NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
REN LUYEN Kl NANG THIET KE HOAT DONG SANG TAO NGHE T H U A T TAO HINH CUA SINH VllN NGANH MAM NON
TRliONG CAO OANG SU PHAM TRUNG UUNG
H I S . Chu Anh son Tru&ng CDSP Trung uffng SUMMARY
Acutely aware ofthe role of preschool teachers in the educational process and creative capacities for preschool children through creative works of visual art. Students Preschool Pedagogy College Central were aware of the importance and positive attitude in training design skills NTTH creative activities.
However, actual levels achieved by students in the learning process skills are modest and uneven.
Keywords: Situation; Preschool teachers; Preschool students: Central Teacher.
Keywords: Training College: Hone skills of creative activities desired visual arts.
Ngdy nh^n bdi: 27/07/2015; Ngdy duy?t ddng: 22/07/2015.
\. fi^t vin dl.
Hogt dfng sdng tgo nghf thuft tgo hlnh (STNTTH) cd vai trd quan trgng frong phdt friln todn difn cua frf Ida tudi mim non (MN), Id con dudng, Id phuang tifn hifu qud frong qud trinh gido dye tre ngay td nhthig nSm thdng dau ddi. Trong qud trinh t l chdc hogt dfng "sdng tgo frong nghf tiiuft tgo hlnh" eda trfi d Ida tudi mlu gido, gido vifin (GV) Id ngudi cung d p cdc nguyfin vft lifu vd phuang tifn tgo ea hfi cho frf tilp xde, frdi nghifm vd ty do bfc If nhu d u ban thfin thdng qua hogt dfng. Tgo mdi trudng tfch cyc cho sy hgc eua trfi, kfch thfeh tfnh td md, ham hpc hdi cho frfi cdm gidc ty do khi tilp xuc vd tr^ nghifm vdi cde nguln vft lifu, phuang tifn khde nhau. Khuyin khieh sy phdt tiiln tfch cyc cua cde gidc quan vd ngdn ngtt. Ngodi ra, khi td chdc hogt dfng STNTTH cho trfi, cd khdng chi Id ngudi t l chdc, h5 trg vd giao tilp vdi frfi frong hogt dfng md cdn Id ngudi din ddt, tim guang eho trfi vl kha ndng sdng tgo.
Dl hogt dfng sdng tgo NTTH dgt hifu qud tich cyc nhlt frong qud trinh gido dye trfi tai tmdng mim non, vife tim hilu qud tiinh rfin luyfn kT ndng thilt kl hogt dfng sdng tgo NTTH eda SV mim non (cdc GVMN hrong lai) tgi tiudng CDSP TLf Id vd cdng quan trpng. Thdng qua qud trinh dilu tra thyc frgng rfin luyfn kT ndng ndy cua SV sfi ddnh gid dugc nhfn thdc vl tim quan frgng, thdi df vd cdc mdc df dgt duge eiia SV khi tham gia hogt dfng rfin li^f n kT ndng thilt kl hogt dfng STNTTH. Td dd, tgo tiln dl, eo sd eho vifc nghifin cdu vd dua ra cdc dl xult, xfiy dyng hf th6ng edc hogt dfng rfin luyfn kT nang thilt kl hogt
dfng STNTTH cho SV mim non trudng CDSP TU, ddp iing nhu d u ddo tao vd ddi hdi cda xd hfi.
2. Vai trd cda rfin luyfn kl nSng thiet kl hogt dfng sdng tgo NTTH cho SV
Vifc rfin luyfn kT ndng thilt kl hogt dfng STNTTH cd vai frd quan frgng trong qud trinh ddo tgo Id nang nghifp vy su phgm cho SV mim non tiirdng CDSP TLT, dd Id:
- Gdp phin thyc hifn myc tifiu ddo tgo SV ngdnh mim non ciia trudng CDSP TLT dl ra: Ddo tgo dgi ngu GVMN cd phim chit vd ndng Iyc thfeh dng eao vdi nhu clu thyc tiln, phyc vy sy nghifp CNH, HDH dlt nudc.
- Md rgng phgm vi nhgn thdc eda SV vl cdc ITnh vye xa hfi nhu: ljch sd, truyin thing ddn tfe, van hda, nghf thuft... Thudng xuyfin cfp nhft cdc kiln tiiiic mdi vl khoa hgc, kT tiiuft, thyc tiln xa hfi... dua vdo nfi dung gido dye myc dfeh md rfng thfim vin kiln thdc cho tre.
