TAP cm KHOA HQCPHAPLYSD 1/2013
QUYEN VA BAO DAM QUYEN TIEP CAN THONG TIN TRONG LUAT QUOC TE, LUAT NU^OC NGOAI VA
LUAT VIET NAM
PHAN HUY HONG*
1. Dat van de
Viet Nam da tham gia Cong udc quoc t l ye quyin dan su va chinh tri' va Cong udc quoc t l v l quyin kinh tl, van hda va xa hpi^ tir nam 1982\ danh diu sy hpi nhap qu6c te fren phuong dien chinh tri - phap ly trong van de bao dam cac quyen ca ban cua con ngudi. Day ciing la co sd phap ly quoc te cho viec hien dinh cac quyen co ban cua con ngudi, quyen cong dan tai ban Hiin phap nam 1992 cua Viet Nam.
v l phia minh, ban Hien phap nam 1992 la can cir phap ly cao nhat cho viec phat trien va hoan thien cac che dinh phap ly nham bao dam hay bao ve cac quyen con ngudi, quyen cong dan trong he thong phap luat Viet Nam.
Rieng doi vdi "quyen dugc thong tin" hien dinh^, mpt dy an "Luat Tiep can thdng tin"
da timg dugc dua vao chuong trinh chuan bi ciia chuong trinh xay dyng luat, phap lenh ciia Qu6c hpi nhiem k^ kh6a XII (2007-2011)'.
• PGS-TS Luat hgc, Pho khoa Luat Thuong mai, Truong DH Luat Tp. H6 Chi Minh,
' Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), dugc thong qua ngay 16/12/1966 tai New York (General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), c6 hieu luc td ngay 23/3/1976.
^ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), dugc thong qua ngay 16/12/1966 lai New York (General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), co hieu luc lit ngay 23/3/1976.
_ ^ Vi?t Nam tham gia ca hai Cong u6c niy v i o ngiy 2*9/1982.
' Dilu 69 Hi6n phip nim 1992, sua d6i b6 sung nam 2001.
*Nghi quyet cua Quic hgi s6 II/2007/NQ-QHI2 ngay 21/11/2007 ve Chuong trinh xay dung luat, phip lenh ciia Qu6c hoi nhiem ky khoi XII (2007-2011) va nim 2008.
Trong nhiem ky khoa XII cua Quoc hpi, dy an nay da timg dugc day nhanh, dy kien trinh Q u i c hpi cho y kien tai ky hpp thu 6, dy kien trmh Qudc hpi thdng qua t^i ky hgp thii 7. Ti^
nhien, sau do dy an luat nay dupe lai dupe dua ra khdi chuong trinh xay dyng luat, phap lenh cua Quoc hpi nhi?m ky khda XU. Cuoi n3in 2011, Qu6c Hpi Khda XIII mpt lan niia dua d|r an "Luat Tiep can thong tin" vao chuong trinh xay dung luat, phap lenh cua Quoc hpi khoa XIII (2012-2015)^ Dilu dd, mgt mat cho thSy Viet Nam dang cd nhihig no luc lap phap de bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin vdi tu each la mpt quyen c a ban cua con ngudi, nhung mat khac Cling cho thay tinh phiic tap ciia van de khi can phai cu the hda co che phap Iy dam bao su thyc thi quyen nay mdt each co hieu qua. Nhu vay, se cdn can mpt khoang thdi gian nfta cho den khi chiing ta co mpt dao luat tryc tiep dieu chinh van de bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin, mac du trong chimg muc nhat dinh quyen nay da dugc nhieu dao luat chuyen nganh cimg fieu chinh.
Nhim gdp phin nang cao nhan thiic ph^
ly ve "quyen dugc thong tin" hay "quyen tiep can thong tin", bai viet nay trinh bay ve suhinh thanh co sd phap phap luat qudc te, ve viec noi luat hda luat quoc te ve quyen tiep can thong tin hay quyin ty do tiiong tin tai cac quoc gia tren the gidi, sy tiiyc thi "quyen dupe thong tin' hien dinh ciing nhu nhu ciu ban hanh Luat tiep can thdng tin tai "V^et Nam.
^ Nghi quyit ciia Quic hpi s6 20/2011/QH13 ngay 26/11/2011 v l Chucmg trinh xay dung Luit, Phip Ifinl"
ciia Qu6c hgi nhi?m k j khoa XIII.
NGHIEN C i r u - T R A O D O I 63 2. Quyen va bao dam quyen tiep can thong
tin trong L u a t quoc te
Tityen ngon Qudc te ve nhdn quyen Trong Luat quoc te, quyen tiep can tiiong tin Ixrgc bao ham trong quyen ty do ngdn luan.
Quyin ty do ngdn l u ^ lan dau tien dugc ghi nhan tai Tuyen ngdn Quoc te ve nhan quyen', tiieo do "mgi ngudi deu co quyen tu do quan diim vd ngdn lugn; quyen ndy bao gom su lir do chinh kien md khdng bi cdn trd vd tu do tim kiim, tiip nhdn vd truyen dgt thong tin vd tu tu&ng qua mgi phirong tien truyen thong bdt ki bien gi&i (qudc gia)"^. Tuy nhien, Tuyen ngon quic t l vl nhSn quyen khong phai la mpt nguon luat quoc te co tinh rang budc'^, bdi vi theo Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc thi chi co Nghi quyet cua Hpi ding Bao an cd gia tri rang bupc ve mat phap ly, trong khi khong cd quy dinh tucmg iing ve gia tri phap ly ciia Nghi quyet cua Dai hpi dong'°. Ban Tuyen ngon chiia dyng cac nhan tiiirc chung co ban cua cpng dong quoc te ve su can thiit khang dinh cac quyen co ban nhat ma m6i ngudi deu phai dugc co, khong phan biet chimg tgc, mau da, gidi tinh, ngdn ngii, ton giao, chinh kien, nguon goc dan tpc hay xa hgi, giau ngheo, giong noi hay dia vi xa hpi." Tuyen ngon nay, vi vay, da dat nen tang chinh tri cho cac no luc quoc te ve nhan quyen trong cac thap ky tiep theo.
Cong udc quic t l v l quyen dan sy va chinh tri va Cong udc qu6c te ve quyen kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa
Sau nay, tai Cong udc quoc te ve quyen dan sy va chmh tri (ICCPR) va Cong udc quic te ' Universal Declaration of Human Rights (LJDHR), dugc thong qua bdi Dai hgi d6ng Lien hgp qu6c ngiy 10/12/1948 t£ii Paris (General Assembly Resolution 217 A (III)), http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
index.shtml.
* Dieu 19 UDHR: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and ' to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers".
