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TRAN THI THUAN GIANG Khoa Luat Qudc t^, D^u hpc LuJt TP. Hb CW Minh International law Department, Hochiminh city University of Law Email: tttgiangityuL..!!-""'..^..--...- L£ TAN PHAT Khoa Luat Qu6c t^, Dai hgc Lojt TP. H6 Chi' Minh International law Department, Hochimmh city Umvemty of Law Emafl: ltphat{@hcmulaw edu.vn
Tom tat
Vin d'S hieu luc cua hpp d'dng thuong mat quic tidupc quy djnh trong Cdng udc Liin Hpp qud'c v'i hpp ddng mua bdn hdng hda qud'c ti (CISC) thdng qua tuy^n bi minh thi tai Biiu 4 CISC. Theo do, Cdng Udc khdng diiu chtnh vin di hiiu luc ciia hpp ddng, trU tru'ong hpp cd quy dmh khde ro rdng dupc niu trong Cdng udc. Tuy nhiin, tr&n thuc tidp dung, cd nhdng vin di phdp If khdng ro cd thudc v'i vin d^ hiiu luc cM lipp ddng (tic do ddn din khdng thudc pham ui dp difng aia CISC) hay khdng, vi du uin d'i ui yiu tidii ting vd uin di hiiu life vi mdt Kinh thiic cita hop ddng. Chinh vi nhung "15 hing" nhu viy, ca quan tdi phdn thuPng dua vdo phdp ludt qudcgia minh vdi If do CISC khdng di'iu chinh vin di hiiu luc ciia hpp d'dng. Ddy Id mdt biiu hiin cUa hiin tupng xu hudng quay vi dp dung phdp ludt quic gia hay thuc su cO quan tai phdn da dp dung diing nguyin tie gidi thich CISC tai Diiu 7 CISC? Vd'n di ndy sg dupc phdn tt'ch thdng qua hdi uiit.
Til k h o a : hiiu luc hpp d'dng, CISC, xu hudng quay vi dp dyng phdp ludt qudcgia Abstract
The validity of international sale contract is stipulated by the explicit statement in Article 4 of of the United Nations Convention on Contractfor the International Sale of Goods (CISC). Accordingly, the Convention doesn't regulate the validity of such contracts, unless "otherwise expressly provided in this Convention". However, the practices eventually show that it is unclear whether some legal questions should be considered
"validity issues" (therefore cannot be governed by CISC), such as "consideration"
elements and the formality of contracts. With these "gaps", intemational adjudicators usually rely on theirs national laws due to CISG's silence on the question of validity Is this a manifestation of homeward trend? Or is it in accordance with Article 7 of CISC? TTiis article will analyse this issue.
K e y w o r d s : validity of sale contract, CISC, homeward trend
N g a y nhan bai: 30/3/2019 N g a y duy^t dang: 10/6/2019
1. Khai quat vfe x u h u d n g q u a y vfe ap d y n g phap luat qu^c s i a T r o n g t h a i gian g i n day, nhi'du bai viel da thao l u i n vt xu hudne Tba an quay v^ vdi phap lu^t qudc gia trong viec gidi thich va ap dung C d n g xldc hay c o n gpi xu h u d n g "quay v'e ap dung phap luat qudc gia" {homeward trend}.' H^u ht^t cac nghifin c^u vt "homeward trend" d^u cho tha'y day la hien tUdng th^m phan cac Toa an quoc gia ap dyng ki^n thilc va quan didm ma hg dudc dao tao {hdi he thdng phap luat quoc gia cua minh) khi giai thich cac di^u khodn cua CISG.^ N h u vay each tie'p cSn hien nay cua cac hpc gid chii ydu t | p trung vao xu hiidng "quay trd vt vdi phap lu^t qudc gia" trong viec gidi thich C d n g Hdc, cu thi trUdng h p p Toa an khdng gidi thich cac di^u khoan C I S C m d t each dde lap va thdng nha't ma qua lang kinh ciia phap luJt trong nildc.^ H i e n tUdng nay con dupc gpi ten la giai thich CISC theo tinh th'an ciia phap luat ndi dia.'' Homeward trend con dUdc nhin nhan n h u xu h u d n g cila Toa an "quay vl ap dung phap luat qudc gia" t r o n g viec giai thich cac dieu khodn cua CISC, tti do, dUa de'n ke't qua la ap d u n g phap luat trong nudc trong nhUng tritang hdp dang ra phai ap d u n g C I S C . Hien tUpng nay dudc gpi ten la "Ap dung hit ndi dia trong trubng hpp le ra phdi dp dung CISG".^ Bieu hign thii ba cua xu h u d n g nay la hifin tilpng Toa an da gidi thich va ap dung phap ludt qudc gia di diBu chinh cac vl'n dd thudc pham vi di&u chinh cua C I S C . H i e n tUdng nay con dudc gpi ten la "thu hep
l a i r y A. D i M a t t e o , L u c i e n D h o o g e , S t e p h a m e G r e e n e , Virgima Maurer, " T h e Interpretive T u m in Intemational Sales Law: A n Analysis of Fiften Y e a n of C I S G Jurisprudence", Noithtvestem Journal of Intemational Law & Business, Vol. 24, 2004, p 229; Franco Ferran,
"Homeward T r e n d : 'What. 'Why a n d W h y N o t " , CISG Methodology, M u n i c h ' Sellier, p . 171:
Franco Ferran, " T h e C I S G and Its I m p a c t o n National Legal Systems: Genetal R e p o r t , " in The CISC and Its Impact on National Legal Syslems, ed F. Ferran, M u n i c h : SeUier, 2008, p . 413;
Hairy M . Flechtner, "Article 7 9 of the U n i t e d N a t i o n s C o n v e n n o n o n the Intemational Sale of Goods (CISG) as a R o r s c h a c h T e s f T h e H o m e w a r d T r e n d and ExempUon for D e h v e n n g N o n - C o n f o n m n g G o o d s , " 1 9 P f l c e / H t 7 L Rev, 2007, p 2 9
Flechtner a n d L o o k o f s k y , " N o m i n a t i n g M a n f r e d F o r b e r i c h . T h e "Worst C I S G Decision in 25 Y e a r s ' " , 9 V.J. Int'l Com L & Arb., 2 0 0 5 , tr 199; N o t t a g e , L . ''"Who's Afraid of the Vienna Sales C o n v e n t i o n ( C I S G ) ' A N e w Z e a l a n d e r ' s V i e w from Australia and J a p a n " , 36 Via. U. Wellington L Rev. 815. 2 0 0 5 , tr. 8 3 8 ; W a l t S., " T h e C I S G ' s Expansion Bias: A C o m m e n t o n F r a n c o F e r r a r i " , 25 Int'l Rev. L & Econ 342, 2 0 0 5 , tr. 348; W h i t t i n g t o n N . , " C o m m e n t o n P r o f e s s o r S c h w e n z e r ' s P a p e r " , 36 Vict. U.
