Y
NGHTA C U A B A N T U Y E N NGUN BOC LAP KHAI SINHNiAilc VIET NAM BAN CHU C$N6 HOA TBONG THOfl BAI NGAY NAY
PGS.TS. Nguyin Manh Ha*
ThS. Hoang Ltfdng**
Cacb mang Tbang Tam tbanb cdng, ngay 2 thing 9 nam 1945 tai Quang trUdng Ba Dmh (Ha Ndi), trUdc ddng dao nhan dan Thu dd va cac vdng lUn can, thay mat Chinh pbu lim thdi, Cbu tich Hd Cbi Minh dgc ban Tuyen ngon ddc lip khai sinb nUdc Vidt Nam Dan cbij cdng boa. Vdi nhdng gii trj cdt loi ve quyen din tdc va quydn con ngUdl, ban Tuyen ngon ddc lap la sU ket tinb cao ca nhifng gia tri nhan vin cOa nhan loai. Dodo, vU0 qua tbdi gian, van kien ljch sd nay vin co sdc sdng manb me, ven nguydn y nghTa trong thdi dai ngay nay.
Vai net ve si/ ra ddi cua Tuyen ngon dpc lap
Sau gan 30 nam bdn ba hoat ddng d nUdc ngoai, khdng ngdng da'u tranh cho quyen doe lap dan tpc, quyen sdng eua ngddi dan mdt nUdc tU do, tha'u h i l u y nghTa cCia Tuyen ngdn ddc lap nam 1776 cua nude My, Tuyen ngdn N h a n q u y e n va D a n quyen nam 1791 cila Cach mang PhSp, dau n a m 1 9 4 1 , la n h tu Nguyin Ai Qudc trd v l ndde hogt dpng, lanh dao chuan bj khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyin.
Gida nam 1945, khi chieu hudng gianh thang ldi cua phe Ddng minh chdng phat xft da rd rang, phat xit Ddc dau hang d chau Au, lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qudc da chu trUPng lien h0 vdi Ddng minh (d day la quan My dang ddng d Van Nam, Trung Qudc) d l phdi hpp danh phat xft
•'>.it'nL|ch'iL(D5ng.
• • Vi^n Lu h '.ilQuan si/Vi^l Nam,
TAPCHiTHONGTIKD(flNGQ«IS(l T ~
Nhat d Viet Nam va Ddng DUdng, ddng thdi mong mud'n nhgn dUpc sU giup dd cda Ddng minh cho Mat tran Vidt Minh trong cudc da'u tranh gianh dpc lap khdi sU chidm ddng cuaphatxftNhat.
Trong qua trinh lien he, phd'i hdp vdi quan My, lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qud'c da chu dpng tim hieu npi dung Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap cua My va Tuyen ngdn N h a n q u y d n va D a n quyen cua Phap de tham khSo, chuan bi cho viec khdi thSo Tuyen ngdn dpc lap. SU viec nay the hien tam nhin xa, trdng rdng eua NgUdi trong v i e c chuan bj mpt van ban cUc ky quan trpng cho sU ra ddi cua mpt nude Viet Nam mdi do nhan dan lam chu ngay td khi cupc tdng khdi nghia ehUa nd ra.
Caeh m a n g T h a n g Tam nd ra va gianh thang loi nhanh chdng tren pham vi cS nUdc do DSng vS lanh tu Nguyen Ai
Qudc da nSm bat va chdp lay thdi cd thuan ldi de phat ddng toan dan ddng len khdi nghTa g i a n h c h i n h q u y e n. N g a y 25/8/1945, chi bay ngay sau khi cupc khdi nghTa thang ldi d Ha Ndi, lanhtu Nguyin Ai Qudc da eung eac ddng chi trong Ban Thudng vu Trung Udng Dang Cpng san Ddng DUdng td can cd dia Viet Bac trd v l Ha Ndi. NgUdi d tai sd 48 phd Hang Ngang, la nha cda gia dinh dng Trjnh Van Bd, mdt gia dinh tU san ydu nUde, bat tay ngay vao viee khdi thao Tuyen ngdn dpc lap. Ban Tuyen ngon dpc lap dUdc NgUdi hoan thanh rat nhanh, tuy chi trong vdng ma'y ngay cudi thang Tam va dUpc NgUdi dUa cho cac ddng ehi trong Ban T h u d n g vu Trung Upng dpc, gdp y kien nhUng la sU ket tmh sU hieu biet, kinh nghiem cda may chuc nam hoat ddng d nude ngoai, trong
• LV L U 4 N ' THI^C T l i H - KIHH HGHIEV
Dong di Chi5 tich H o
dan tap Imng tai Qu3ng tnJdng Ba D i n h (Ha Noi) nghe Chf Mmh doc Tuyen ngon Doc Lap, ngay 2/9/1945
do cd ca Phap va My. Van kidn quan trpng nay phSn anh mdt each day dd, toan dien tam tU, nguyen vpng cCia quSng dgi quan chdng nhan dan v l n l n ddc lap cua dan tpc, mong dupe hudng mpt cupc sdng tU do, dan chu, hanh phdc.