' H.J. Steiner/P Alston (eds.). International Human Rights in Context, 2nd ed., Oxford 2000, tr. 151.
1 '"Xem Dieu 25 Hiin chuong Lien hgp qu6c.
" Xem Di^ii 2 UDHR.
vl quyin kinh t l , xa hpi va van hoa (ICESCR), danh muc quyen con ngudi ciia Tuyen ngon quoc te nhan quyen khdng chi dugc tiep nhan, ma con dugc md rgng, va hon the niia trd thanh nguon luat quoc te rang bupc doi vdi cac quoc gia tham gia ky ket va gia nhap'^ Trong do, viec tiiuc thi ICCPR dugc dugc dat dudi sy giam sat rieng ciia Uy ban Nhan quyen (Human Rights Committee). Tai ICCPR, quyen tu do ngon luan dugc chi tiet hoa them mpt budc, theo do "mpi ngudi CO quyen ty do ngon lugn; quyen nay bao gom tu do tim kiem, tiep nlian va truyen dat mpi thong tin, y kien, khong phan biet ITnh vyc, hinh thiic tuyen truyen bang mieng, bang ban viet, in, hoac dudi hinh thiic nghe thuat, hay thong qua bat ky phuong tien thong tin dai chiing nao tiiy theo su lua chpn cua hg"'^ Quy dinh nay khdng chi the hien quyen ty do ngon luan d khia canh npi dung, ma con bao ham ca phuong tien bieu dat. Ve mat npi dung, tu do ngon luan dugc tiie hien la mpt quyen da dien, bao gIm khong chi quyen dugc bieu dat hay phat tan thong tin va tu tudng, ma con bao gom quyin tim kiem, tiep nhan va chia se thong tin, tu tudng.''* Trong do quyen tim kiem va tiep nhan tiiong tin la cac khia canh ciia quyen tu do thong tin hay quyen tiep can thong tin ma ve sau nay ngay cang dugc nhin nhan nhu mpt quyen tuong doi dgc lap vdi quyen tu do ngon luan.
Cdc cdng uac khu vuc ve quyen con ngudi Q binh dien khu vyc, mpt so nhom cac quoc '^ Tinh dSn 19/12/2012 ICCPR co 167 qu6c gia thanh vien (http://treaties.un.oi^ages/View- D e l a i l s . a s p x ? s r c = T R E A T Y & m t d s g _ n o = I V - 4&chapter=4&lang=en#top), ICESCR cd 160 qu6c gia thinh vien (http://treaties.un.org/Pages/
V i e w D e t a i l s . a s p x ? s r c = T R E A T Y & m t d s g _ n o - I V - 3&chapter=4&lang-en).
'^ Khoan 2 D i k 19 ICCPR: "Eveiyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart mformation and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice".
'^Andrew Puddephatt, Freedom of Expression. The essentials of Human Rights, Hodder Arnold, 2005, tr.
128.
64
gia cung da dat dugc cac cong udc ve nhan quyin, nhu Cong udc chau Au ve quyen con ngudi'^ ciia Hpi ding chau Au, Hi^p udc chau Phi v l quyin con ngudi va quyen cua dc dan tpc'*, Cong udc chau MJ ve quyen con ngudi'^
Dilu dang noi 1^ cac to chuc quoc te khu vyc nay diu tiiilt lap dugc co chi giam sat viec tiiyc tiii cac cong udc nay thong qua toa an tu phap. D6i vdi Cong udc chau Au ve quyen con ngudi 1^ T6a an chau Au ve nhan quyen (European Court of Human Rights) co tru sd tai Luxembourg, doi vdi Hi?p udc chau Phi ve quyen con ngudi v^ quyen cua cac dan tpc la Toa an chau Phi v l quyen con ngudi va quyen ciia cac dan tpc (African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights) co try sd tai Arusha, Tanzania, doi vdi Cong udc chau My ve quyen con ngudi la Toa an lien My ve nhan quyen (Inter- American Court of Human Rights) co tru sd tai San Jose, Costa Rica.
Trong pham vi hieu Iuc cua Cong udc chau Au ve quyen con ngudi, mpi ca nhan, nhom ca nhan hay to chiic dan sy deu co quyen khieu nai tdi Toa an chau Au ve nhan quyen vdi ly do bi nha nude xam pham den cac quyen dugc Cong udc nay ciing nhu cac nghi dinh thu bo sung cong nhan; cac quoc gia thanh vien cong udc khong dugc can trd viec tiiuc hien mpt each c6 hieu qua quyen khieu nai nay.'^ Tuy nhien, Toa
" European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
dugc ky ket ngay 04/11/1950 tai Rome, c6 hieu luc tir ngiy 03/9/1953, thanh vien ciia Cong u6c li tk ca 47 quoc gia thanh vien ciia Hgi dong chau Au (Council of Europe).
'* African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
• (ACHPR), dugc nhSt tri thong qua tai Hgi nghi thugng dinh cac nuoc ciia T6 chuc chiu Phi th6ng nhit (Or- ganization of African Unity, OAU) ngiy 27/6/1981 t^i Nairobi, co hi?u lire tir ngiy 21/10/1986, dgn nay d i CO 53/54 quflc gia thanh vien cua OAU phe chuin va VI vay dugc coi la co che khu virc bao VQ quyen con nguoi Ion nhit tren the gioi,
" American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), dugc k^f ket tai San Jpse (Costa Rica) ngiy 22/1 !/l 969 (con dugc ggi l i "Pact of San Jose"), co hieu luc tir ngay 18/7/1978, din nim 2010 d i duoc 24/35 quoc gia thinh vien cua T6 chiic cac nuoc chau My (Organization of American States, OAS) phe chuan
" D i e u 34 ECHR.
TAPCHIKHOA HQC PHAP LYSO 1/2013^
an nay chi xem xet khilu nai trong trudng hqj ngudi khieu nai da sii dung hit cac phuong ti^
phap ly trong nude va viec khieu nai dugc thyc hien trong thdi han 6 tiiang sau khi quyit djnh trong nude cudi cimg cd hieu luc". Rieng dfli vdi khilu nai v l vi pham quyen tu do ngon lu^
(Dieu 10 Cdng udc), trong thdi gian tii nSm 1959 din 2011, Toa an chau Au ve nhan quy^n da phan quyit cac quoc gia thanh vien vi pham quyin nay trong 479 trudng hgp^°.