Wellington L Rev. 809, 2 0 0 6 , tr 8 1 1
M TorseHo, " C o m m o n Features o f U m f o r m C o m m e r c i a l Law C o n v e n t i o n . A comparative Study beyond the 1980 U n i f o r m Sales L a w " , Sellier European Law, 2004, tr 18 Ingeboi^ Schwenzer, " D i v e r g e n t Interpretations: R e a s o n s and Solutions", trong Larry A . DiMatteo (ed), International Sales Law, A Global Challenge. C a m b n d g e University, N e w York, 2014, tr 103.
g S c h w e n z e r , tldd, tr. 1 0 3 .
TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAF L i vu?^ i-^. _jl£^ — pham ui dp dung ciia CISG di dp dung phdp ludt ndi dia".^ N h ^r- theo quan diem ciia tac gia, h o m e w a r d trend phai dUdc djnh ng la xu h u d n g T o a an giai thich va ap d u n g C I S G theo hUdng im ve vdi hi thing phdp ludt quic gia md mmh thdn thudc". Bidu hi?n c xu h u d n g nay la nhOng trUdng hdp T o a an giai thich ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^..
tinh th'an phap luat ndi dia, ap d u n g luat ndi dja trong trUdng hdp e ra phai ap diing CISG va thu hep p h a m vi ap dung cua C ' S G de ap dung luat ndi dia. H i e n tupng nay xdy ra trfin thuc td lam anh hUdng ddn viec giai thich va ap dung thdng nhat C d n g Udc. Mdt trong sd nhflng trudng hdp thu hep pham vi ap dyng ciia CISG de ap d y n g phap luat ndi dia gdy ra nhidu tranh luan trong viec giai thich va ap dung vdn dd hieu luc cila hdp ddng, se dUdc phan ti'ch va giai thich d ph^n ndi dung dUdi day.
2. Hifeu luc h p p d b n g : "khoang x a m " c h o xu h u d n g q u a y vfe ap di^ng phap lu^t q u d c gia?
V^n dd hieu luc cua hdp ddng cd dUOc didu chinh bdi cac quy d|nh CISG hay k h d n g se quydt dinh viec cd quan tai phan se st( d y n g CISG hay phap ludt qudc gia dd giai quydt vd'n dd hieu lUc ciia h d p ddng. T r o n g khi Dieu 4 CISG quy dinh rang C d n g Udc k h d n g didu chinh vdn de hieu luc ciia hdp ddng, trU trUdng h d p cd quy dinh khac rd rang dupc neu trong C d n g Udc thi thuc tidn gidi quydt tranh chdp cho tha'y sU hien didn ciia nhUng vd'n dd phap 1^ vd hieu lUc h d p ddng k h d n g rd cd thudc pham vi didu chinh cUa C I S G hay k h d n g . Didn hinh vd'n dd vd ydu td dd'i Ung va van dd hieu l^fc vd mat h i n h thUc cila hpp ddng.' C h i n h vi nhflng "16 h d n g " n h u vay, cd quan tai phan thudng dUa vao phap ludt qud'c gia m i n h vdi 1'^^ do C I S G k h d n g didu chinh vdn dd hieu luc cila hdp ddng, ddy cd phai la bidu hien cua xu h u d n g quay vd ap drmg phap ludt qudc gia hay khdng? Dd gidi quydt vd'n dd nay, c'an phai xac dinh (i) vd'n dd hieu luc cila h p p d b n g cd hoan toan bi loai trU khdi p h a m vi dp diing cila C I S G hay khdng?
Yeu cau vd giai thich t h d n g nhat Didu 4 cho thay C I S G k h d n g didu chinh van dd hieu luc h d p ddng, trU trUdng h d p dupc quy dinh tai C d n g udc. Tti dd phan tich (ii) v i n dd hieu luc vd mat hinh thflc ciia hdp dbng va ydu td dd'i Ung cd thudc p h a m vi didu chinh ciia C I S G va (iii) dUa ra kdt luJn vd thflc tidn giai quydt tranh chap la su p h u h d p vdi Didu 7 CISG hay la bidu hien ciia xu h u d n g quay vd dp d u n g phap ludt qudc gia.
' Ingeborg Schwenzer, tldd, tr. 103.
' CISG vin CO quy djnh tji DiSu 11 nhung i?i cho phep bao luu theo Di'eu 12 va Difeu 96 hfi qua ciia bao luu van con gay ra nhiSu tranh cai trong thyc aSn ip dyng CISG.
2.1. HUu life hop ding: yeu ciu gidi Ihich die Hp theo tinh thdn C6ng udc Lien hpp qudc ve hpp d'dng mua hdn hang hoa qudc ti CISG T r o n g su6t Uch sii h i n h thanh luat thdng nhat vh mua ban hang hoa qudc td, thUc td chilng minh la rt't kho dat dudc nhflng quy dinh CO tinh hai hoa didu chinh vin de hidu Iflc hop ddng vi cd mdt sij khac nhau dang kd gifla cac quy dinh nay tai phap luSt cac qudc gia. Van dt nan giai nay dan ddn sU tbn tai vd mdt didu khoan "thda hiep" t»i c i u thil hai, diem a, Didu 4 CISG, mdt didu khoin dfloc cho la loai trfl cac van dd t h u d c ttt pham vi ap dung efla CISG, trong do cd hidu Iflc efla h o p ddng. Tfly nhidn, theo qnan didm cua mdt sd hgc gia,^ dieu k h o a n vd hidfl Iflc hop ddng se phai dflOc giai thich mOt each dde lap theo tinh than cua C d n g fldc.^ Nhfl da dflOc qfly djnh tai Didfl 4 CISG, C d n g udc khdng didu chinh vin dd hidu Iflc cua hgp ddng, "tril trubng hop co quy dinh khac ro rang duac neu trong Cdng udc". Nhfl v^y, C d n g fldc k h d n g hoan toan Ioai trfl vide didu chinh v^n dd hidn Illc cua h o p ddng. Cac didu khoan efla Cdng Udc vin dflgc sfl dung dd xae dinh van dd hidu Iflc trong nhflng trfldng hgp khac dflOc n e u ro rang trong C d n g fldc. Tfly CISG khdng cd didu khoan giai thich vd "nhUng trubng hop khde duac neu rb rdng trong Cdng Udc".^° T u y nhidn, hai t r u d n g hdp dflOc cho la nhflng vi du thda man ydu eau nay la D i e u 12, 96 va didu 29." D o do, ndu co quan tai phan ap dyng phap Iuat qud'c gia ma khdng phai CISG dd didu chinh vin dd hidu Iflc hinh thflc va ndi dnng hgp ddng se la mdt bien hidn ciia xu hfldng quay vd ap d u n g phap lujt qflde gia.