Mpt dieu dgc biet la NgUdi da tidp thu va phat trien tinh than cua Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua nUdc My dUdc vidt ra td 169 nam trUdc, khi de cap den quyen cua con ngUdi.
Tuyen ngdn dpc lap eua My viet: "ta't ea mpi ngudi deu sinh ra binh dang...,"
trong khi d d , lanh tu Nguyin Ai Qud'c vidt: "ta't ea mpi ngddi d i u sinh ra cd quyin binh dang". Day khdng chf dPn thuan la sU thay ddi cau chU ma la sU
tien bd vUdt bgc ve nhgn thUc ve q u y i n con ngUdi cua lanh tu Nguyen A i Qudc d thdi diem dd.
Gia trj cua quyen dan toe va quyen con ngUdi trong Tuyen ngon dpc lap
TrUdc het, Tuyen ngdn dpc lap da khang djnh q u y i n dan tpc va quyen eon ngUdi ludn gan bd chat che vdi nhau. Dd cdng la muc tieu, ly tUdng ma mpi dan tde, qudc gia tren the gidi deu hUdng den. Bang viec luan d i n nhUng Idi bat hd trong bSn Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap nSm 1 776 cija nddc My "Ta't eS mpi ngddi deu sinh ra binh dang. Tgo hda cho hp nhdng quyen khdng ai cd the xSm pham dUdc, trong nhUng quyen ay, cd quyen dupe sd'ng, q u y i n td do va
q u y e n mUu c a u hanh phuc"^ va trong Tuyen ngdn Nhan quyen va Dan quyen cua each mang Phap nam 1791 "NgUdi ta sinh ra tU do va binh dang ve quyen ldi, va phSi ludn ludn dupc tu do va binh dang ve q u y i n Ipi"^ Chu tich Hd Chf Minh khang dinh chan ly: "Ta't ca cac dan tde tren thd gidi deu sinh ra binh dang, dan toe nao eung cd q u y i n sd'ng, q u y e n sung sUdng va quyen tU do"^ Ndu nhU trong cac bSn tuyen ngdn cua nude My va nUdc Phap chi ddn t h u i n de cap ddn quyen con ngUdi nhu mdt sU tat ydu cua tao hda thi Chu tjch Ho Chf Minh, bang trf tue m i n tiep, bang sU trSi nghidm thUe te va thuc t i l n each
TAP CHi THONG TIN fi^l NGOAI sd' — 2014
LVLUilH.THtrCTllH-KINHNGHliM •
mgng Viet Nam, da phat trien sang tao, dUa ra mdt mdnh de khdng the phu nhan ve quyen dpc lap cda mpi dan tpc.
Q u y e n d a n tdc va quyen con ngUdi cd mdi quan hd bien chdng, tac ddng qua lai lan nhau.
Dan tpc ddc lap ia d i l u kidn tidn quydt d l dSm bSo thuc hien quyen eon ngUdi va ngUpe Igi thUe hien tdt quyin con ngUdi chfnh la phat huy nhdng gia trj cao cS va y nghTa that sU eua ddc lap dan tdc. Giao sd ngUdi Nhat BSn Singd Sibata tdng danh gia: "Cdng hien ndi tidng ci]ja cu Ho Chi Minh la d chd da phat trien q u y i n con ngUdi thanh quyin dan tdc"\
Ddng trUdc nhdng thd thach khac nghiet cda Ijch sd, mpt dan tdc khdng bie't dau tranh cho doe lap, tU do thi rd rang khdng xdng dSng dupe hUdng nen ddc lap, tu do. BSn Tuyen ngdn dpc iSp cOa Chd tjch Hd Chf Minh da khang djnh: dSn tpc Vidt Nam da trSi qua nhdng chang dudng gian lao, day mau va nUdc mat; nhan dan Vi^t Nam da chiu kiep dog day, ap bUc dudi gdng x i i n g cua chd nghTa thUc dan ngdt gan tram nam;
non sdng Vi^t Nam da bj cit chia thSnh 3 ky bdi
mUd dd tan ddc nham triet tieu sdc manh t i l m tang cua Idng yeu nUde, sdc manh cua khdi dgi doan ket toan dan cda nhdng ke thdng tri. Td trong nhdng ddm dai nd le, tam tdi, nhan dan Viet Nam da vung len "danh dd cac x i i n g xfch thuc dan g i n 100 nam nay de gay dUng nen nUde Viet Nam dpc lap [...] danh dd che dp quan chd mdy mUdi thd k'y' ma lap ndn chd dd Dan chu Cdng hda"^ N l n ddc lap, tu do ma nhan dan Viet Nam gianh Igi dUpc
"la hoa, la quS cua bao nhieu mau da dd va bao nhieu tfnh mang da hy sinh eua nhdng ngUdi con anh dung cua dan tdc Viet Nam trong nha td, trong trai tap trung trdn nhdng hSi dSo xa xdi, trdn may chem, trdn chidn trUdng.