v l quyin ty do ngdn luan, Cdng udc chau Au ve quyen con ngudi ghi nhan, "mgi ngm deu CO quyen tu do ngon lugn. Quyen nay bao gdm lu do giir chinh kien vd tu do nhdn vd truyen dgt thdng tin vd tu tudng md khong t:6 su can thiep cua ca quan cong quyen vd bdt id bien giai (qudc gia). Quy djnh ndy Idjongngan cdn cdc qudc gia ddt ra yeu cdu cdp phep M vai doanh nghiep phdt thanh, truyen hinh hay chieu phim"^K Tir quy dinh nay, co the th%
quyen ty do ngon luan dugc cau thanh boi (i) quyen ty do bieu dat y kien, (ii) qityen tu do thong tin, (iii) quyen ty do bao chi va(iv) quyen tu do phat thanh truyen hinh. Tuy nhien, C6ng udc nay ciing dong thdi ghi nhan cac han che cua quyen tu do ngon luan, theo do "su thuc hien cdc quyen tu do ndy gdn lien v&i nghia vu vd trdch nhiem; bdi vdy co the phdi tudn tha cdc quy djnh ve thu tuc. dieu kien. hgn che hoQC che tdi theo quy dinh phdp ludt vd trong motxa hgi ddn chu la cdn thiet ddi vai an ninh quoc gia. todn ven Idnh tho hogc trdt tu cdng cong hay nhdm giir gin trdt tu hay phdng ngira toi phgm, nham bdo ve sice khoe hay dgo dice, bdo ve danh du hay quyen cita ngudi khdc, nhdm ngdn chgn viec tiet lg cdc thong tin bdo mat hay nhdm bdo ve uy tin vd su khdch quan cua cdc ca quan tu phdp" .^^
Tuong ty Cong udc chau Au ve quyen con ngudi, quyen tu do ngon luan dupe ghi nhan trong Cong udc chau My ve quyen con nguoi
'^ Khoan 1 Dieu 35 ECHR.
^° Registry of the European Court of Human Rights: '' Annual Report 2011, Sfrassbourg 2011.
^ ' K h o i n 1 Dieu 10 ECHR.
" D i e u 10 ECHR.
NGHIEN C t r u - TRAO DOI 65 nhu sau: "Mgi ngudi deu co quyen tu do chinh
kien vd ngon ludn. Quyin nay bao gSm tu do Hm kiem. nhgn vd truyin dgt thdng tin vd tu tuang, md khong gioi hgn bai bien giai qudc gia, bdng ldi noi, cha viet, bdn in, duai hinh thuc nghe thudt /loy bdng bdt ky phuang ti?n ndo theo su lua chgn"." Nhung Cong udc nay khong chi con quy dinh ve gidi ban quyen tu do ngon luan, ma cung cdn quy djnh cac gidi han cua su can tiiiep cua nha nude doi vdi quyin ty do ngon luan. Theo do, quyen ty do ngon luEin chi dupe gidi han bang quy dinh ro rang trong luat nham bao dam su ton trpng quyen hoac danh du ciia ngudi khac hoac nham bao dam an ninh quoc gia, trat ty cong cpng hay sire khde cpng dong hay dao diic. Mat khac, "quyen tiJtdo ngon lugn khong dugc hgn che bang cdc phuang phdp hay phuang tien gidn tiep nhu SIC lam dung su kiem sodt cua nhd nuac hay lu nhdn ddi vai bdo chi, tdn sd phdt vo tuyen hay doi v&i cdc thiet bi truyen tin, hay bdng cdc bien phdp khdc nhdm ngdn cdn thong lin vd truyen dgt cdc tu tuang vd chinh kien", cac bien phap kiem duyet chi dugc nham muc dich duy nhat la bao ve dao diic cua thanh thieu nien^*.
Trong khi dd, tai Hiep udc chau Phi ve quyen con ngudi va quyen ciia cac dan tpc thi quyen tu do ngon luan va quyen dugc thong tin dugc the hien nhu hai quyen dpc lap. Theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 9 Hiep ude nay thi "mgi cd nhdn deu co quyen duac nhgn thdng tin"^^. Con khoan 2 Dieu nay quy dinh: "Moi cd nhdn deu CO quyen bieu dgt vd pho bien cdc quan diem cua minh trong phgm viphdp lugf}'' Dya tren cau tnic ciia Dilu 9 Hiep udc nay co the nhan
° Khoin I Dieu 10 ACHR: "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression. This right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, in print, in the form of art, or through any other medium of one's choice".
" Khoan 3, 4 Dieu 10 ACHR.
" Khoin I Dieu 9 ACHPR: "Every individual shall have the right to receive information".
" Khoin 2 Di^u 9 ACHPR: "Every individual shall have the right to express and disseminate his opinions within the law".
thay cac nha lam luat chau Phi nhin nhan quyen dugc thong tui ciia con ngudi va viec thyc thi quyen do la ca sd de con ngudi co the thyc hien quyen tu do ngon luan cua minh.
Cdng uac Aarhus
Khong chi dimg lai d viec ghi nhan quyen ty do thong tin hay quyen tiep can thong tin vdi tu each la mpt quyen co ban ciia con ngudi, cpng dong quoc te con co nhieu no luc cu the hoa quyen nay trong cac linh virc khac nhau. Trong do, vao ngay 25/6/1998, tai thanh phi Aarhus, Dan Mach, dai dien ciia 39 quoc gia thupc chau Au va Trung A da ky ket ban Cong udc cua Uy ban (dnh te Lien hgp quoc cho chau Au (UNECE) ve tiep can thong tin, su tham gia ciia cong chung vao viec ban hanh cac quyet sach va tiep can tu phap trong cac van de ve moi trudng ("UNECE Convention" hay "Aarhus Convention" hay "Cong udc Aarhus")". Den nay da c6 46 quoc gia tham gia Cong udc nay.^*
Day dugc xem la cong udc quoc te dau tien ghi nhan quyen ciia con ngudi trong van de bao ve moi trudng. Nhu ten gpi cua no, ve mat npi dung, Cong udc nay co ba tru cot, bao gom: (1) Quyin dugc tiep can tiiong tin trong cac van de ve moi trudng, (ii) quyen dugc tham gia ciia cong chiing vao cac quyet sach ve cac van de moi trudng va (iii) quyen tiep can tu phap trong cac van de ve moi trudng. Trong do, Dieu 4 Cong udc nay quy dinh cu the ve quyen cua moi ngudi dugc yeu cau co quan nha nude co th§m quyen cung cap thong tin.
Cac trinh bay tren day cho thiy, trong luat qu6c t l quyen dupe thong tin hay quyen tiep can thong tin dang co xu hudng dugc nhin nhan nhu mgt quyin con ngudi co ban va dpc lap vdi quyen ty do ngdn luan hoac la mpt cau thanh tien quyet cua quyen ty do ngon luan. Ben canh do, quyin tiip can thong tin ciing con co the la mpt trong nhiing dieu kien tien quyet de thuc
" The UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, adopted on 25th June 1998 (Aarhus Convention)
^* http://wwwunece.org/env/pp/ratitication.html, truy cap ngay 19/12/2012
66
hien mpt quyen ca ban khac cua con ngudi, nhu quyin tiip c^n thong tin vc cac van de moi trudng dii vdi quyen cua con ngudi dugc sing trong moi trudng trong lanh.