2.2. Diiu kien vin bdn - hieu life ve hinh thtic cM hpp dbng Cd thd noi, C I S G tdn trong each tidp can mang difl in efla nguydn tic favor contractus trong phap lult hop ddng thflOng mai qudc li." Didu 11 cho phep: "hgp ding mua bdn khing hdt hudc phii duac gim kft hode chting minh bdng vdn ban...". T u y nhidn, vdi ban chat la mdt didu udc qude te, v d n la su n h u d n g bd va cam kdt gifla cae qfldc
• PamckC.Leyens, CBG and Mistake: Umfom Lat«fs. Domalk U,w Ttie InterprMive Otdkngt tJMistnkt mi tht VaUity Loophole, 2005, httpsV/www.cisg law pace.edu/cisg/bibEo/leyens html#45, mjy cap ngay 1/4/2019.
' Ingeborg Schwenzer, Tfic Appllmto,, of the CISG m Ugh, ,/N»Ji.«.l Uw, 2010, http.;//
edoc.nmbaj.ch/20481/3/2013012tH63124_5107eb4c6a305PDFA20.ptlf, tmy c4p ngay 1/4/2019. , _ , ,
" W. Khoo, C M . B.anca «c M.J. Bonell (Eds.), CommeMory o„ the ImemotiomI Sde, Low, The mo Vienna Sole, Convenlton. Giuffte, Milano, ("Bianca K Bonell"), Art 4, pata A
" LookoSky. ne tm United Nation, Con.e»l~ on Contt.ttsjo, the IntemaUonal Sal, oJGood,, http://www,ciiB.law.pacc-.ed»/c.sg/bibHo/lookofsky btm. iray cjp ngay 2/4//Ui».
" Lt Tfc Pbat, "Ngnyen tie Fa„or ,oM,am, trong ap dong cac bijn phap M IJ v pham hOp d&ng theo CISG", Tap cbi Khoa hgc phdp ly, s6 7. 2017.
94 TAP g r i KHOA HOC PHAP L \ v i t n i..!.^ <ijfj gia, CISG cflng eho phep nhidu bao Iflu ddi vdi cae didu ^^°''^^^l m m h . " M d t trong s6 didu khoan cd thd dude bao Iflu la Eh*"
vfn dd bao luu bao gdm each thfle bao Iflu, hd qfla bao Iflu '^"'^^ ''"'^
dinh tai Didfl 12 va Didu 96. N h u vay, m}e dfl CISG tuydn bd a Didu 4 k h d n g didu chinh van dd hidu lUc vd hinh thflc efla hop ddng, tuy nhidn, vide giai thich quy dinh vd bao Iflfl Didu 11 Iai I " ! ; * ' * "
m d t "hpp dbng mua hdn hdng hba qudc ti thubc ddi tupng diiu chmh cua CISG" cd hidu Iflc hay khdng. T r o n g trUdng hdp ydfl ciu bat budc vd hlnh thfle h g p ddng, Toa an eUn xet dd'n ydu td nay khi x e m xet hidu Iuc efla h o p ddng. T u y nhidn, hidn nay tdn tai hai '=^'='^6™
thi'eh hd qua efla bao luu theo Didfl 12 va Didu 96 efla CISG^ T h e o dd, T o a an ed thd vidn dan phap Iflit qfldc gia thay vi CISG dd didu chinh v i n dd hidu Iuc eua hop ddng, va tao ra hidn tUOng xu h u d n g quay vd ap dung phap luit qfldc gia.
Trfldng phai giai thich rdng eho r i n g m d t khi qudc gia thanh vidn CISG bao luu dieu kidn hlnh thfle efla hgp ddng theo Dien 96 thi cac bdn se phai t n i n thfl didu kien dd trong mgi tinh hfldng ma m d t trong eae bdn ed tru sd thfldng mai tai qfldc gia thanh vidn da thflc hidn bao Iflfl. T r o n g vu tranh chip gifla bdn mua d Nga va bdn ban d Bulgaria dugc giai quydt tai Tda trgng tai cip eao efla Lidn bang Nga vao t h i n g 2 nam 1998," Tda nhan dinh rang Lidn bang Nga da kd thtta tuydn b d bao Iflu c i a Lien bang Xd viet trfldc diy theo Didfl 12 va Didu 96. D o dd, cic quy dinh tai Didu 11 va Didu 29 cho phep cae bdn cd thd sfla ddi h o i c c h i m dflt hgp ddng b i n g bat ky hinh thflc nao ngoai van ban se khdng dflgc i p dflng ndfl m d t trong eae bdn ed trn s6 thflOng m^i tai Lidn bang Nga. Trdn cCi sd nay, Toa da phan quydt r i n g vide sfla ddi hgp ddng efla eae bdn dfldc thflc hidn b i n g midng k h d n g co hidu lUc. Quan didm nay d^c bidt thinh hanh khi T d a i n efla cic qude gia da tuyen bd bao Iflfl thfl Iy tranh chip ma m d t trong cic bdn cd tru sd thuong mai tai qud'c gia nay.