[...] la ket quS cCia bao nhieu hy vpng, gang sdc va tin tudng cua hdn 20 trieu nhan dan"^ NhUng tuyen bd danh thep trong bSn Tuyen ngdn ddc lap v l quyin dpc lap, tU do ta't ydu eCia dan tpc Viet Nam da "danh ddn phu dau", dap tan nhdng luSn dieu xuyen tac trong Sm mdu tai chidm Ddng DUdng cuathUcdan Phapva y d d can thidp cua cac nUdc dd qudc ddi vdi Vidt Nam.
Mpi hanh vi xam phgm
ddc lap, chd quyen cua Vidt Nam deu vi pham luat phap qudc t e , di ngddc Igi vdi xu hUdng phattrien chung cua nhan logi tidn bd. Toan the dan tdc Viet Nam "quyet dem tat ea tinh t h i n va ldc lUdng, tinh mang va cua eSi d l gid vdng quyin tU do, dpc lap ay"^
Y nghia cua Tuyen ngdn doc lap trong thdi dai ngay nay
sau mUPi chin nam da trdi qua nhdng nhdng tU tudng, quan diem cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh trong bSn Tuyen ngdn dpc lap v l sU thdng nhat bien chUng gida quyin dan tdc va quyin con ngUdi, ve khatvpngva tinh t h i n da'u tranh kidn quydt de gid vdng n l n ddc iSp tU do, v l n cd y nghTa dac bidt sau sac trong cdng eudc xay dUng va bSo ve To qudc hidn nay. DSng Cpng sSn Vidt Nam tiep tuc quan triet, van dung va phat trien tU tUdng nhSn quyen cua Hd Chf Minh trong cong cudc ddi mdi, khang djnh "Con ngddi la trung tam eua chidn lUdc phat trien, ddng thdi la chu the phat trien. Tdn trpng va bao ve quyen con ngUdi, gan quyen eon ngUdi vdi quyin va ldi ich cua dan tdc, dat nddc va quyen iam chu cda nhan
T«P CHl THONG TIN Odi NGOAI S d ' T ^
• Lt LUiN. THI/C TIEH - KINH HGHliH
dan"' Hidn phap Nude Cdng hda Xa hpi chu nghTa Vidt Nam cung chi rd: Nha nddc Cdng hda Xa hpi ehd nghTa Viet Nam !a nha nude phap q u y i n xa hdi ehd nghTa cda Nhan dan, do Nhan d a n , vi Nhan dan, do Nhan dan lam chu; thdc hien muc tieu dan giau, nUdc manh, dan chu, edng bang van minh, mpi ngUdi cd cupc sdng am np hgnh phdc, cd dieu kien phat trien toan d i e n \ Tdn trpng q u y i n con ngUdi eung chfnh ia tgo ddng lUc de thuc day sU phat t r i l n cda xa hpi bdi con ngUdi la chu the xay dung va bSo ve da't nude.
SU kien Viet Nam dUdc bau lam thanh vien Hdi ddng NhSn quyen Lien hpp qudc nhiem ky 2014- 2016 (ngay 12/11/2013) khdng ehl the hien quan diem cua DSng va Nha nUdc ta "eoi quyin con ngUdi la gia tri va nguyen vpng chung cua nhSn logi, the hien chfnh sach nha't quan, tdn trpng, bSo dSm quyen con ngUdi va chu trUPng tang cUdng ddng gdp va thue day hpp tac qude te cua Viet Nam tren ITnh vUc nay"'", ma cdn la sUghi nhan cua cpng ddng qudc td ddi vdi Viet Nam trong viec xay dUng Nha nude phap quyen, phat huy dan chu va bSo dSm
ngay cang tdt hdn cac q u y i n cua ngddi dSn.