3. Quyen va bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin trong luat nude ngoai
Tren binh dien quic gia, co sy each biet dang kl yong su phat triin va truyin tiiong phap luat ciia cac quoc gia khac nhau lien quan den quyen tu do ngon luan noi chung v^ quyen dugc thong tin noi rieng.
Co till noi dao luat dki tien tren till gidi de cap din quyin dugc thong tin (hay quyen tiep can thong tin) la Lual ve ly do bao chi ciia Thuy Dien, dupe ban hanh nSm 1766^''. Lieh sir ghi nhan cong lao ciia Anders Chydenius, mpt nha truyin giao va la nghi sT ngudi Phan Lan (vao thdi ky nay Phan Lan chiu su cai tri ciia Thuy Dien), ngudi da tao nen su dot pha b4ng kiln nghi dua quyen dupe tiep can cac tai lieu ciia co quan hanh chinh vao dao luat nay. Va tai dao luat nay, Ian dau tien nguyen tac cong khai trong hanh phap (tieng Thuy Dien:
Offentlighetsprincipen) dugc ghi nhan va co gia tri trong hanh phap tir do den nay. Nguyen tac cong khai doi hoi rang, mgi thong tin va tai lieu ma mpt co quan hanh chinh tao ra hoac nhan dugc phai dugc de cho mgi ngudi co the tiep can dugc. Tuy nhien, ciing co ngoai le doi vdi mpt so loai tiiong lin va tai lieu, nhu thong tin va tai lieu ciia cac co quan an ninh va quan dpi. Nguyen tic cong khai dupe ghi nhan trong dao luat nay la su phan irng trudc sy bao mat nghiem ngat cac thong tin, tdi lieu ciia cac co quan hanh phap ciing nhu su kiem duyet bao chi khai khe trong qua khu.
Vdi truyen thong phap luat do, sau nay Thyy Dien luon la quoc gia rat tich cue trong cac no lyc quoc te ve ghi nhan va bao ve quyin dugc tiep can tiiong tin ciia con ngudi. Tuy nWen, Thuy Dien la quoc gia tien phong nhung "don dpc" trong vin de quyin tiip can tiiong tin trong gan hai tiie ky tiip theo.
"Tryckfrihetsf&rordningen nSm 1766 (Freedom of the Press Act), dugc thay the bing dao luat cimg ten
TAPCHIKHOA HQCPHAPLYSd l/20n Din nira cuoi thi ky thii 20, mpt sd quic gia mdi lan lugl ban hanh luat v l tiip can tiiong tin:
Phin Lan nam 1951, Hoa Ky nam 1966^", Dan Mach va Na Uy nSm 1970, Ph^p nam 1978, Ha Lan nam 1980, Canada nam 1985, Canton Bern (Thyy S?) nam 1993, Bi nam 1994, mot sl bang ciia Dire va Thuy Sy tir nSm 1988 yd di, Li&i minh chau Au nam 2001, Thyy Sy (lien bang) nam 2004^', Anh nSm 2005, Dire nam 2005^^
Din nay tren till gidi da cd tren 80 quic gia ban hanh luat ve quyen tiip can tiiong tin v6i cac ten ggi khac nhau, nhu Luat ve ty do tiidng tin (Freedom of Information Act) nhu a Hoa K>' hay Anh, Luat ve nghTa vu cung cap thong tin (Auskunftspflichtgesetz) nhu d Ao, Luatvfi nguyen tic cdng khai trong hanh chinh (Gesetz uber das Offentlichkeitsprinzip der Verwaltung) nhu d Thuy Sy, Luat ve tiep can thong tin ciia Lien bang (Gesetz zur Regelung des Zugangs zu Informationen des Bundes) nhu d Dire. CJ cac quoc gia ma - theo Hien phap - don vi hanh chinh xa, phudng co quyen ty chu hanh chinh thi cac don vi xa, phudng dd cdn co tfie ban hanh dieu Ie ve ty do thong tin hay dieu le ve tiep can thong tin.
Nhu vay, mac dii sd lugng cac quoc gia thanh vien Cong udc qudc te ve cac quyen dan sy va chinh yi (ICCPR) ciing nhu cac Cong udc khu vyc ve quyen con ngudi nhu Cong udc chau Phi ve quyen con ngudi va quyen cac dan tgc (ACHPR) hay Cong udc lien My ve quyen con ngirdi (ACHR) la rat ldn, nhung con CO nhieu quoc gia thanh vien cua cac cong udc nay van chua ban hanh luat ve tu do thong tin hay luat ve tiep can Ihdng tin. Dieu do, mpt m?t cho thay cd su khac biet tren binh di?n quoc te trong nhan thiic ve quyen dugc tiidng tin.
Theo do quyen dugc thdng tin cd the dugc hi&i chi bao gom quyen dugc tiep can cac thong tin dugc cung cap rpng rai. Ngay d nhieu nii6c
" Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
^'Bundesgesetz Uber das Offentlichkeitsprinzip der Verwaltung (BGO) vom 17. Dezember 2004.
^^Gesetz zur RegelungdesZugangszu Informationen des Bundes (Informationsfreiheitsgesetz, IFG) vom 5.
September 2005 (BGBl. I S. 2722).
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO D 6 I 67
chau Au, cho den khi cac nude nay ban hanh luat ve ty do thong tin thi nguyen tic bao mat cong vu (official secrecy) van la nguyen tac chii dao trong hoat ddng hanh chinh. Theo do, mpi thong tin dupe co quan nha nude tao ra hay nhan dugc deu khong dupe cung cap r6ng rai;
chi cac doi tuong bi anh hudng bdi h ^ h vi hay quyet dinh hanh chinh mdi co quyen dugc tiep can cac thong tin nhu vay yong mpt pham vi va theo mot trinh ty thu tuc nhat dinh ma thoi.
Bdi vay, noi den quyen tu do thong tin hay quyin tiep can thong tin chu yeu la de cap den quyen cua mpi ngudi dugc thong tin hay dugc tiep can thong tin doi vdi cac thong tin ma co quan nha nude trong hoat dpng ciia minh tao ra hoac nhan dugc, ma khong phu thugc vao tinh lien quan ciia thong tin do tdi ngudi dugc thong tin. Trong pham vi do cdc co quan nha nude CO the CO nghia vu cong bd cac thong tin ve ho so, thil tuc ma minh nam giu: hay Ihuc hien (nguyen tic cong khai), hay bao dam de moi ngudi CO tiie tiep can (nguyen tic minh bach) va de thuc hien nhiem vu nay cac co quan dd c6 the CO nghia vu quy dinh cac tieu chi co tinh rang bupc ve cdng bo thong tin hay dam bao quyen tiep can thong tin.