Trfldng p h i i giai thich hep bao g d m hai qnan didm tflOng flng vdi hai tinh hfldng; Qflan didm (1) eho rang b i o Iflfl ehi mang ti'nh
" Vfe lich sd lap phap. can Cii vao cae "tai hen tril bi" {traoaux prepofotolre,), ^Av. U cho phtfp tti do vS hlnh thiic cua hijp dbng la mOt trong cac diSu khoan cua CISG gSy tranh cai nhit gifla cac dat di^n qudc gia tham gia dam phan COng fltic nay. M0t sfi qudc gia (nhSt lit cac qudc gia thubc khdi xa hfii chti nghia) djc bi^t nhJn manh t^m quan trong ctia cdc difeu kifen vfe hinb thilc trong khi dd, cac qudc gia thudc nhom kinh tfe tbi trudng phddng Tay thi xem cac difeu ki§n niiy la khdng thyc tifen vk khdng phii hdp vdi boat ddng thuong mat qudc tfe.
Do dd, mjc dii cudi cimg, quan difem vfe U? do binh thflc da "thang thfe" nhung CISG v5n ghi nhan sy nhUdng bd cho nhom cac qudc gia yfeu cHu difeu kifen hinh thflc bang each cho phep tuyfen bd bao luu.
I* Xem: http;//wvvw unilex info/case c£m?pid=l&do=case&id=365&step=Abstract, truy cjp ngay 2/4/2019.
ch^t rang budc d6i vdi toa an cac qudc gia da tuyen b6 bao luu difeu do CO nghia la toa an cac q u 6 c gia k h 6 n g tuydn b6 bao luu thi trong mpi trubng h o p dtu k h d n g bj rang b u 6 c ap dung difeu kien hinh thiic van ban, cho dii tranh chap co m g t ben co try sd thuong mai tai qudc gia thanh vifen da tuydn b d bao luu. Q u a n difem nay bj danh gia la khdng phil hop vdi tii nga d u o c sii dung trong Difeu 12 va Difeu 96, vdn kfe't ndi hfe qua cua bao luu vdi tru sd thuOng mai cila mdt trong cac bfen trong h o p d d n g thay vi tru sd ciia toa an giai quy^t tranh ch^p. t djnh eda cac nha soan thao CISG theo hudng md rdng hfe qua ciia bdo luu theo Difeu 12 va Difeu 96 den ca cac nudc thanh vifen khac ciia CISG, ngoai cac nildc da tuyfen bd bao luu.'^
Mdt khi chap nhjin he qua ciia bao luu cd th^ duoc ap dung t?i qudc gia kh6ng dua ra tuyfen b d bao luu thi van de dat ra tife'p theo la cd phai qudc gia dd sfe ap d u n g ngay Mp tdc difeu kifen hifeu Uc vfe hlnh thdc khi m d t trong cac bfen cd tru sd thuong msii tai qudc gia thanh vifen da tuyfen bd bao Idu? Q u a n difem (2) dudc thda nhan rdng rai cho rang trong trUdng h o p m o t trong cac ben trong hop ddng cd tm sd thddng mai tai q u d c gia thanh vifen CISG da bao luu theo Difeu 96 thi difeu kifen hifeu liic ve h i n h thdc van ban khdng nhat thie't duoc ap dung ngay ma khi dd, phai cd m d t "budc dfem", dd la tham chieu den quy djnh tdOng d n g t r o n g phap luat ap dung, duoc xac dinh Eh6ng qua cac quy p h a m x u n g ddt cua tda an cd tham quyfen. Chi khi quy ph^m cua hfe t h d n g phap luat nay cung yeu cau hinh thdc bing van ban thi mdi phai t u i n thd difeu kifen nay. Th^t vjy, trong vu tranh chip J. T.Schuermans v .Boomsma Distilleerderij/Wijnkoperif^
^' Trfin thilc t6, trong thai gian hop span thao CISG tgi Hiji nghi ngoai giao Vienna, dgi di$n c6a Ao da dfe xu^t Difeu 96 n^n diitjc quy djnh nhu sau cho ro rang hOn: "Mdt qudcgia thanh viin CO M(...) tuyin bdbdo luu, theo do qudcgia ndy sC khdng dp dyng bdt ky quy dtnh ..". Nhung de xuat nay cua dai dien Ao da bi til ch6i. Xem Tai h$u bifin ban chinh thUc cua CISG, Tai heu s<5 A/CONF.97/C.1/L/42.
"• Xem; http://cisgw3.law pace edu/cases/971107nl html ban dich m<it %6 thong tin chinh bing tie'ng Anh. Ban g6c xem tai website' http;//www. unilex.info/case cfin'pid-l&do=case&id=333&step=FullText Nguyfin dOn la thuOng nhan Bi cd try sd thuong mji tn Lien bang Nga da khcii ki^n nha san xuit Vodka Ha Lan doi thyc hifin hdp
<3bng giao m<)t sfi lUQng vodka ma thitong nhan Bi da thanh toan. Theo chuong nhan Bi, raic dil hai bSn khdng t6 chdc mi>t bu6i ky ket hop dbng chi'nh thiic, nhung khi nha san xua:t ruiju vodka ciia Ha Lan chip nhan s6 tifen thanh toan ciia thiiong nhan Bi thi difeu dd tiio ra ky vgng chinh dang vfe vi?c hinh thanli m<>t m6i quan he hOp dbng giCta hp. Nha san xua:t CLia Ha Lan Ijip luan ring hdp dbng chUa dilQc giao k d b6i vi thudng nhin Bl chi hanh dOng vdi cu each trung gian chUdng msii cua ni6t cbng ty eda Nga (ma ten cong ty dd dd^c ghi nhSn trong cac chdng tii thanh toan). Nha sin xuJt da cd mfli quan hfe kinh doanh vdi COng ty nay. Hanh vi thanh toan tifen hkng cila thuong nhan trang gian ciia Bi dudc thUc hi^n ngay sau khi nha san xu^t ciia Ha Lan nhjn dUOC fax ciia cbng ty Nga, trong do cong ty niy thbng bdo djt hang rU^u vodka va se chuydn khoan mbt sb tifen d^ thajih Coan cho dan dSt hing nay. Dbng thai nay da cau thanh mbt thbi quen giUa nha san xuat va cbng ty cila Nga, tmy cjp ngay 3/4/2019.