Sau g i n 30 nam thUc hien cdng cudc ddi mdi, Viet Nam da dat dUpc nhieu thanh tUu to Idn trdn ta't cS cae iTnh vUc kinh te, chfnh trj, an ninh - qudc phdng,... Tuy nhien, dat nddc c u n g dang d d n g trUde nhieu khd k h a n , thach thdc, trong dd "ddu tranh dSn tdc, dau tranh giai cap, chidn tranh cue bp, xung dot vd trang, xung dot sic tde, tdn giao, chay dua vd trang, hoat dpng can thiep, lat dd, khung bd, tranh chap lanh thd, bien, dSo, tai nguyen va canh tranh quyet Met ve ldi fch k i n h t d t i d p t u c d i l n ra phdc tap"; dac biet la tinh hinh xam phgm va tranh chap chu quyen d Bien Ddng dang de dpa true tie'p den an ninh qude gia, dpc lap dSn tde va toan ven lanh thd. Trong bdi canh quan he qudc te da chieu, phdc tap, DSng ta xac djnh bSo ve n l n dpc lap dan tde va ehu quyin lanh tho cung ddng nghTa vdi viec bao dSm quyen con ngddi, bSo dam cupc sdng hda binh, am no, hanh phue cho nhan dan. Viet Nam la dat nUdc yeu chupng hda b i n h , ddng thdi "Viet Nam kien quyet bSo ve ehu q u y i n va Ipi ich chinh dang cua
minh bdi vi chu quydn lanh thd, chu quyen bidn dSo la thidng lieng. Viet Nam ludn mong mudn cd hda binh, hOy nghj nhUng phSi trdn cd sd bSo dSm dpc l a p , t u c h u , chu quyen, sU tpan ven lanh thd, vung bien, va nhat djnh khdng chdp nhan danh ddi dieu thieng lieng nay dd nhgn Idy mot thd hda binh, hdu nghj v i l n vdng. Id thupc nap d o " "
Lanh dao DSng, Chfnh phu ludn tham n h u i n y chf: quydt dem tdt cS tinh t h i n va lUc lUpng, tinh menh va cda cai d l giO vdng quyen ddc lap, tU do, ma Chu tjeh Hd Chi Minh da khang dinh, vao cdng cudc xay ddng va bSo ve To qude hdm nay, khdng chap nhgn mpt kidu hda binh, dpc lap phu thupc, bat binh dang. Nguyen ly thieng Neng, phd quat v l quyen dan tdc, q u y i n con ngddi ma tdt cS cac qude gia, dan tdc tren thd gidi tUng tuyen bd, thda nhSn, la bat khS xam pham.
Lap trudng kien dinh cua Viet Nam trong viec bao ve chu quyen bien dSo chfnh la sU ndi tiep va toa sSng y chf kien cUdng bat khuat, quydt tam bSo ve n l n ddc lap, tu do ma Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da thay mat cho hon 20 tridu (Xem ii4p Irang 351
TAP CHi THONG TIN Dl}l NGOAI I L '14
LY LUAN THI/C T l i H - I
phan ddng bao dan tde t h i l u so. V l n cdn tinh trang phung vieng qua nhieu vdng hoa, rai vang ma, t i l n g i i y , dam tang de lau ngay. Cdng tae ve sinh mdi trUdng d nhieu ndi chUa tdt. Viee quSn ly sU xSm nhap eae an p h i m vSn hoa dpc hgi ngoai ludng vao dia ban cua mdt sd dja phUPng, ddn vi cdn lung tung, cac loai bang dTa, dd chpi bgo lpc,... v l n ed the xam nhap bang n h i l u con dddng khac nhau. Hoat dpng cda Hpi Van hpc, Nghe thuat chUa ddi mdi n h i l u , cdn nang
bao cap. LTnh vUc van hpc, nghe thugt cdn thieu nhdng tac pham hay phSn Snh cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nddc, v l chu d l "Hpc tap va lam theo ta'm gUdng dao dUe Ho ChT M i n h " va xSydUngndngthdn mdi.