Vdi each nhin nhan nhu vay, quyen ty do thong tin hay quyen tiep can thong tin trong cac quoc gia khac nhau da co the dugc dam bao doi vdi mpt so Iihh vyc ke ca khi khong co luat vl ty do tiiong tin hay luat ve tiip can thong tin. Ching han, trong lirih vuc lap phap, d cac quoc gia khac nhau cac van ban phap lual deu phai dugc cong bo va mpi ngudi co the tiep can dugc tii cac ngudn thong tin khac nhau; thong thudng chi ton tai sy khac biet trong viec cong bo va tiip can cac thong lin ve tai lieu lap phap.
Trong boat dpng tu phap, nhin chung cac quoc gia deu quy dinh nguyen tic cong khai doi vdi phin ldn cac loai vu viec dan sy, hanh chinh va ca hinh sy; va thong thudng chi tdn tai su khac bi^t trong quy dinh ve ngoai le.
Nhu vay, pham vi dieu chinh ciia luat ve ta do thong tin hay v l quyin tiip can thong tin chii yiu nhim vao cac loai thong tin ve hoat
dpng ciia cac co quan hanh chinh, cung nhu cac thong tin ma cac co quan nay tao ra hay nhan dugc. Cac quoc gia ban hanh luat ty do thong tin hay luat ve tiep can thong tin deu quy dinh nguyen tac mpi ngudi co quyen duoc thong tin va tiep can thong tin do co quan hanh chinh nha nude tao ra hoac nhan dugc ciing nhu cac thong tin ve quy frinh, thu tuc tiiuc hien cac hoai dpng hanh chinh cua hp Cac lual nhu vay ciing dong thdi quy dinh cac ngoai Ie doi vdi quyen ty do thong tin. Cae ngoai le pho bien la thong tin thupc bi mat nha nude, thong tin ma vi$c tiet 16 CO the gay phuong hai den an ninh quoc gia, chil quyen lanh tho hay Igi ich quoc gia khac, ciing nhu thong tin thugc bi mat ddi tu (quyen rieng tu) hay thong tin thupc bi mat kinh doanh.
Quy dinh ve pham vi cac ngoai le thudng la van de franh cai frong cac quoc gia khac nhau. Ngay d Hoa Ky, trong thdi gian gan day da day len de tai thao luan ve moi quan he giiia quyen ty do thong tin va an ninh quoc gia ciing nhu vdi bi mat kinh doanh^\
Xet ve doi tugng ap dung, cac luat nhu vay deu quy dinh chii the co quyen dugc thong tin va tiip can thong lin la ca nhan, to chiic dan sy, khong phu tiiupc vao linh lien quan ciia tiiong tin din ngudi dugc thong tin hay dugc quyen yeu cau cung cap thong tin. Phan ldn cac luat ve tu do thong tin hay tiep can thong tin quy dinh ca nhan hay td chiic co quyen yeu cau va CO quan nha nude cd nghia vu cung cap thong tin khi dugc yeu cau trong nhung trudng hgp lual dinh. Tuy nhien, rieng d Ao, quyen tiep can thong tin khong bao gom quyen tiep can ho so hanh chinh, bdi vi tai quoc gia nay nguyen tic bi mat cong vu ("Amtsverschwiegenheit") la nguyen tic hien d i n y ,
" Tobias Brautigam, Das deulsche Informations- freiheitsgesetz aus Perspeklive des US-amerikani- schen undfinnischen Rechls, Yliopistopaino, Helsinki 2008 (ISBN 978-952-92-4667-0).
^* Diku 20 Hian phap Ao (Bundesverfassungs- gesetz). Tham khao them: Rudolf Feik (Institut ftlr Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsrecht Universitat Salz- burg), „Die Amtsverschwiegenheit", http://www.
konvent.gv.at/K/DE/AVORL-K/AVORL-K_00303/
fhameorig 017343.html, truy cap ngay 19/12/2012.
68 TAP cm KHOA HQC PHAP LYSO 1/2013 Con nghTa vu cong bo thong tin hay cung cap
tiiong tin tiieo yeu chx trudc hit thupc ve cac CO quan hanh chinh nha nude. Ben canh do, ca nhan hay t l chuc dugc nlia nude uy quyin hay iiy thdc thuc hien cac hanh vi cong vu cung co thi c6 nghia vu cong b l hay cung cip tiiong tin theo yeu cau.
Cac luat vl ly do thong tin hay ve quyen tiip can thong tin cung deu quy djnh ve nghTa vu cung nhu pham vi, phuang thirc, thdi han cong bd hay cung cap thong tin ciia c a quan nha nude doi vdi cac loai tiiong tin khac nhau.
D6i vdi yeu cau cung cap thong tin ciia ca nhan, 16 chiic, cac luat nhu vay ciing deu quy dinh ve trinh ty, thii tuc yeu cau.
Dac biet, van de thudng gay franh cai trong npi bp cac quoc gia ban hanh luat tiep can th6ng tin la vin de phi cung cap th6ng tin: loai thong tin nao dugc cung cap mien phi hay co phi va miic phi bao nhieu doi vdi moi loai thong tin dugc cung cap nhu vay. Ve van de nay quy dinh d cac qu6c gia la khac nhau, va thudng ciing khac nhau ngay frong pham vi ciia cac nha nude lien bang. Cac loai thong tin ma co quan nha nude eo nghTa vu cong bo rpng rai khong phu thupc vao yeu cau ciia ca nhan deu mien phi va khong chiu bat ky mpi loai phi gian tiep nao phan anh frong cac loai thue hay phi khac.
Cac lh6ng tin ma co quan nha nude co nghTa vu cung cap cho ca nhan, td chiic la duong su trong cac thil tuc hanh chinh ciing mien phi. Nhung cac loai thong tin dugc cung cap theo yeu cau, dac biet ciia ca nhan hay to chuc khong dugc coi la lien quan thi thudng phai ehju mgt miic phi nhat dinh. Bdi vi de dam bao ty do thong tin hay quyen tiep can thong tin, nha nude phai bo ra mpt chi plii hanh chinh co thi rit dang kl. 6 Hoa Ky, frong pham vi lien bang CO khoang 5.000 cong chiic dugc giao nhiem vu xir ly cac yeu cau cung cap thong tin; cac chi phi cung cip thong tin udc tinh khoang 300 trieu USD m6i nam". CJ Dire, d l trang frai chi phi, cac luat vl tiep can tiiong tin ciia lien bang
" Xem. Informal ionsfre ihe it, http7/de.wikipedia.
org/wiki/lnformationsfreiheit, tmy cap neav 19/12/2012. ^ ^
ciing nhu cua cac tieu bang deu quy dinh v6 phi cung cap thdng tin. Tuy nhien, miic phi dupe quy djnh theo nguyen tic dam bao ngudi yeu cau cung cip thong tin cd the tiiuc hien quyin ctia minh mpt each cd hieu qua". M ^ dii vsfy, miic phi dugc i n djnh cu tiie tiiudng bj chi trich la qua cao. Dac biet, tiiu bang Sachsen-Anhab (Saxony-Anhalt) quy dinh muc phi cung c^
tii6ng tin cao nhat len tdi 1.000 Euro va duoc coi la bang thu miic phi cao nhat d Dire".