T A P C H I K H O A H O C P H A P L Y V I $ T N A M SO^
0 5 ( 1 2 6 ) £ 2 0 1 9
vfe giao kfe't h o p ddng mua ban vodka, T d a an tdi cao cua Ha Lan kdt luan h o p ddng duoc xac lap dUa trfen m d t chao hang b^ng mieng vin cd hifeu lUc cho dd tinh tiet chi ra la ngddi mua co trii sd thddng mai tai Lifen bang Nga, m d t qudc gia da bao Idu theo Di^u ^^^
an lap luan rjng quy pham xung ddt cua phap luat Ha Lan " ^ chife'u d^n phap lujt eda Ha Lan. D o dd, tda an phai ap diing C I S G vi dd la m d t phan eda he t h d n g phap luat Ha Lan, nghia la cdng nhan nguyfen tac td do hdp ddng theo Difeu 11.'^
Phan quyfe't eda Tda an tdi cao H a Lan dddc tife'p ndi bang p h a n quydt eda T d a an H o a Ky - Toa P h u c th^m Lifen bang trong v u tranh cha'p Forestal Guarani S.A. v.Daros International, Inc'' da p h a n tich va lap luan rat cy thfe vfe van dfe hfe qua bao Idu theo Difeu 96.
Difem dang luu y trong ban an ia each ma tda an vifen dan cac n g u b n dd giai thich CISG. Tda an da tham khao toan difen ca phan quyfe't n u d c ngoai, cac h o c thuyfet, cdng trinh nghifen cdu cd Ufen quan.
T h e o dd "m^t tba dn phdi phdn tich vd'n d^ phdp ludt dp dung difa tr&n cdc quy tdc tu phdp qud'c t^ dd'xde dinh phdp ludt ndo di'iu chinh viic giao yt hap d'dng, sau do dp dung phdp ludt do cho khii'u kiin ciia cdc bin....
Nghiin Cliu ciia chiing tdi v^ cdc ngu&n tham khdo trong vdn d'i ndy cho thdy quan dii'm ndy chi^m da sd'...".'^ D a y la m d t each tife'p can nfen
T r o n g vu tranh chip J T Schuemians v.Boomsma Distilleerderij/Wijnkoperij, t?u ca'p x e t xil sd t h ^ m vao thang 8 / 1 9 9 4 , T o a an dp d y n g C I S G va c h o r i n g h o p d b n g chila d u o c giao k^t bdi vi h i n h vi tra tifen ciia thUdng n h i n Bj k h b n g p h i i la chio h a n g t h e o nghia ciia Difeu 14 C I S G Dfen cS^p p h u c th^m v a o t h i n g 6 / 1 9 9 6 , T b a i n c Q n g k e t luiln h o p d b n g c h u a d u d c giao ket nhUng Up lujn dvfa trfen tinh tifet thUdng n h a n Bi cd tru sb t h U d n g mgi tg,i Lifen b a n g N g a , q u b c gia da tuyfen b b b a o luu theo DiSu 12 va Difeu 9 6 C I S G . Vi v j y , cac q u y d j n h ciia C I S G cho ph(fp h<jp dfeng d u ^ c giao ket b a n g nitpi h i n h thtic ngoai van b a n se k h b n g d u o c ap d y n g mk vail dfe nay se dUflc difeu c h i n h bang p h a p h 4 t q u 6 c gia. T u y nhifen, vi cac q u y tic tU p h a p q u b c tfe cua n d d e nOi c o tba an d3n chifeu dfen p h a p luat ciia H a Lan, m b t q u b c gia t h a n h vifen C I S G , d o d o , Difeu 11 C I S G d u o c ap d u n g .
U n i t e d States 21 July 2010 Federal Appellate C o u r t [3rd Circuit] {Forestal Guarani S A. v Daros Intemational, Inc.), h t t p : / / c i s g w 3 . l a w . p a c e . e d u / c a s e s / 1 0 0 7 2 1 u l . h t m l . t r u y c j p n ^ y 3 / 4 / 2 0 1 9
"[ ..] Hoa Ky da khdng bdo luu theo Diiu 96, do do D I ^ K 11 diiu chinh vdn di giao kSt hgp dSng trong nhang tranh chdp HCn quan d^n Hoa K^ va tranh chdp Uin quan din qudcgia thdnh viin khdng co tuyin bd bdo luu Tuy nhiin, Argentina da tuyin bd bdo luu iheo Dihi 96, do do khdng dp dung Dihi 11, Diiu 29 vd Ph'dn II. Nghiin aiu cM chUng tdi cho thdy hdu nhu chua c6 tba dn ndo 6 Hoa Kfgidi quyit vdn di nhu trong vu Iranh chdp ndy, khi mfl qudcgia thdnh viin tuyin bdbdo luu theo Diiu 96 va qudcgia con hi th) khdng. Cdc toa dn nudc ngodi va cdc nhd binh ludn cUng khdng ihdng nhdl each gidi quySt vdn d'i nay Xem thim Tuyin tip UNICTRAL cdc dn I? v'i CISG Theo mft trubng phdi nghiin cUu, mi^t toa dn phdi phdn lich vdn di phdp ludt dp dung dua trin cac quy ldc tuphdp qudc ti dif xde dinh phdp ludt nao diiu chinh vi^c giao kit hpp d'dng, sau do dp dmg phdp ludt do cho khiiu kiin cua cdc bin. Xem thim Henry Mather, "Choice of Law for International Sales Issues Not Resolved bv the CISG", 20J.L.&Com, 2001, tr. 155- 167 Nghiin cUu ciia chting tdi vi cdc nguhn tham khdo trong vdn di nay cho thdy quan diem nay chiim da sd..."
