dan tilp thu cii mdi, eii
titfn bg, cii gl mdi m i hay ihi la phai lim. nhu in d cho hgp ve sinh. lim vific cho ngin nip.
Ngoii gid hgc, ire phai bill Iham gia giup dd gia dinh, tham gia cic cdng tic xa hdi nhu cdng tic Iran Qudc Toin. giup dd cac gia dmh Ihuang binh, liet si. tham gia lao ddng sin xuit, thuc hinh till kifim. Li ihu cudi eung, vilt thing 5-1969, gin cic chiu thilu mfin hgp lie xa Ming non. thdn Phu Min. xa Ham Son, huyfin Yfin Phong (Bic Ninh), Ngudi bay to su hai Idng Irudc nhiing vific lam rit nhd bl ciia cic chiu khi bill van dung kiln thuc d l chim sde, nudi dudng iriu bd, lai bilt vin ddng ba con cung chim sde. mua ret che kfn chudng irai. may i o cho triu bd. ba nim liln triu bo hgp tic xa khdng con nao bi chit ddi, chit ret mi cdn bio khde. Ndi dung giio due loan difin.
vQa sue, thill Ihuc se dem Iai nilm vui, tao nfin ddng ca hpe lip, lu dudng linh manh, giiip Ihifi'u nifin nhi ddng trd thinh nhihig chii nhin vffa hdng vQa chuyen. c6 dii lim sing, trf lufi Iim cho non song \'iei Nam dtroc trd nen ve vung, din tdc Vifit Nam sdnh vai vdi cdc cuang quoc nam chdn.
Vdl lim hdn bao dung, nhin hiu. yfiu va hilu tre cm. trong Thu gui hgi nghi cdn bo phu trdch nhi ddng nim 1949. Hd Chf Minh da chi rd giao due thifi'u mfin nhi ddng la mdt khoa hpc. vi vay mdi ngudi Idn cin phai el ging hoc tap, nghifin cQu. trao ddi kinh nghifim dc liln bd mai. Thilu nifin nhi ddng la mdt dli tucmg die biet trong xa hdi. Cic em cd die dilm tim sinh ly rifing khac ngudi ldn: nhin IhQc thifin vl cam ifnh. d l xuc ddng, hay bit chude ngudi ldn, ham hilu bill, hilu ddng...
Tre em nhu tam guong trong. cd thfi tiep nhin ca cai lich cue vi tifiu cue trong cudc sd'ng. Vi viy, ngudi ldn phai thudng xuyfin, kien tri trong vific giio due tre em; cich giao due phai nhe nhing, giang giai d l tre hilu, ddng vifin khfch le d l phit huy ning luc ciia tiing ca nhin.
"Cich day ire cin lam cho chung bi^t: yfiu id qudc, thucmg ddng t)io. chudng tao ddng, giQ ky luit, bill vfi sinh, hoc van hda nhung phai giu dugc cai tfnh vui ve. hogt bdt. lunhien, ne' tiling cua cluing" (2). Ngudi phe phin cich day
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khudn sao, gd ep. bifi'n tre tho thinh nhung ngudi gii trudc tudi. Ngudi khuyen khfch tre vifi't thu cho Ngudi. tu vie't. nghi sao viei viy.
ehd muon ngudi khie vilt. Mgt nhic nhd nhd cung cho thi'y Ngudi trin trong tre lho den nhudng nio.
Giio due nhe nhang duoc thfi hifin qua phuong cham hoc d mgi noi. mgi luc. hpc trong sach vd. hoc trong cudc sd'ng. hoc nu'i chai, dun md hoc. Hgc ind dun thi hoat ddng hgc la chii yfi'u nhung each ihQc td chuc gid hgc phai dem lai hQng thu, kfch thfch tu duy sang lao ciia ngudl hpc. iao ra mdi trudng hoat ddng tap ihe de tre ITnh hdi kie'n thQc. Choi ind hoc thi choi Ii chfnh nhung qua cac trd choi de ciing cd kien IhQc. ky ning vua hpe hoac de' tre iQ tim kilm tri thuc. Phuang phap giao due nhe nhang kel hgp giQa vui chai va hoc tip se tao ra ^\i cin bing tam ly. giup tre khdng bj qua tai, khdng chan viec hoc lap.