- Cdng c6, dn tfp vd phdt tiiln cde kT ndng su phgm khdc nhu: tim kilm vd vfn dyng tri thdc; kT ndng giao tifip vd xd li tinh hulng su phgm; kT ndng td chdc frd choi vd thifit kfi edc hogt dfng ldng ghfip...
- Gido dye SV ldng yfiu nghl, cd II tudng nghl trong sdng, sdn sdng gin bd vdi sy nghifp gido dye.
Gido dye ldng yfiu trfi, nhfin di, khoan dung..., tdn trgng nhdn cdch cda frfi, ludn ling nghe vd sin sdng ehia sfi, gidp dd trfi, frd thdnh " ngudi bgn ldn thfin thilt" vdi trfi.
- Phdt triln hdng thd, thdc dly dgng ea hgc tfp rd rdng, cd y thde trdeh nhifm ddi vdi vifc hge tfp vd rfin luyfn bdn thfin.
TAP CHf TtilffBIGlAO DVC-Sd 120-8/2015 • 7
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
- Rfin luyfn kT ndng thilt kl hogt dfng sdng tgo hogt dfng mfc dd khdng ldn, cy till:
NTTH eiing ding thiri gidp sinh vifin rfin luyfn ban - Dli vdi GV CDSP trye tilp gldi^ dgy ki ndng ITnh su phgm, rfin luyfn y ehf phin diu, ttf tin, nhin thilt kfi hogt dfng tgo hinh, thd bfc quan trgng nhlt nhfin vd khie phyc dupc nhftng ylu dilm dl ty hodn d n phdi rfin luyfn eho SV mdm non sau thli^ kfi Id thifn bdn thfin. Gidp sinh vifin hhih thdnh vd phdt "kT ndng td chdc hogt dfng vui chai" vdi dilm bung friln nai^ Iyc ddnh gid vd ty ddnh gid. Ddy Id nhttng binh: 4,50. "KT ndng t l ehde hogt dfng sdng tgo nghf dilu kifn ca bdn ddm bdo cho sy phdt triln nhan cdch thugt tgo hhih" dgt dilm tnmg blnh: 4, tiid bfc 4 vd tfch cyc, thi hifn sy ndng dfng, sdng tgo, ddp dng tuong duomg vdi "kT ndng td chiic hogt dfng frfi ldm yfiu elu eda dli mdi gido dye vd yfiu clu ciia xd hfi quen vdi tdc phfim vfin hpc".
hifn nay. - Dli vdi cde sinh vifin mam non, kT ndng thilt 3. Thvc trgng rfin luyfn kl nSng thilt kl hogt kl hogt dfng STNTTH difim tiling blnh Id: 4.05, dfng STNTTH cfla SV dilm dgt mde df rlt quan ti^ng cln rfin luyfn nhung 3.1, Nh$n thdc vi tdm quan trpng cda rin chi dgt tiid bgc 7, xfip trfin kl ndng td chdc ho^ dfng luyin kT n&ng thiit ki hogt d^ng STNTTH. fim nhgc vdi tiid bfc 8. Nhu vfy, kT nang td chdc
Chdng tdi tiln hdnh khdo sdt tiidng qua cfiu hdi hogt dfng STNTTH ed dugc sy "uu tifin" gin nhu so sdnh mdc df quan tt^ng cua vife rfin luyfn kT sau eung so v(n kT nfing t l chdc cdc hogt dfng gido nSng tiiilt kl hogt dfng sdng tgo NTTH vd kT ndng dye khde.