Thyc tien thi hanh cac luat ve tu do thong tin hay luat ve tiip can thong tin cho thiy miic dp su dung cac quyen nay d cac qudc gia khac nhau ciing co su khac biet.
CJ Dire, theo sd lieu thong ke cua Bp Npi vu Lien bang, frong nam diu tien thi hanh Luat ve tiep can th6ng tin cua Lien bang'* (01/01 - 31/12/2006) cac CO quan chiic nang nhan duoc 2.278 don yeu cau cung cap thong tin. Trong do CO hon mpt nira so don (1.379) da dugc chap nhan hoan toan hoac mpt phan; 401 don yen cau bi tir chdi cung cap thong tin. Ngudi yeu cau cung cap thong tin da khieu nai khoang 5% (142) quyet dinh tu chdi hoac tir choi mgt phan yeu cau cung cap tiidng tin; trong do co 62 khieu nai khong dugc chap nhan va 27 nguoi yeu cau eung cap thdng tin frong sd do da khoi kien. Trong so cac dan dugc chip nhzin cung cap thong tin cd khoang 5% (114) trudng hop phai nop phi, frong do co 50% trudng hgp miic phi chi dudi 50 Euro. Cac don yeu cau cur^ c^
th6ng tin bi lir choi toan bp hoac mpt ph§n \i nhieu ly do khac nhau duoc quy dinh frong luat, dac biet vi ly do (i) bao ve thong tim ca nhan, (ii) bao ve bi mat kinh doanh, ciing nhu (iii) bao ve qua frinh ra quyet dinh cua co quan chuc nang. Ngudi yeu cau cung cap thong tin ph2n
** Dilu 10 Luat vl tiep can thong tin ngay 05/9/2005 cua Diic (Gesetz zur Regelung des Zugangs zu Infor- mationen des Bundes vom 5, September 2005 (BGBl.
I S. 2722)).
" Xem, N ^ i dmh \k phi cung cip thong tin (Kosten- verotdnung (IZG LSA KostVO)) thi hanh Lu§t vfi ti£p can thong tin cua tiiu bang Sachsen-Anhalt (Info™"^"
onszugangsgesetz Sachsen-Anhalt (IZG LSA)).
"http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_l04/SharedDocs/
Pressemitteilungen/DE/2007/01 /ein Jahr_ifg.html/.
NGHIEN C U t J - TRAO DOI 69 16n la ca nhan; dai dien bao chi yeu cau cung
cap thong tin frong 92 trudng hpp; co 4 nghi sf quoc hpi lien bang ciing da sir dung quyen yeu cau cung cap thong tin. Tuy nhien, frong nam dau tien nay, chua the xac dinh dugc chii dl hay cac chii de frgng tam dupe yeu ciu cung cip tiiong tin.
Trong khi do d Ha Lan, Luat ve ty do th6ng tin CO hieu lyc tir nam 1980 va duoc sira d6i bo sung nam 2005, nhung frong su6t thdi gian do moi nam chi cd trung binh 1.000 don yeu cau cung cap th6ng tin va vi vay dugc coi la it dugc su dung^'.
Con d Mexico, sau khi Vicente Fox Quesada (dang Partido Accidn Nacional (PAN)) dac cir ting thong va ket thiic sy cam quyen hon 70 nam (1929-2000) cua dang Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), quoc hdi nude nay da thong qua Luat lien bang ve minh bach hoa va tiep can thong tin ciia chinh quyen*". Lual nay frao cho cong dan quyen tiep can til ca cac thong tin ciia chinh phu, quoc hpi va ciia tit ca cac co quan lien bang, trir nhimg thong tin dupe dua vao dien th6ng tm mat (confidencial). Mpt co quan chuyen trach men dugc thanh lap nham dam bao tiiyc tiii dao luat nay la Ca quan lien bang ve tiep can thong tin (Inslituto Federal de Acceso a la Informacion Piiblica, IFAI).
Nhim tao dieu kien cho c6ng dan dugc tiep can thong tin mot each dugc de dang hon, chinh phu Mexico da thiit lap mpt he thong dien tir de c6ng dan co the neu cac yeu cau cung cap tiiong tin qua he thong nay. Ngay frong nam 2004 he tiling nay da tiip nhan 39.000 yeu cau cung cap th6ng tin, frong s6 do da co 3/4 yeu cau dugc fra Idi.'"
Cac trinh bay tren day phan nao cho thay, tren thi gidi cac qu6c gia dang ngay cang y
" Xem: Roger Vleugels, "The Dutch FOIA: a 25 year old toddler", http ://www.freedom info org.
*" Ley Federal de Transparencia y Acceso a la Informacion Piiblica Gubemamental, co hieu lijc tii ngay 12/6/2003, sua d6i, b6 sung lin gin day nhit vao ngay 08/6/2012.
•" Tham khao thong tin tren website ciia Institute Federal de Acceso a la Informacion Piiblica, http://
www.ifai.org.mx.
thiic tot hon ve nghTa vu qu6c te da cam ket d6i vdi van de bao dam quyen ty do thong tin hay quyen tiep can thong tin ciia c6ng dan. Din nam 2006 da co khoang 70 qu6c gia ban hanh Luat ve ty do tiiong tin hay Luat vl tiip can thong lin. khoang 50 quoc gia dang frong qua frinh soan thao luar*^ Den thang 9/2012 da co it nhat 93 quoc gia fren the gidi ban hanh cac dao luat nhu vay''\ Tuy nhien, nhu vay cung con can nhieu thdi gian cho den khi tat cac qu6c qua thanh vien cua Cong udc quoc te ve quyen dan sy va chinh fri ban hanh luat ve tu do thong lin hay luat ve tiep can thong tin de dam bao thyc thi cac cam ket ciia hp.