duoc 4ng h o va phat tri^n r 6 n g rai de cilng cfi muc ti6u giii thich thfing nhft C I S G t h e o D i i u 7. T b a Phiic t h i m Hoa Ky trong vu tranh chip nay cQng cho thfy su tuSn t h u trinh tu giai thich CISG theo Difeu 7.2 C I S G ; "K^t ludn cita chiing tbi phu hbp vbi tU ngU cUa CISG. CISG quy dinh ring "Cdc vdn di phdp I-/ lien quan ll'n dii tubng diiu chinh cita Cbng udc nay md khbng cb cdc quy dinh rb rdng trong Cbng ubc ndy tht se duoc gidi quy^t theo cdc nguyin tdc chung ldm nin tdng cita C6ng ubc, hode n^u khbng cb cdc nguyin tdc chung db tht gidi quyit theo ludt dp dung dupc xde dinh dt^a trin cdc quy tac cita tu phdp qubc ti (Diiu 1.2 CISG)". Bbi li Argentina dd loai bb Diiu 11 va Biiu 29 cung nhu
?h&n II cita CISG, CISG khbng quy dinh ro rdng vdn di mbt khii'u kiin vi pham hbp dbng co thi dubc chdp nhdn khi khbng cb hbp dbng bdng vdn bdn. Vi vdy, Diiu 7.2 dd yiu cdu chiing ta xem xet cdc nguyin tac chung di Up ddy lb hbng db. Chung tbi dd nhdn thdy mbt s6 nguyin tdc chung ldm nin tdng cho CISG, nhung chUng tbi khbng thdy chUng di cdp din vdn di liiu khiiu kiin hop dbng ctia ngubi hdn cb dubc chdp nhdn khbng. Vi thi, thing tii khbng nghi rang cb thi trd Vbi vdn di phdp Ij trin hdng viic dp difng dbn thudn cdc nguyin tdc chung ndy dubc. Trong hbi cdnh CISG cung nhu cdc nguyln tdc nin tdng ciia Cbng ubc ndy khbng gidi quyit minh thi hay ngim dinh vdn di dang xem xet, chdng tbi phdi xem xit cdc quy tdc tu phdp qubc ticiia nbi co tba dn, cu thdd New Jersey, di xde dinh xem liiu cdc diiu kiln hiiu Im vi hinh thtic ciia New jersey hay Argentina cb diiu thinh khiiu kiin ciia ngubi hdn hay khbng."
Tom lai, trUflng h o p ngoai \t quan trong nhJt cua nguyen tic ttf do hinh thiSc hop dftng - trUdng hop quft'c gia thinh vitn tuyen b6 bio lliu theo Dieu 12 va DiSu 96 duoc giai thich theo ciing m6t quan dilm giii thich hep d6i vdi ca giai doan hinh thanh hop dSng va giai doan si^a ddi hop dftng (nd'u c6).^
Nhin chung, quan d i ^ m g i i i thich hep duoc thiia n h i n rftng ril khi giai thich bao luu DiSu 12 va DiSu 96 d i n dfa hd ket luan:
Mac du CISG t u y e n bft tji D i e u 4 k h o n g diSu chinh v i n dc hiSu lilc vS hinh thdc cua h o p dftng, tuy nhiSn viSc giii thich quy dmh Di8n 12 va 96 se quySt d i n h mftt h o p dftng mua ban hang hoa quftc t( thudc ddi t u o n g diSu c h i n h ciia CISG co hieu luc hay khong.
i«6t khi CO quan tai p h a n q u d c gia thanh viSn CISG ap dung ngay l}p tdc diSu k i t a h i n h t h d c cua h o p dftng ddi vdi mftt tranh chip '" Ngoii ra,<,m«t khi. « „ ! , khac c 4 , nguyta tic . , do v6 htah t h * hop don& ! « ' ' *
h 4 d6»g phM duoc .hue h.«„ M . g « n ^^-fl^^XZlS^'^^^^^^^
dinh do,, nhu M bing each dUa vJo mCl d,6» k h " « ^ " " 5 ^""^f " » „ „ „ „ I ^ , 441 hop dbng biing mi#ng {no ml mctiifcmeit dauie). Xem Larry
9 8 TAP CHi K H O A H O C PHAP LY VIET NAM a*^ ,j(I26)/20l9
t r o n g dd m o t b e n co tru sd thUcJng mai t?ii q u 6 c gia da bao D i ^ u 12 va D i e u 96 ma k h d n g vi^n d i n d^n quy p h a m xung dO thi day la m g t bi^u hian ciia hien tuOng xu h d d n g quay v& ap dung phap lujtt q u d c gia.
3 . Difeu kien ddi ting - hifiu luc v 6 n 6 i d u n g ciia hdp **^"^
T h e o Difeu 4 CISG, C d n g Hdc nay k h d n g dieu chinh van dS hi6u luc ciia h o p ddng. Y^u td ddi iing duOc xem la mdt trong cac difeu kifen cd hifeu lufc ciia hop ddng trong cac mtdc theo truyen thdng thdng luat.^' T h e o Difeu 7.2 CISG, van dfe mgt hdp d^^ng thi^u yfeu td ddi i3ng cd hifeu Inc hay k h d n g se dUdc difeu c h i n h bang phap luat qudc gia ma quy tac tU phap qudc te din chife'u dfen c h a k h d n g du0c difeu chinh bdi C I S G . T u y nhifen, CISG lai chiia ddng Difeu 2 9 . 1 : "hpp d'dng co thi' bf siia dd'i ho^c chdm dm theo chinh su thoa thudn ciia cdc bin". T h u a t ngfl "theo chinh si^ thoa thudn ciia cdc bin" ditdc hifeu ddng nghia vdi k h d n g c^n cd yfe'u td ddi iing, chi can cd Sd ddng thuan ddn thu'an giCta cac bfen. Nhil vay, difeu luat nay da difeu chinh van dfe hifeu lilc cua m d t siia ddi h d p d d n g , m d t va'n dfe thudc vfe pham trti hifeu ldc eda h d p ddng. N h d vay, cd thfe cd n h d n g suy luan nhd sau: (1) quy p h a m tai Difeu 29.1 la m d t quy dinh rifeng bifet cho van de sda ddi h d p d d n g va moi va'n dfe khac lifen quan dfen hifeu ldc hop ddng (bao gdm van dfe "consideration") se dddc difeu chinh bdi phap luat q u d c gia thay vi C I S G , hay la (2) quy pham tai Difeu 29.1 c6 thfe' dudc ap d u n g t d d n g tu cho ca giai doan hinh thanh hgp ddng.
Theo quy dinh ciia thfing luilt Anh, d^ co duoc m ^ t hi?p dbng cUn phai co dil ba y^u ti5; (1) thoa thu?n (agreement), (2) d6i iJng (consideration) va (3) f dinh phap ly (legal intention). Day la ba y^u td dong vai tro tifin quy^t d^ xac l^p hdp dbng.