td chdc edc hogt dgng khdc trong chuang trinh gido - Dli vdi nhdm ddi tupng Id cdc GVMN (nhftng dye mim non cln rfin luyfn eho SV mim non tiirdng ngudi tryc tilp t l chdc cdc hogt dfng gido dye frS CDSPTU. Dli tugng khfio sdt bao glm: GV gidng mim non), kT ndng td chdc hogt dfng phdt friln ngfln dgy bf mdn, SV mim non vd ede GVMN tgi cdc ea ngft dgt dilm trung bhih rlt cao: 4.66 xip thd bfc sd thyc hdnh tiiye tfp. Kit qud dugc thi hifn trong 1. Trong khi dd, kT ndng t l chtrc hogt dfng ndy dli bdng 3.1. vdi ddnh gid cua GV CDSP Id 4.37 xip bfc 2 vd SV Td s l lifu tiling kfi ti^ng bfing 3.1 cho tiily CDSP Id 4.19 xip bfc 3. Dilu ndy cho tiily, dli viM cdc dli tugng diu ddnh gid vifc rfin luyfn kT ndng cdc GVMN, vifc t l chdc hogt dfng PTNN eho tre t l chdc ede hogt dfng gido dye cho SV mim non trude tuli hgc dupc ddnh gifi rlt quan frpng. Dil v<3i trudng CDSPTU* d mde df rlt quan trgng. Dilu ndy mde df quan trgng cua vifc rfin luyfn kT nfing td chirc khlng djnh, dli vdi suih vifin mim non kT ndng td hogt dfng sfing tgo NTTH cho SV dugc GV ddnh gi4 chdc cdc hogt dfng gido dye cho trfi mim non ludn dgt thd bfc 3, mdc df tuong duong vdi kT ndng tl dugc coi trgng hdng diu. T\iy nhifin, khi so sdnh gifta chdc hogt dfn^ vdi dd vft cdng dgt 4.55 dilm. Nhir ede nhdm dli hrgng nghifin ctiu chdng tdi nhfn thdy vfy, kT ndng td ehde hogt dfng STNTTH duoc uu ed sy khde bift vfi thd bfc cua cdc kT ndng th chdc tifin sau vifc rfin luyfn kT ndng to chdc cdc hogt dfng _ . , , , „ . . , , . - 3 . . - ! , , dgt tiid bfc 2 vdi Bang 3.1. Nhgn thuc ve tdm quan trgng cua v\?c rdn luyin 4 gj ^^y^ ^^. g^ (
Id ndng td chirc cdc hogt d^ng ^ ^ g ^ ^^ai*. hojt dfng khdm phd m6i trudng xung quanh vfi hogt dfng cho ti^ ldm quen vdi tdc phim vdn hge.
3.2. Thdi SQ cda stnh vlSn CDSP trong qud trinh rin luySn kt nSng thiit ki hogt a^ng STNTTH:
Nhlm dfinh gii thdi df cda SV mira non khi gia vdo qui tiinh rfin luyfn U nfing ttiilt kl ho?t II • TAP CHt THlfTBIGlAO DVC-sd 120-8/2015
Cic kl nang t6 h09t d^ng 1. T6 chirc HD v6i dfi vgt 2.T4cMcHDvuichcji 3. Mfii trudng xung quanh 4. T6 chftc HD s4ng t»a NTTH 5. T6 chftc cho tr£ 1 ^ quen tdc phim v3nh9c
6. T6 chftc HD ti^ ISra quen vdi Todn 7. T6 chftc HD Phit IriSn ngfin ngtt 8.T6chftcHDAN-mua 9. T4 chftc HD GD thj chdt
Giing vl6n CDSP DTB 4.37 4.5 4.5 4 4 '4.12
4.37 3.87 4.5
TB 2 1 I 4 4 3 2 5 1
Sinh vien DTB
4.1 4.59
4.5 4.05 4.08 4.17 4.19 3.78 4.19
TB 5 1 2 7 6 4 3 8 3
Giio vlSn mim non DTB 4.55 4.61 4.61 4.55 4.61 4.52 4.66 3.94 4.52
TB 3 2 2 3 2 4 1 6 5
T6ng DTB 4.34 4.56 4.53 4.20 4.23 427 4.40 3.86 4.40
TB 4 1 2 7 6 5 3 8 3
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
dOng STNTTH t?i tnrimg diicM svr hinSng din cOa cic gift tjp ^4ng cua SV duiSi sv hinSng din cfta c4c GV GV CDSP TU" v» qui trinh rtn luy?n KT nSng niy tai
cic tmdng mim non th\rc hinh. Chftng tfii su dyng ciu hfii vdi thang do dinh gii thii dO gom 5 mftc d$:
rit tich cvrc, tich cvrc, blnh thudng, khdng tich cvrc, rit khfing tich cvrc. Ddi tu^ng khio sit bao g6m 5 giing viSn chuyen mdn, 87 SV mim non nim thft 11, nim thft III (SV khoa GDMN tnrdng CBSP TlO vi 36 GV t9i cic trudng mim non thvrc hinh.