De tiep tuc thUc hien nhiem vu phat trien vSn hda tren dja ban, thdi gian tdi, cac ttnh mien nui phfa Bae can tap trung vao thUe hien nhOng nhiem vu chu ye'u da de ra trong ke hoach nam. Cu the la trien khai hpc tap, quan triet Nghj quye't so 33- NQ/TW, ngay 09/6/2014
ve xay dpng va phat t r i l n van hda, con ngddi Viet Nam dap Ung yeu c i u phat trien b i n vdng da't nude eho can bp va nhan dan; td chdc dai hdi cd sd tie'n tdi Dai hpi Dai b i l u toan qudc cac Hpi Van hpc Nghe thugt ehuyen nganh Trung Udng trong hai n a m 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 1 5 . Ddng thdi quan tam lanh dgo, quan ly eac hoat dpng van hda, van nghe n h i m n a n g eao m d c hudng thu van hda cua ddng bao cac dan tdc, gdp p h i n gid vdng mien bien cUPng eua Td qud'c. •
Y NGHIA CUA BAN TUY^N NGON fiOC LAP ... (T,4ptheotr.ngi4i ddng bao tuyen bd trUde
toSn t h i t h ^ gidi tai quSng trudng Ba Dinh Ijch sd:
"Nude Vi^t Nam cd quyen hudng tu do va doe Igp, va sU th$t da thSnh mOt nUde tu do dOc Igp. ToSn t h i dSn tdc Vidt Nam quyd't dem ta't cS tinh t h i n va lpc lupng, tfnh mgng va cda cSi d l gid vdng quyin tp dO/ddclapa'y"'^
NUdc Vidt Nam cd q u y i n dUpc hUdng tU dp vS dpc lap. Sd kien toan dan Vi$t Nam ddng tam, nh^t trf kidn quy^t phSn 66\ Trung Qu^c hg d$t t r i i ph^p giSn khoan trong wing d$c quyin kinhtl^va th^m Igc dja cda V i ^ t Nam vda qua, xSm phgm nghidm trpng dOc l^p chd
quyen, toan ven ISnh thd cCia Viet Nam, la minh chdng hung hdn ve sp doan ket, quyet tam bSo v0 nen dpc Igp thieng lidng cua tpSn the nhan dan Vidt Nam.
Nam thang se trdi qua nhdng BSn Tuydn ngdn dpc lap khai sinh nddc Vidt Nam DSn chd cdng hoa v l n sdng mai trong long bao thd' hd con ngUdi Viet Nam khdng chi bdi gia trj Ijch sd, phap ly ma cdn bdi gia trj nhSn vSn v l quyin con ngUdi va quyin dan tdc. Trong edng cupc xay dpng va bSo ve To qudc, chung ta trSn trpng va phat huy nhdng gia tri cda ljch sd de xay dUng hi^n tgi va hudng tdi tUdng lai. G
ChiJ thrch:
I . H 6 Chf Minh toSn tap. T.4, Nxb.
CTQG-ST,H, 2 0 1 1 , t r . l . 2 . H 3 C h f M i n h t o a n t 5 p , T . 4 , s d d , t r . l , 3. H 6 C h i Minh toSn tSp,T.4, sdd, t f . 1 . 4 T h ^ gifii ca ngfli vh ihifOng tiS'c Hd Chu t|ch (T.lll), Nxb ST, H, 1971, tr.225-226.
5. Hfi Chf Minh to^n Igp, T.4, sdd, tr.3.
6. T r i n DSn Tign, Nhijng m i u chuyin v l ddi hoat dOng cua H 6 ChiS tjch, Nxb.
V a n h o c , 1 9 7 0 . t r . n O . 7. H 6 Chf Mmh to^n t i p , T.4, sdd, tr.3 8. Cwang iTnh x3y di/ng dat rnjdc trong thdi ky qu^ dO di l^n chi^ n^Ta xa hOi {B6 sung, phat t r i l n n3m 2011). D i n theo D5ng C^ng s5n Vj^t Nam: Van ki&n Dai hOi dai b i l u toSn qufi'c lan thd XI, Nxb CTQG-ST, H, 2011, tr 76.
9.http://www.chinhphu vn/portal/page /portal/chinhphu/hetho ngvan ba n ? c I ass _rd=1 &_page=1 &mode=detail&docum e n u d ^ 1 7 1 2 6 4 .
10. S\J tin nhifim cao cCia cOng dSng quSc te danh cho Vi§t Nam, BAo NhSn dan, scf 21241, ngay 13/11/2013.
I I . Ph5t b i l u cCia Thii ti/6ng Nguyin Tan Dung v6i biio chi quoc t l v^ v l n d^
B i l n D6ng trong chuyin thSm v^ l^m v i l e tgi Phi-lip-pin ng^y 22/S/2014, d i n theo BSo Qu3n dOi nhan din, sd ra ngSy 23/5/2014.
12 H 6 Chf Minh toSn tap, T.4, sdd, tr.3.
UPCHlTKl)NGTINfi5lNGO«IS0' •