4. Quyen va bao dam quyen tiep can thong tin theo phap luat Viet Nam
Nhu da de cap d fren, Viet Nam da tham gia Cong udc qu6c te ve quyen dan sy va chinh fri cung nhu Cong udc qu6c te ve quyen kmh te, xa hpi va van hoa vao ngay 24/9/1982. Nhu vay, Viet Nam ciing da cam ket va phai thyc hien cam ket ciia minh ve viec dam bao quyen liep can th6ng tin cua con ngudi. Tren co sd do, Hiin phap nam 1992 lan dau tien da ghi nhan c6ng dan "co quyen dugc thong tin'"*^. De dam bao quyen dupe thong lin ciia cong dan, ban Hiin phap nay ciing dong tiidi the che hoa cac chinh sach nhu: "Nhd nude phdt trien cong tdc thdng tin, bdo chi, phdt thanh. truyen hinh, dien dnh, xudt bdn, thu vien vd cdc phuang tien thong lin dgi chiing khdc" (Dieu 33); "Nhd nu&c ma rong giao luu vd hgp tdc quoc te Iren cdc linh vuc vdn hoa, thong tin, vdn hgc, nghe thugt, khoa hoc, cong nghe, gido due, y te, the due, thi thao" (Dilu 43). Dong thdi de dam bao quyin cua cong dan dupe th6ng tin vl nhung vin dl he frpng cua dat nude, ban Hiin phap
•"^MazharSiraj (2010), "Exclusion of Private Sector from Freedom of Information Laws: Implications from a Human Rights Perspective", Journal of Alternative Perspectives on Social Sciences 2 (I), tr. 213.
"' Xem. "Access to Information Laws: Overview and Statutory Goals", http://www.right2info.org/
access-to-information-laws/access-to-mformation- laws-overview-and-statutoiy#_fin7, truy cap ngay 19/12/2012.
•" Didu 69 Hi6n phap nam 1992.
70 TAP cm KHOA HQCPHAPLYSO1/2013 con quy dinh Thii tudng Chinh phu cd nhiem
vu "thuc hien che do bdo cdo truac nhdn ddn qua cdc phuang lien thdng tin dgi chung ve nhiing vdn di quan trgng md Chinh phu phdi gidi quyet" (khoan 6 Dieu 114).
Viec dam bao quyen dugc th6ng tin cua cong dan lu6n dugc Dang quan tam va de ra cac chmh sach thyc hien xuyen suot va nhat quan qua cac thdi ky*^
Ngay 21/11/2007 Quoc hpi ban hanh Nghi quyit s6 11/2007/NQ-QH12 v l chuong trinh xay dyng lual, phap l?nh ciia Qu6c hpi nhiem ky khoa XII (2007-2011) va nam 2008. Tai Nghi quyet nay lan dau tien du an Luat Tiep can tiiong tin dupe dua vao chuang frinh chuan bi.
Tren co sd do Bp Tu phap dugc giao chii tri dy tiiao luat nay. Trong lien frinh lap phap, dy tiiao luat nay da timg dupe du kien trinh Quoc hpi cho y kiln tai ky hpp tiiir 6 (tiiang 10/2009)*'^ va trinh Quoc hpi th6ng qua tai ky hpp thii 7^', tuy nhien sau do dugc chuyen ra khoi chuang trinh thong qua tai ky hpp thu T^, den nam 2011 mdi lai dugc dua vao chuong frinh xay dyng lual, phap lenh ciia Quoc hpi nhiem ky khoa XIII la dy an thupc chuong frinh chuan bi*''.
""^ Xem: "Cucmg ITnh xay dimg dat nuac trong thai ky qua do len chu nghTa xa hpi n5m 1991 (bo sung nam 2011)", "Chidn luae phattriSn kinh td xa hpi dSn nSm 2010 do Dai hgi Dang iSn thii IX thong qua",
"Chien lupc phat trien kinh tg x3 hpi ddn nam 2020 do Dai hoi Dang lan thir XI thong qua"; "Nghi quyet Trung uong 8 khoa 7", "Nghi quy^t Hpi nghi iin thii 3, Ban chap hanh Trung uang Dang (Khoa X) \i tSng cucmg s\j lanh dao cua Dang dii vcri cong tac ph6ng, chong Iham nhung, lang phi..."
•^ Nghi quydt cua Quoc hpi so 27/2008/QHI2 ng^y 15/11/2008 ve Chucmg trinh xay dimg luat, phap Idnh n5m 2009 va b6 sung Chuong trinh xay dung lugt, phap Idnh ciiaQufic hpi nhipm ky khoi Xll (2007-20! I).
•" Nghi q^uydt cua Quoc hpi s6 3I/2009/QH12 ng&y 17/6/2009 ye Chuang trinh xay dung luat, phap lenh nam 2010 va b6 sung Chuang trinh xay d\mg luat, phap lenh cua Quoc hpi nhidm ky khoa XII (2007-20II),
•" Nghi quydt ciia Qu5c hpi so 48/2010/QH12 ngay 19/6/2010 vi Chuong trinh xay d\rng luSt, phap lenh nam 2011, didu chinh Chucmg trinh xay dung luJit.
phap lenh nam 2010 v^ bo sung Chucmg trinh xSy dung luat, phap lenh ciia Quic hoi nhiem ky kh6a XII.
"' Nghi quydt cua Quic hoi s6 20/2011 /QH13 ngay 26/11/2011 ve Chuong trinh xay dimg luat, phdp lenh ciia Quoc hpi nhiem ky khoa XIII.
Nhu vay, se con mdt so nam niia troi qua cho din khi Viet Nam co Luat Tiep can tiiong tin. Nhimg dilu do khdng cd nghiia la d Yih Nam ngudi dan kh6ng dugc tiep can tiiong tin vl cac hoat dgng ciia c a quan nha nude hay vl cac th6ng tin ma c a quan nha nude tgo ra hay nhan dugc.
Theo nghien ciiu ciia Bp Tu phap, din thai diem lap Du thao bao cao danh gia tac dong ciia Dy thao Luat Tiep can thdng tin^°, da co 40 luat, phap lenh cd quy dinh ve thdng tin phai dugc cong khai rgng rai. Cd the ke den cac luilt, phap lenh trong ITnh vyc kinh te co quy dinh thong lin phai dugc cong khai rpi^ rSi nhir Lual Ke loan, Lual Chimg khoan. Lual (Juan ly thue, Luat Dau thau, Luat Xay dyng, Luat Nha d, Lugt Dat dai, Luat Doanh nghiep, Luat Moi trudng, Luat Sd huu tri tue, Luat chat lugng san phim, hang hda, v.v..
Tuy nhien, trong sd 40 luat, p h ^ lenh co quy dinh ve thong tin phai dugc cong khai rpng rai thi chi co 10 luat, phap lenh cd quy dinh cu the ve hinh thuc cong khai rgng rai thong tin va mgt phap lenh quy dinh hinh tinic "cong b6 thong lin fren phuong tien thong tin dai chiing".