Kfit qui do dugc cho thiy sfi giing vifin dinh gii
vi gid tfi chftc hoat dOng STNTTH cua SV tai cic tnrdng mim non thvrc hinh.
Trudc tien, chftng tdi sft dvmg ciu hdi dinh gii mftc do thvrc hi$n cic kT ning t^o hlnh cua SV khi tham gia rfen luy§n kT ning thilt kfi ho^t d0ng sing t?o NTTH. Kit qui dinh gii dugc thi hi?n trong bing 3.2.
Tft kit qui duvrc thi hifin d bing 3.2, c6 thi thdy ring trong S kT nSng tao hinh kT ning vfi cua sinh thii dd tham gia rfin luy§n kT ning hoat dOng sing vign mim non trudng CDSP TLT dugrc dinh gii cao t?o NTTH d mftc dO tnmg blnh (2/5 GV) d?t 40%; 3 nhit tir ci 3 nhdm dfii tugng khio sit ( d?t mftc khi giing vifin dinh gii thii dg tham gia cua SV d muc t6t, tdng dilm trung binh l i 3.64). Vdi cic ki ning do tich cvrc d?t 60%. cdn lai nhu: kl ning xi din, kT ning cit din, kT ning
Vl phia SV tvr dinh gii thii dO cfta mlnh khi n^n, kT ning sft dvmg cic nguyfin v^t li^u md vi v§t tham gia tin luy^n kT ning thilt kfi ho^t dOng sing li^u tft thifin nhifin dfiu cd t6ng dilm tnmg binh tft c i tgo NTTH, 10 SV tvr dinh gii d mftc dO rit tich cvrc 3 nhdm d6i tugng dgt mftc dp thvrc hi§n trung blnh.
tham gia rfin Iuy?n dgt 11,5%, 43 SV dinh gii d mftc T\iy nhifin, nhdm ddi tugng SV tvr dinh gii kT ning do tich cvrc dgt 49,42% v i 34 SV dinh gii mftc dO
tham gia trung blnh dgt 39,08%.
Dinh gii thii dO cfta SV khi tham gia rfin luyOn kT ning niy tgi tnrdng mim non trgng cic dgt thvrc
xfi v i cit din cua minh li khi tdt (KN xfi din: 3.46;
KN cat din: 3.42), cao hon so vdi dinh gii cfta nhdm cdn lgi.
Tilp theo, dl dinh gii mftc dO thvrc hi$n cic kT hinh- thvrc t9p. Kit qui difiu tra nhu sau: 9 GVMN ning thifit kfi hogt dOng sing tgo NTTH cua SV mim dinh gii thii dO tham gia cfta SV d mftc tich cvrc non tnrdng CDSP TU, chftng tfii sft dyng ciu hdi yfiu (25%); 22 GV dinh gii d mftc dO binh thudng ciu cic GV CDSP TIT, GVMN dinh gii vi SV tvr (61.11%); 5 GV dinh gii SV d mftc dO khfing tfch dinhgii, dJngthdi kit hgp phuong phip phdng vin, cvrc (13.89%) phuong phip quan sit cic gid thvrc hi§n tO chftc hogt
Nhu vSy, thii dO cua SV CDSP TU khi tham ^^„g siag tgo NTTH cua SV dl cd kit qui cy thi vi gia rfin luyOn kT ning thilt kl hogt dOng STNTTH chlnh xic. Kit qui thi hiOn tgi bing 3.3.