Vdi tre em. giao due bang hinh thQc neu gucmg. thi dua la hinh thQc giao due hieu qua, Ngudl Idn phai la nhQng ti'm guong sang,
"lhay giio, can bd phu trach. . phai guang miu tQ Idl ndi dfi'n \iec lam" (3) Day tre. ndi vdi cic chiu chl la mdt phin. nhung quan trong hon phai cho cac chau nhin thi'y nhflng cdng vific lam cu thfi. Ngudi Idn cin cd cai nhin bao dung ddi vdl tre, bill ddng vien khuyen khfch.
tre se manh dan. tu tin. sang tao trong cudc sdng. Hd Chi Minh la mdt nhi su pham Idi lac.
Trong ri't nhifiu thu, Ngudi da trin trong khen nggi cae chau vdi nhung thanh tfch du nhd t>e:
chiu Dang Phuc Hai lam lien lac vien da vugt qua hoan canh nguy hifim, gifi't 3 ten dich. giai vay cho mdt sd can bd; chiu Nguyfin Thi Luong di mdt lua bin li'y tiln giup bd ddi.
Ngudi ed thu khen hoc sinh trudng Cao Xa (Hac Tri) "sing thi hgc, chilu thi giup vifie xa hdi, sua gieng. li'y bdng gao may io trin thii dl tang bd dpi. Ngiy nghi thi di tham thuong binh"(4). Trong thu gui hoc sinh irudng Viet Bic nam 1951. Ngudi rit cam ddng khi bilt cac chau "nhin an. quel chp. hai cui, ban banh tilt kiem danh dum dupc 216,445 ddng mua cdng trii"(5}. Bang vifie phat ddng vilt sieh
Ngirdi tot viec td't. Ngudi nhac nhd loan xa hdi quan tim giao due eae em bing viee nfiu gUOng khen nggi, id ehQc thi dua lanh manh,
Ddi vdi lie em. phuang phap giao due can phai vQa sQc. phii hop vdi iim smh Iy. dieu kien hoan eanh ciia cac chau d tung noi tffng vimg, Ddi vdi tre miu giio phai kil-t hgp chim sde.
nudi dudng tre vdi \'iOc hgc tip ciia ire. Ddi vdi Ire tifiu hoc thi ein giio due cac chiu yfiu Id qudc. yeu nhan clan, yeu Iao dong. yen khoa hgc. trong ciia cdng, Ddi vdi bic trung hoc cin dam bao cho hgc trd nhirng tri thuc phd thdng chac chan. thilt thuc. thfch hop vdi ddi ,sdng thuc to Ngudl ludn khuyen khi'ch cac chau tiiy lung dilu kifin. hoan canh cu ihl nfin ddng gdp sQc minh cho dai nudc: "Tudi cac chau nhd thi cac chau lam nhung cdng viec nhd, Nhilu cdng vific nhd cdng Iai thanh cdng \'iec lo"(6).
Vdl tren 40 bQc thu gui thifi'u mfin. nhi ddng trong \a ngoai nudc tff 1945 de'n 1969. Hd Chf Minh da dl lai mudn vin tinh thuong yeu cho the' he tuong Iai. Di san tmh thin Ngudi dl Iai eang cd y nghia sau sic bdi kit dong trong dd khdng chi tinh yeu thuong ma cdn la nhQng quan dilm giao due lien bd. tilp thu tff van hda din tdc Viet Nam va van hda nhin Ioai lien bd.
Ngudi coi trgng nhiem vu bdi dudng the he cich mang cho ddi sau, yeu cau giio due tre phai loan dien. vua day chO vfla day ngudi;
phuang phip day tre phai nhe nhing. kien tri.
Iuc hgc cung ein vui. luc vui cung cin hoe, phai phat huy irici de nang Iuc eiia ngudi hpc. Diy Ii nhung tu tudng chi dao quy biu ciia Hd Chf Minh ve giio due ndi chung vi giao due ire em ndi rieng, Nhflng quan difim nay dugc Dang, nha nudc, nganh giao due da va dang quan tam, tifi'p tue hoc tap, nghien cQu, vin dung de su nghiep giio due ciia Viet Nam ngay cing tien bd. hdi nhap vdi giio due cua the gidi •
N.L.H
I. 2, 5. 6. NgiiyCn Anh Minh. Chuyen ke vd nhung hire Ihu Bdc Hd gui Ihieu men, nhi dong, NxbC/ii'»/( in Quoc sia.20i2.lr.5S.i-i. 40. 2\.
3, 4 Van Da L6c. Bdc Hd vdi thieu nhi - hoc sinh.
Nxb Trtdien Bdch klioa. 2010. lr,74. 30.
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