Hdp dbng CO hifiu life hay khdng se con do nhifeu y^'u tb khac cbi phbi, nbung M xac djnh co sd tbn tai ciia hop dbng gitla cac b t a hay khdng hoan toan p h n thudc vao sU hien di^n eda ba y^u t6 k^ Irtn. Ne'u thif?u mOt trong ba y^u tb nay thi se kh6ng bao giS co cai duoc goi la hdp dbng (trti mbt sb tracing hop ngoji 1? dac bi^t). De rang buoc Ibi hda ciia mdt bfin va lam cho sU thoa thu^n cd gia tri, cac htn c^n phai dua ra consideration ciia minh. Phap luSt vb hop dbng ciia Anh (k^ c4 an le v^ luat thanh van} khbng cd d)nh nghia thbng nha't cu the consideration la gi. Nam 1915, trong Cranh chap Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd V Selfridge & Co Lt, ViSn nguydn iao da dua ra each giai thich v'e consideration theo ngdn ngfl cua ho^it ddng mua ban. T h e o do, "consideration" du<jc hi^u la vi§c "nguyin don da mua I'oi htia ciia hi don bdng cdch Idm m^t W^c, cho di bode hiia mdt di^u gl do di ddi Idy Ibi hiia ciia bf dOn" Nhii viy, "consideration" co th^ duoc xem nhu la "cdi gid md m^t bin phdi trd di mua Ibi hiia cita b&n kia". Ben dua ra Icii hda kh6ng co nghia vu thyc hi$n nOi dung da hila ne'u n h u khdng nhan duoc
"consideration" ciia ben ti^p nhan ldi hda. N d i cdch khac, ldi hiia kh6ng co gia tri rang bu6c cho d^n khi cac bftn dUa ra "consideration".
M6t toa an H o a Ky t r o n g vu viec Geneva Pharmaceuticals Technology Group v Burr Laboratories" da xij ly van & hdc bua nay b'ing each x e m xet diftu Itiin h i t a luc trong phap luat quoc gia duoc quy pham x u n g dot dan c h i t a den. T h u c tiSn tranh chap lien quan dfo Ban mua CO trij sd kinh doanh tai H o a Ky chuyen phat trifa, san xuit va p h t a p h d i thuftc c h d n g dftng mau. D ^ phat tri^n loai thudc nay, B t a mua da liy m a u t h d va sau dd dat mua mot sd m i u clathrate til B t a ban la doanh nghiep co try sd tai Canada. Bdn ban cang da cung cap m d t thd gidi thidu dd bdn mua ndp don xin san xuat va phan phdi thudc cho C o quan quan ly duoc pham Lidn bang. Trudc khi nh^n dudc c h i p thu^n, Bdn ban da giao kdt thoa thuan ban hang dde quyfen cho Bdn t h d ba, Sau khi dUOc C o quan quan ly dftng y, Bdn mua gdi don hang cho Bdn ban ydu dau giao 750 kg clathrate nhdng Bdn ban k h d n g dftng y vi cho r i n g minh khdng cd nghia vu giao hang cho Bdn mua. B e n mua khdi kidn Ben ban. Bdn Nguydn don (cdng ty Invamed Inc. - cdng ty kd thila loi ich eda Cdng ty Geneva Pharmaceuticals) cho rang ydu td ddi dng (cho ban hop dftng ngim dinh trdn thuc td gitta hai bdn) chinh la su chd dOi cua ho khi hg tin vao thu gidi thidu {reference letter) kem theo dd trinh len FDA cila cdng ty Bi dcJn A C I C / Branford. SU chd doi eda nguydn don chinh la mdt p h i n cua thoa thuan trao ddi ed the dUOe xem la mdt ddi dng.
d phia ddi Dp, bi d o n - C d n g ty A C I C / Brantford eho ring khdng cd c h d n g cd nao cho t h i y h o da dUa ra mftt dd nghi (mdt
"ldi hda") se cung c i p clathrate, td dd d i n d t a s\J tm tudng eda Cdng ty Invamed. Invamed p h a n bien rang trdn thuc td', ni'dm tin ciia Invamed la ydu td quydt d m h vide cdng ty nay mua nguydn lidu ttt A C I C / Brantford, it n h i t cho dd'n khi Invamed ed thi tim thiy mftt nguftn eung c i p clathrate uy tin khac dUOc chl'p nhJn bdi FDA tii cd the sil d u n g t r o n g sin x u i t . D o v}y, Cdng ty A C I C / Brantford dudc bao dam chae chan mOt khach hang mua clathrate ciia ho.
Cudi cung, T o a an da p h i n tich Up luan cua bi don ve vide thieu yfa td ddi dng dan ddn h o p dftng vft hicu. Tda an thay rang van dd nay, theo DiSu 4 (a) C I S G , se dudc d i i u chinh bdi phap luit qudc gia duoc xac dinh thftng qua p h i n tich xung ddt phap luat truySn thdng.
Trta CO sd lujt x u n g dot eda T o a an, Tda an tha'y rang luat New Jersey ndn duoc ap dung. Khi ap dung l u l t eda bang N e w Jersey, Toa
~ U S . D i , B i c , C o u „ , Soudiem D « „ c . N e « York 10 Ma, 2002. CISG-Onl.ne No. 653, littp://cisgw31aw.pace edu/cases/0205]0ul html, miy cap ngay 4/4/2019.
TAP CHi KHOA H O C PHAP LY VrgU' iNAJvl ^^ "-^'126) an thay rang h d p d d n g gida cac bfen da cd yfe'u td ddi iing trfen c cic tinh tife't trong vu tranh ch^p. _ -
N h d vay, trong giai do?n giao kfe't h d p ddng, nfe'u cac bfen c tranh ch^p vfe yfeu td ddi dng nhd la m d t difeu kifen cd hifeu ldc c^^
hdp ddng thi cd quan tai phan se sd d y n g quy ph^m xung ddt d n chifeu dfen hfe thdng phap lu^t qudc gia difeu chinh v & dfe hifeu i^c cua hop ddng. H p c thuydt ddi d n g chinh la difem khac bifet cd ban gifla phap luat Hoa Ky {theo truyfen t h d n g t h d n g luat) va phap mt chau Au (ph-an ldn theo truyfen t h d n g dan l u a t ) . " Nfe'u la q^^*^ .^^
theo truyfen t h d n g dan luat thi ddi d n g k h d n g phai la m d t difeu k i j n hifeu ldc, do do hdp ddng khdng can cd dd'i dng van tdn tai. D i e u nay se k h d n g dung nfe'u phap luat dddc dan chifeu la cila qudc gia t h e o truyfen t h d n g thdng luat. Khi dd, bai kifem tra vfe cac difeu kifen t d n t^i cua hoc thuyfe't ddi dng sfe dddc sd dyng de quyfe't dinh hifeu ldc (vfe ndi dung) cua hdp ddng.