dugc GV chuyfin mdn vi cic SV ty dinh gii li khi tft kit qui dinh gii cua bing 3.3, cd thfi nhjn tuong ddng, diu a mftc dO tfch cyc (DTB dinh gii thdy kT ning thyc hiOn cic nOi dung trgng hogt dOng cua giing vifin: 3,6; DTB ty dinh gii thii dO cfta SV: STNTTH cfta SV nhu sau:
3.72). Tuy nhifin, cic GVMN dinh p i thii dO cfta . RJ „5ng thyc hiOn cdng lie chuin bj: DDTQ, S V khi tham gia rfin luy?n kT ning thifit kl hogt dOng phuong tifn, nguyfin vjt li?u vi mdi tnidng cho hogt STNTTH tgi cic dgt thyc t?p chi d mftc dO trung j ^ , ^ jj^g ( ^ NTTH cua sinh vifin dugc cic giing blnh(DTB:3.1l). vifin CDSP TUvi cic GVMN dinh gii d mftc dO khi S.3. THfc iTfng rin luyfn III ning thiit ki hoft ^ , -[fty nhifin, khi ty dinh gii vi|c thyc hifn kT ning If ng sdng lao NTTH ciia SV ,
Dfi dinh gii mftc d? dgt Bang 3.2. Muc dp hif u qua cic h ning Igo hinh cna smh vien dugc cfta cic k! ning thilt kl
hogt dOng STNTTH cfta SV tnidng CDSP TU, chftng tdi sft dvmg cic ciu hdi dilu tra, yfiu ciu cic GV dinh gii mftc kT ning thilt kfi hogt dOng STNTTH cfta SV vi SV cflng ty dinh gii M ning niy cfta mlnh. Oi cd kit qua chin thvrc nhlt, chftng tdi kit hgp phucmg phip phdng vin d6i vdi GV vi cic SV, ding thdi sft dyng phuong phip quan sit cic
T«P CHt THI^B|GlAODMC-S(f 120-8/2015 • 9 Cic kt ning tfo blnh
l.KTning vfi 2. KT ning xfi din 3. KT ning cit din 4. KTningnJn 5. KT ning sft dyng cic nguyfin v$t Hfu md, nguyfin v$t lifu tft thifin nhifin
Gling vifin CDSP DTB
3.5 3.38 3.38 3.25 3.5
TB 1 2 2 3 1
Sinh vifin DTB
3.6 3.46 3.42 3.23 3.3
TB 1 2 3 5 4
Giio vien mim non DTB 3.83 3.22 3.33 3.3 3.16
TB 1 4 2 3 5
Ting DTB 3.64 3.35 3.37 3.26 3.32
TB 1 3 2 5 4
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG
Bang 3.3. Hiiu qud kindng thyc hiin cdc ngi dung hogt dgng sdng tgo NTTH cda SV
Cic kf ning thyc bifn Xic djnh myc tifiu, yfiu cau cfta hogt dOng
XSy dyng kfi hogch (sogn giio in) cho hogt dOng
Cong tic chuin bj: DDTQ, phuong tien, nguyfin vat lifiu vi mfii tnrdng cho hogt dfing
Thyc hi?n trinh ty cic budc tiln hinh ctia hoat d$ng Chia sfi cim xic thim ml^ nh§n xfit, dinh gii, rut kinh nghifim
Giing vifin CDSP DTB 3.37 3.5
4 3.37 2.62
TB 3 2 1 3 4
Sinh vien DTB 3.18 3.26 3.37 3.38 3.12
TB 4 3 2 1 5
Giio vifin mim non DTB 3.02 3.58 3.52 3.41 2.86
TB 4 1 2 3 5
Ting DTB 3.19 3.44 3.63 3.38 2.86
TB 4 2 1 3 5
thirc hifn lu ndng ndy cua sinh vifin khi tiln hdnh tl chiic ho9t dgng STNTTH cho tre mim non chi d?t miic df trung blnh. Qua dilu tra, chiing t6i nhfn thiy nhilu SV c6n hing tiing khi thvrc hifn k? ndng xdc djnh m\ie tieu, ygu clu eua ho?t dfng STNTTH mfc dli day Id mft U ndng rdt quan trgng khi xdy dyng kl ho^h tl chiic hoat dfng.