Va frong so 40 luat, phap lenh do ciing chi co 6 luat cd quy dinh ve cung cap thong tin theo yeu cau ciia cdng dan, dd la: (i) Luat Phong, chong tiiam nhiing, (ii) Luat Dau thiu, (iii) Luat Doanh nghidp, (iv) Luat Bao hiem y te, (v) Luat Hoa chit, (vi) Luat Hoat dor^ chGlhap dd. Nhung trong 6 luat nay lai chi co duy nhSt Luat Dau thau co quy djnh v l hinh thiic yeu cau cung cap thong tin va hinh thiic cung cap thong tin theo yeu cau.
Ket qua ra roat nay cho thay, mac dii da co kha nhieu luat, phap lenh cd quy dinh ve tiiong tin phai dugc cong khai rpng rai, nhung lai chi CO it van ban frong sd do co quy dinh cu the ve hinh thuc cdng khai rpng rai thdng tin, co it
^° Xem: Phu luc ra scat vSn ban quy ph^m phap luat hi^n hanh lien quan den tiep can thong tin ciia Du thao bio cio danh gia tac dpng ciia Dy: thao LuSt Tiep can thSng tin ciia Bo Tu phdp, http://moj.gov.W dtvbpI/Lists/Danh%20sch%20d%20tho/View_DetaiL aspx?ItemrD=34.
NGHIEN C i r u - T R A O B 6 I 71 hon nua cac Ii4t cd quy dinh v l viec cung cap
thong tin theo yeu cau nhung da so trong do lai khong co quy dinh cu the ve hinh thiic yeu cau cung cap thong tin va hinh thuc cung cap tiiong tin theo y6u cau. Nhu v^y, mac dii van de quyen dugc thong tin va quyen tiep can thong tin cua ngirdi dan da dugc quan tam, nhung tinh kha thi cua cac quy dinh lien quan con rat thap.
Cac quy dinh ve th6ng tin phai dugc c6ng khai rpng rai va ve viec cung cap tiidng tin tiieo yeu cau ciing khdng can cii fren nhiing nguyen tac chung dugc xac dinh mdt each thong nhat.
Bdi vay, rat can thiet co mdt dao luat ve tiep cgn thdng tin nham thiet lap mgt khung phap ly chung dya tren cac nguyen tic dugc xac dinh mpt each thing nhat nhim dam bao quyen dugc th6ng tin va quyen tiep can thong tin ciia c6ng dan trong mpi ITnh vyc quan ly nha nude doi vdi xa hpi.
Viec dam bao quyen tiep can thong tin se co tac dpng tich cyc tdi cong cupc phong ch6ng tham nhiing. Bdi vi, viec khdng c6ng khai rpng rai thong tin la nguyen nhan d§n den tinh frang mpt s l ngudi Igi dung vi fri dac quyen frong tiep can th6ng tin de true Igi*'. Dam bao quyin tiip can thong tin ciing la dieu kien de cong dan thuc hien quyen giam sat, phan bien doi voi hoat dgng quan Iy nha nude, co kha nang tac dpng han chi viec ap dung phap luat kh6ng tiling nhit; viec cung cap thdng tin chinh thiic frung tiiuc giiip giam tinh trang va tac dgng tieu cue ciia tinh trang loan tin bia dat nham muc dich true Igi".
Vi vay, viec dam bao quyin tiep can tiiong tin khong chi dem lai Igi ich cho ngudi dan ma ca cho hoat dpng quan ly nha nude doi vdi xa hpi. Ngudi dan se cd kha nang ty bao ve tot hon qi^ln va Ipi ich hgp phap cua minh, cac doanh r ^ e p dugc kha nang chii dgng ban frong viec xiy dung kl hoach, chien luge kinh doanh, dirge canh franh mdt each c6ng bang hon. D6i
" Xem D\r thio Tir trinh vk Du an Luat tidp can th6ng tin cua B6 T u p h i p , http://moj.gov.vn/dtvbpl/
l«ists/Danh%20sch%20d%20tho/View_Detail.aspx?I- temID=34.
"Nhir chd thich tren.
vdi CO quan nha nude, viec dam bao quyen tiep can thong tm ciia ngudi dan cung se gop phin lam minh bach, cong khai hda boat dpng ciia cac CO quan nha nude, nang cao trach nhiem va nang lyc thuc thi c6ng vu ciia can bp, cong chiic; thong tin phan hoi tu phia ngudi dan se giiip cac CO quan nha nude can nhae, lya chpn va dua ra nhimg chinh sach, quyet djnh diing dan hon, phu hgp vdi Idng dan hon, tang hieu lyc, hieu qua ciia quan ly nha nude.*'
Mpt dao luat ve tiep can th6ng tin can quy dinh ro cac nguyen tac bao dam quyen tiep cin thong tin, cac co quan c6 frach nhiem cung cap th6ng lin, cac pham vi th6ng tin dugc c6ng khai rgng rai hay dugc cung cap theo yeu cau, phucmg tiiiic cung cap tiiong tin, hinh thiic yeu cau cung cap th6ng tin va hinh thiic cung cap thong tin theo yeu cau, tiidi diem, thdi han cong khai thong tm rpng rai hay cung cap thong tin tiieo yeu ciu, quyen khieu nai, khdi kien doi vdi hanh vi hoac quyet dinh tii choi cung cap tiiong tin, phi cung cap th6ng tin theo yeu cau.
Luat tiip can thong tm co the dugc thiel ke theo dang luat khung, lam co sd cho cac luat chuyen nganh quy dinh ve dam bao quyen tiep can thong tin trong cac ITnh vuc quan ly nha nude khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, viec dam bao quyen tiep can thong tin con doi hoi nha nude phai tao lap dugc CO sd vat chit phuc vu cho viec thuc tiii, bao gIm nhan sy cong bo tiiong tin, xir ly yeu ciu cung cap th6ng tin va cung cap thong tin tiieo yeu ciu, phuang tien cung cap tiiong tin, CO sd dir lieu thong tin. Dieu do doi hoi thdi gian va phuang tien tai chinh. Bdi vay, de dam bao luat co till tiiyc thi ngay khi cd hieu lyc, c6 thi quy dinh khoang thdi gian tii thdi diem ban hanh din tiidi diim Luat nay co hieu luc dai hon so cac luat khac.
Kinh nghiem quic t l con cho thiy, viec tiiiet lap mgi co quan chuyen trach giam sat viec tiiyc tiii Luat nay la hihi ich doi vdi hieu qua tiiyc till luat •
•^ Nhu chu thich tren.