T r o n g giai doan sda ddi hdp ddng, dda vao quy dinh tai Difeu 29 nfen yfeu td ddi dng k h d n g phai la m d t difeu kifen cd hifeu ldc cua sda ddi hdp ddng dd'i vdi cac tranh cha'p dddc difeu chinh bdi C I S G , cho dti cd quan tai phan giai quyet vd tranh chap la toa an t h u d c qudc gia theo truyfen thdng thdng luat hay dan luat. T r o n g vu tranh cha^p dudc giai quyfe't tai Tda an Lifen bang cip quan (Federal District Court) eda bang Pennsylvania,^* cd quan tai phan da kfet l u i n sda ddi hdp ddng van cd hifeu ldc ma k h d n g c^n cd ddi dng. Mac dd van dfe phap ly vfe ddi dng khdng dddc cac b e n tranh chap dfe cgp n h d n g khi xac dinh thda thuan gida cac bfen, T d a an da n h a n dinh rang: "thoa thudn giUa cdc bin da duac stia ddi nhi'iu ldn tmdc khi hdng hoa (ddu mdy tdu hoa vd cdc bd phdn) duac giao. Mac dii CISG khdng y&u cdu, theo Di'iu 29. i) nhung nhUng siia ddi do d'iu ddp ving duoc yi'u td' ddi iing: khi Bi dan yiu cdu giao 10 dau mdy kem theo "blue-card" (chting nhdn d^u mdy dd duoc test hotjt ddng theo mdu ciia Co quan dubng sat Liin bang FRA) th'igid bdn ciia hdng hoa dd dupc di'iu chinh tang lin; nhung khi Bi don yiu cdu chi cdn giao 3 ddu mdy k'em theo "blue-card" th'igid bdn da dupc gidm;
khi Bi dan khi^u nai v'i viic Nguyin don giao hdng tri th'i Nguyin don dd gidm gid bdn hdng".
Gregory E. Maggs, Comparative Contract Lau> Amencan and European, Materials prepared for tiie Augsburg Summer Program in European and Intemational Economic Law, Materials prepared for the Augsburg Summer Program m European and Intemational Economic Law, 1994, http://maggs.us/gwlaw/comparative-contracts.pdf, truy cap ngay 5/4/2019.
Vu tranh ch^p Norfolk Southern Railway Company v. Potver Source Supply, !y,c., h t t p : / / cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/080725ul.html, truy cjp ngay 4/4/2019.
Nh}n dinh khftng c^n cd yeu td dft'i dng trong giai doan sda ddi hdp dbng duoc thiia nhan rftng rai trong thuc Udn giai quyd't tranh chip hdn quan dd'n DiSu 29 cua CISG va nd phu hop vdi ngdn ngfl ddOc nhin manh tai D i i u 29. VS lich sd lap phap diSu khoan nay, khi dd trinh b i n Binh lujn k e m theo D u thao diu tidn eda Cdng Udc,'' Ban thu kf da nhan djnh r i n g : "Diiu 29.1, vbi thudt nga "theo chinh su thda thudn giua cdc hin", cb mtfc tiiu gidm thiiu su khde hiit giua cdc truyin thbngphdp ludt La Md vd thbng ludt. Trong cdc hi thdng chiu dnh hubng ciia kit La Md, mbt thoa thudn sila dbi hiip dbng giua cdc hin cb hiiu Itfc niu nb iin tai nguyin nhdn ddy dii, cho du sila dbi db chi tao ra nghia vu cho mbt hin. Trong khi db, trong cdc hi thbng phdp ludt theo truyin tiling thbng ludt, vi nguyin tdc, sda dbi nghia vu ciia mbt hin se khbng cb hiiu luc vi khbng cb dbi ling. Cdc sila dbi hop dbng thubc phdm vi ciia quy dinh ndy thubng Id cdc sila dbi mang tinh chdt ky thudt liin quan din thbi hdn giao hdng, dac tinh, sb luong hdng hba...vd nhiing sila dbi ndy trin thuctlcb thi ddn din gia tdng chi phi cho mbt hin hode ldm gidm gid tri hop dbng dbi vbi hin kia, tuy nhiin cdc bin vdn cb thi dbng thudn sila dbi md khbng diiu chinh gid".
Nhu vjy, tinh t h i n cua Dieu 29.1 (trong Ban dU thio diu tidn cua CISG la DiSu 27.1) la phd nhan ydu cau dd'i dng theo thdng luit.
Ttong thuc t i t a giai quyd't tranh chip, mdt Hoi dftng trong til ICC ttong vu tranh chip sft 7 3 3 1 / 1 9 9 4 " n h i n dinh rang DiSu 29 eda CISG da thay thd quy pham trong truySn thftng thftng luit ddi hdi sil tftn tai cia ydu td ddi dng dd m d t sda doi hop dftng cd hieu luc rang budc.
Qua nghidn cdu da trinh bay, ehung tdi nhan thiy quy pham
"khdng cin cd doi d n g " chi ap dung trong pham vi cac vu tranh chap cd hen quan den D i e u 29, k h d n g duOc khai quat hda thanh mdt nguydn tic va k h d n g duoc ap diing tuong tu p h i p lu}t cho ca giai doan giao kdt hop dftng. T r o n g giai doan giao kd't hop dftng, vin dS yd'u td ddi dng cd phai la mftt didu k i t a hidu luc cua hop dftng hay khdng se duoe diSu chinh bdi hS thdng p h i p lult qudc gia m i quy tic ttt phap qudc td eda n u d c nOi cd tfta an d i n chidu den. DiSu do cd nghia 11 khi tda an mftt qudc gia thanh vien CISG xem xet svl tftn tsi cua ddi dng di kdt l u i n mftt sda ddi hop dftng (ddi voi hop ddng thudc pham vi diSu chinh eda CISG) cd hieu lilc hay khong chmh 11 hidu h i t a eda xu h u d n g quay vS ap dung p h i p lult quoc gia trong giai thich va ap dung CISG. •
~ B i „ h l „ » „ c 4 . Ban thu ky , 6 Du chao C6„B Kdc CISG, 14/3/1979. Tiii Iia» s«
• tay™"wet.,e: https://c.sgw3.1.w.pace.edu/c,ses/947331U html, truy c»p B - oiS nky: 4/4/2019.
102 TAP c m KHOA HOC PHAF L I vi^^ . . . •l(]26)/20}__
Tai lieu tham khao
[I] United States 21 July 2010 Federal Appellate Court [3rd Circuit] (Foreslal ^"
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