- Qua qud trinh phfin tich cfie dtJ lifu thu thfp, chiing tdi thiy miic df thirc hifn ki nfing chia se cdm xiie tham mT, nhfn x^t, ddnh gid, nit kinh nghifm eho ho^t dfng STNTTH eiia SV dugc ca 3 nh6m dli tirgng nghifn cthi dfinh gifi o miic thirc hifn kfm hifu qud nhlt vdi ting dilm trung blnh d?t: 2.86 xip thii bfc 5 (k^m hifu jjua nhlt trong 5 kT ndng tiive hifn). Kit qud eho thiy, vifc thyc hifn dfip tmg nhu clu dugc chia se xiic cdm ciia tre mim non trong qud hlnh td chiic ho^t dgng STNTHH cua S V Id chua ndy, SV mim non e6n chua th^rc s\f tyr tin nen chl ddnh
gid dat 0 miic dg trung binh. Nhin chung, theo ddnh gid Clia cd 3 nh6m dli tirgng, kl ndng th\re hifn cfng tdc chuin bj: DDTQ, phuang tifn, nguyfin vft lifu vd mfi tniimg eho ho^t dgng ST NTTH eiia S V Id khd tot vd hifu qufi nhlt trong 5 nfi dung cdn th\rc hifn ciia ho9t dfng (T6ng dilm tiimg bbh: 3.63; TB: 1)
- KT nfing xfiy d^mg kfi ho^eh (so^n gido fin) eho -. . . ^
ho?t dfng cua SV duge 2 nhdm doi hrgng Id GV *^*- * ^ ' *^Vc hifn nfi dung ndy, cdc SV cdn idt lung CDSP TU* vd cdc GVMN ddnh gid khd tit, SV tu *^e> * 9 ^ ^^^ ^^" "'^t ^^' SV khdng tii^rc hifn dugc ddnh gid miic df trung bhih do SV cdn chua tiiye su ^° "*^'^" "Suy^n nhdn khfic nhau nhu: ehua ty tin, tu tin vdo kl hogch ty xfiy dyng. Tuy nhifn, kl nfing "^"^ ^ ' ^ ^ * ^ "S^? *"^* *=^" ^ ^ '^^^^ " ^ 8 *^
ndy cua SV cung d^t miic df thyc hifn Id khd tit theo f^° ^'^f " ^ 5 " "gi*- cung dnh hudng tdi vifc thyc ddnh gid ehung ciia ca 3 nhdm dli tugng (Ting dilm '^'^" "^^ ''""^ nfiy
tiung blnh: 3.44; TB: 2)
- KT ndng thyc hifn trinh ty cdc bude tiln hdnh Tdi lifu tham khdo
cua ho?t dfng cua SV dugc cdc GV vfi SV ty ddnh i. L6 Hing Vdn (2002, Tgo hlnh vd phuong gid tiiyc hifn d miic df tiimg blnh. Tuy nhifin, nlu phdp hu&ng ddn hogt dgng tgo hinh cho tre em cdc GV ddnh gifi mixc dg hifu qua ciia kT ndng ndy (Quyin IU- Phuang phdp huang ddn hogt dgng tgo cua SV o tiiii bfc 3 thi SV ty ddnh gid miie dg hifu hinh cho tre mdu gido), NXB Dgi hgc Quic Gia. m qud Clia vifc tiiyc hifn kT nfing ndy b thii bfc 1( thye Nfi.
hifn tit nhlt trong 5 nfl dung). Vl phia GVMN, miie 2. iTng Thj Chfiu. Nguyen Ldng Binh, Lfi Dfic df tiiyc hifn kT ndng ndy ciia S V dugc cdc GV dfinh Hiln (2004). Tgo hlnh vd phuang phdp hu&ng ddn gid Id khfi tit vdi DTB: 3.41 nhung chi xip d thii bfc hogt dgng tgo hinh cho tre. NXBGD. Hd Nfi.
3. Tfng DTB eua cd 3 nh6m dli tiigng khi ddnh gid 3. Le Thanh Thiiy(2004). Phuang phdp td ch&c vifc kT nfing tiiuc hifn nfi dung nfiy eua SV Id: 3.38 hogt dgng tgo hinh cho tre mdm non, NXB D?i hgc xfp tiiii bfc 3 vd dgt miic tiiyc hifn tiimg blnh khd. su phgm
- KT ndng xde djnh myc tieu, yeu elu ciia hogt 4. Nguygn QuIe Todn (2007). Phuang phdp td dfng sdng tgo NTTH cua su^ vifn duge cfie nhdm ddi chuc hogt ddng tgo hinh cho tre mdm non, NXB GD hrgng ddnh gid khd tirong ddng, kinang ndy ciia sinh 5. Jang Youn§ Soog (2010). Hu&ng ddn hogt vifn mfim non tiudng CDSP TLT dgt ting dilm tiung dgng dm nhgc. the dye. tgo hinh eho tre mdm non, blnh: 3.19 xfp fliii bfc 4. Kit qud ndy eho tiily, vife NXB GD Vift Nam.
10 • TAP CHf THifrBJGlAO Dgc-sfi 120-8/2015
